Background: The nephroprotective effects of herbal extracts have increasingly gained attention due to the rise in kidney diseases and the limitations of conventional treatments. This study explores the renal protective properties of a polyherbal extract formulation composed of Ziziphus spina-christi, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Nigella sativa (ZTN) in Wistar albino rats. 
 
Methods: Three groups of adult male and female Wistar albino rats consisting of the control group that received only water, another group was administered with 100 mg/kg of the polyherbal (ZTN herbal) formulation, while the last group was administered with 250 mg/kg of the ZTN polyherbal extract formulation. The treatments administered for 14 days and thereafter Kidney weight, uric acid, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)&nbsp;and creatinine levels were assessed to assess renal function. Histological analysis was conducted for tissue integrity evaluation. 
 
Result: The polyherbal extract formulation of ZTN induced a dose-dependent increase in kidney weight in both male and female rats. Uric acid levels decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, with the most substantial reduction at 250 mg/kg. BUN levels also showed a notable decrease, particularly at the higher dose, indicating enhanced renal function. Creatinine levels exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction, with female rats showing higher baseline levels but greater overall reductions. Histological analysis revealed mild histological changes at 100 mg/mL and severe changes at 250 mg/mL. Histological changes include glomerular hypertrophy and tubular necrosis, more pronounced at higher doses. The polyherbal extract formulation of ZTN demonstrated significant nephroprotective effects, reducing uric acid, BUN&nbsp;and creatinine levels in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, an observation of gender-based differences occur in female rats showing higher baseline levels but greater reductions with treatment. These findings support the potential therapeutic use of polyherbal extracts in managing renal health, emphasizing the importance of dose regulation to avoid adverse effects.

A Comprehensive Study on the Renal Protective Effects of Polyherbal Extract Formulation and Their Impact on Kidney Function in Rats

<div style="text-align: justify;">Two poly herbal granules (AVII and SBWII) were developed utilizing the extracts of five medicinal plants on the basis of organoleptic evaluation, nutritional composition and shelf life. Five medicinal plants viz., Asparagus racemosus, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus terrestris and Withania somnifera enriched with general tonic and health promoting property were selected for the formulations which were based on Aloe vera gel and soyabean whey. The nutrient analysis of the formulated granules exhibited that the carbohydrates were the major constituents in both AVII and SBWII, followed by protein and total ash. Fat contents were 0.96 and 1.18 g/100g in AVII and SBWII, respectively. The energy levels of AVII and SBWII were 378 and 377 Kcal/100g, correspondingly. Higher contents of Ca (70.20 mg/100g), Mg (85.27mg/100g) and P (61.55 mg/100g) were observed in SBWII. The trace elements revealed that, Zn and Fe content were 1.84 and 8.63mg/100g in AVII and 1.85 and 7.85mg/100g in SBWII, respectively. &nbsp;The retention and stability of vitamin C, total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar for 270 days illustrated the storage life of the product in ambient condition.</div>

Development of polyherbal granules and its nutritional characterization

<div>Background: Groundnut were mainly cultivated under rain fed condition, lack of initial seedling quality due to lower moisture conditions, it causes reduced crop yield and in sometimes it leads to crop failure. In order to overcome this problems, effective seed enhancement techniques as seed coating plays major role in maintaining the seed quality.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The controlled release of bioactive molecules namely hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) as a smart delivery system can be achieved through seed coating in groundnut by exploiting advanced nanotechnology. Infusion of active ingredients as hormones (GA3) through the seed coating formulation by nano formulation methods. At nano level it influences the effects at higher level and gives best results through controlled release of hormones without any loss.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Due to nano formulation coating in groundnut, seeds had an effective results in all the parameters viz., imbibition rate (48%), speed of germination (5.5), germination percentage (87%), seedling length (24.7 cm), vigour index (2142), hydrolysing enzymes (&alpha;-amylase14.83 and lipase 1.481), which significantly differs from untreated seeds. Hence, it was concluded that the GA3 infused nano formulation coating at 15 ml per kilogram of seed can be used for seed quality improvement in groundnut for better seedling establishment.</div>

<div>Influence of Nano Formulation on Augmenting the Seed Quality in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)</div>

Background: The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is damaged by various insect pests of which cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) causes heavy damage to the tender leaves of the plant and reduces its yield. Two plant based formulation (prepared in the Chemistry Laboratory) viz. Polygonum hydropiper floral parts and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf, were used for safe management. 
 
Methods: The studies were done during 2019-2020 in BCKV, Kalyani, West Bengal, India for controlling of cowpea aphid by using plant based formulation. For preparing wettable powder formulation from Polygonum hydropiper floral parts and tobacco leaf the different ingredients are required viz. china clay, silica gel, wetting agent, dispersing agent etc. Physico-chemical analysis was done for preparation of accurate Wettable Powder formulation. 
 
Result: Cowpea aphid causes damage the tender leaves of the plant. It was revealed that imidacloprid (Confidor 17.8 SL) @ 1.0 ml/3L was found the most effective treatment against aphids giving more than 80% control followed by tobacco leaf (50 WP) @ 8 g/L of water (more than 70% control), fipronil (Regent 5% SC) @ 2.5 ml/L of water and Polygonum floral parts (50 WP) @ 8 g/L of water (more than 65% control both). The quality parameters of WP (50%) formulation was satisfactory as per the FAO specifications in terms of wet sieved test, wettability, foaming and suspensibility performed on the 0-day and also after 15th day at room temperature, at 65&deg;C and at freezing temperature conditions.

Bio-efficacy of Plants based Formulations for the Management of Cowpea Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.)

<div>Background: Scientific research will continue to search for the best methods to control the insect pests and at the same time reduce insecticide concentrations used. Using of nanoinsecticide formulations may be resolving this problem.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this work two types of formulations were used; nanoformulations and their conventional formulations. Three common insecticides were used against the silver whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid in tomato fields. The nanoparticle sizes were ranged between 210 and 290 nm. The loading capacities were 70.6, 71.2 and 69.1% for indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. The recommended field concentration for each insecticide was used. The concentrations of nanoformulations were one-fifth of conventional one.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The obtained results showed that indoxacarb was the most effective insecticide against the B. tabaci in tomato field with the both formulations (nano and conventional) followed by thiacloprid and spirotetramat. By using of nanoformulations, the percent of reduction after the third application were 97.7, 38.2 and 44.8%, for indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. While, the corresponding results with the conventional formulation were 97, 39.8 and 49.2%, respectively. The obtained results also, showed that there were no difference between the nano and conventional formulations. The per cent of B. tabaci reduction after the third application were 97.7 and 97.0; and 38.2 and 39.8; and 44.8 and 49.2% for nano and conventional indoxacarb, spirotetramat and thiacloprid, respectively. These results may be throw some light in the advantages of using nanoformulations compared with the conventional formulations.</div>

Role of Some Nanoformulations in Suppression of Silver Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Population in Compared with Their Conventional Formulations in Tomato Fields

<div>Background: The term &ldquo;transition&rdquo; comprises the various important physiological, metabolic and nutritional changes in the productive cycle of the cattle. It influences lactation, nutritional status, postpartum diseases and reproductive performance of the animal. It is, therefore, important to elaborate various nutritional strategies in this phase for optimizing productivity and minimizing health problems. A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the influence of fat and protein along with indigenous traditional knowledge-based polyherbal preparation supplementation on reproductive and immune parameters of periparturient crossbred cows.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twenty-seven pregnant Karan Fries cows, in their last trimester were selected and divided into 3 treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) consisting of nine animals each, based on most probable production ability (MPPA; 3002 kg) and body weight (423 kg). Cows of groups T1 (control), T2 and T3 were given TMRs having 13.1, 13.1, 16.1% crude protein (CP) and 9.82, 9.82, 10.8 MJ/kg metabolizable energy (ME) respectively, during pre-partum period. Whereas, during post-partum period, cows were offered TMRs containing 14.0, 16.8, 16.8% CP and 10.2, 11.0, 11.0 (MJ/kg) ME, respectively. T2 and T3 groups were also supplemented with polyherbal preparation post-partum.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that cows in T2 and T3 group had lower incidence of retained placenta, cervicitis, metritis and better conception rate than cows of control group. Also, dietary treatments facilitated early involution of pre gravid uterine horn (P&lt;0.05). Plasma total immunoglobulins (mg/ml) concentration was found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in T3 group followed by T2 group. Hence, it was concluded that increasing energy and protein levels along with polyherbal mixture supplementation during transition period reduced periparturient stress and improved reproductive performance of dairy cows.</div>

<div>Effect of Fat and Protein Along with Polyherbal Preparation on Reproductive Health of Periparturient Karan Fries Cows</div>

<div>A six month feeding experiment was conducted to compare between different diets and its effect on growth performance of an indigenous carp Bangana dero. A total of 360 uniform B. dero (average weight 4.9&plusmn;0.02 g) were cultured in twelve circular fibreglass tanks @ 15 fish per tank (90 W X 64 H cm.). The fishes were fed by two commercial feeds (T1, T2), formulate feed (T3) and control feed (T4) in triplicates with 4% of body weight twice a day. Fish were maintained in well aerated water system. Analysis of variance showed that the growth performance in T1 was significantly higher than other groups (p&lt;0.05). The formulate diet also had uniform growth rate with significant positive effects on Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and final biomass gain. The present study reveals that there is potential effect of commercial and formulated fish feed on growth performances of this target species.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Growth Performance of an Indigenous Carp Bangana dero (Hamilton) Fed on Formulated and Commercial Diets</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium are beneficial plant partners exhibiting mutual association with crop plants. Conventional carrier based formulation has lesser population and limited shelf life. Present study was aimed to evaluate and to assess the shelf life in new formulation as well as in coated seeds under storage. 
 
Methods: Three experiments are conducted in this study. Population of Rhizobium and AM fungi spore count were assessed in newer seed coat formulation under room temperature storage. Secondly survival of these organisms on the coated seeds of blackgram and greengram were evaluated. In third experiment the coated seeds stored for different duration were evaluated for germination, growth and vigour index. 
 
Result: Rhizobial population was maintained at 1011 g-1 and AM spore load was 900-1000 spores g-1 up to one year of storage. AM spore count was also found sufficient up to 9 months of storage in coated seeds of both crops. Growth and vigour index were significantly enhanced in inoculated plants over uninoculated control. From the study, it was evident that these formulations can be stored upto one year at room temperature without any loss in viable count and can be used for seed coating.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Shelf Life Studies of Seed Coat Formulation of Rhizobium and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (AMF) for Pulses - A New Perspective in Biofertilizer Technology</div>

<div>Background: Seaweeds are rich in complex carbohydrates, proteins and low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds, lipids, organic minerals, vitamins and pigments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of seaweed formulations on nutrient utilization, growth performance, serum antioxidant activity and cell mediated immune response of crossbred calves.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eighteen male crossbred calves (130&plusmn;7.56 kg body weight) were divided into 3 groups of 6 each based on complete randomized design. Concentrate mixture was formulated with crushed maize, de-oiled soybean meal, wheat bran, mineral mixture and common salt for feeding of calves in control (T0) group, while treatment groups T1 and T2 were supplemented with AF-KWP or AFRD-5 at the rate of 4% of concentrate mixture with 1% calcium carbonate and 1% dicalcium phosphate replacing mineral mixture and common salt offered in T0. Experiment was conducted for a period of 240 days. Blood was collected from each calve at 0, 100 and 200 days of experiment. At the end of the experimental feeding a metabolism trial was conducted and cell mediated immune response was asassed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was no significant difference between groups regarding nutrient utilization, total dry matter intake, gain in body weight and feed conversion ratio. However, significant (P&lt;0.001) differences were observed in serum antioxidants status. Moreover, the mean values for skin thickness differed significantly (P&lt;0.001) among different groups and values were 14.03, 15.54 and 16.62 in T0, T1 and T2 group, respectively. Hence seaweed formulations might improve antioxidant status and cell mediated immune response without affecting the nutrient utilization and growth performance of crossbred calves.</div>

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Seaweed Formulations on Nutrient Utilization, Growth Performance, Serum Antioxidant Activity and Immunity in Crossbred Calves

Background: The study entitled &ldquo;Potential of Enhanced Probiotic as Dietary Supplement for Growing-finishing Pigs&rdquo; was conducted at Agriculture Instructional, Research and Production Units, Apayao State College, conner campus. This study aimed to evaluate its potential as dietary supplement for growing-finishing pigs in terms of body weight, gain in weight, average daily gain (ADG), Feed Consumption and Feed Conversion Ratio and the Return on Investment (ROI). Probiotic are live microorganisms that when it is used in right amount, it improved health, digestibility and fast nutrient absorption towards significant growth performance and feed efficiency. Commercial probiotics which are evidently available in the market and easily procured by raisers. However, its price is so high and revealed its increasing expenditures that cause low net income. With that, a cheapest probiotic; safe both human and the animals, decreasing production expenses. and environmental-friendly was formulated. Hence, the study was conducted to see the potential of enhanced probiotic (Provet) as dietary supplement for growing-finishing pigs 
 
Methods: The study was laid out using the completely randomized designed (CRD). The least significance difference (LSD) was used for the comparison of means, if the result is significant. The treatments as basis of comparison were Treatment 1- Control (No Probiotic), Treatment 2. Commercial Probiotic, Treatment 3. 20 ml of Enhanced Formulated Probiotic (EFP), Treatment 4. 30ml of Enhanced Formulated Probiotic (EFP). 
 
Result: Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) result were observed on the growth parameters of growing-finishing pigs such as body weight, gain in weight and the average daily gain (ADG) wherein, pigs treated with 20 ml EFP took advantaged compared with the pigs in control treatment and of the pigs treated with commercial probiotic. With the body weight advantage of animals treated with 20 ml EFP, the return on investment (ROI) revealed significant advantage compare with the pigs in the other treatments. It is therefore concluded, that the 20 ml EFP showed potential as dietary supplement on the growth parameters of growing-finishing pigs, its utilization significantly affecting the return on investment and safe to use for animal consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to use the 20 ml enhanced formulated probiotic and best to mixed with feeds and be utilized by pigs in the morning. Further recommended to conduct a verification trial on the efficacy of 20 ml enhanced formulated probiotic in same age of pig to finally confirm its significant impact to the growth and income of raising growing-finishing pigs. Furthermore, study on the use of enhanced formulated probiotic be also conducted for early and post weaning piglets and gestating sow. 
&nbsp;