Background: The research was conducted to screen rice cultivars with resistance ability to high-temperature conditions and analyze the relationship between pollen viability and filled grain of native Indonesia rice cultivars.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The rice seeds were germinated, sown into a tray and then transplanted into pots filled with sandy loam and compost 3:1. After 20% of flowering, four pots of each cultivar were kept under ambient temperature (28-32&deg;C) and the other four pots were transferred to high-temperature (33-38&deg;C) conditions. Pollen stainability and pollen germination were conducted using IKI solution and by germinating them under in vitro conditions respectively before being viewed under the light microscope. Yield characters were analyzed to obtain a relationship with pollen viability.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Percentage of pollen germination, filled and empty grains of rice cultivars significantly differed between the two conditions by t-test. Ciherang and Sigeudop were two resistant cultivars for high-temperature treatment, with filled grain percentage more than 85%. There was a strong relationship between pollen germination and filled grains at ambient temperature (r=0.95; p&lt;0.01) and high temperature (r=0.94; p&lt;0.01). Rice cultivars that show high pollen germination under high-temperature conditions would produce a high percentage of filled grains.

The Relationship between Pollen Viability and Filled Grains in Native Indonesian Rice Cultivars under High Temperature at Flowering Stage

Background: Pollen grains (PGE) contain a mixture of essential nutrients. Many studies have indicated that polyphenol compounds and, especially, flavonoids are among the 2ry metabolites that have many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities. 
 
Methods: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the potent and high antioxidant regarding its capability of free radical scavenging activities via ABTS, ORAC and metal chelation assays; anticancer [anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2)] and antibacterial activities against the two bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) of the pollen grain extract (PGE). Methods: Pollen grain extract (PGE) was chemically characterized using GC-MS, SEM and TEM and antioxidant capacities were determined via three assays (ORAC, ABTS and metal chelation) for the estimation of free radical scavenging capacities. antibacterial screening against two bacterial strains (B. subtilis and E. coli), in vitro estimation of cytotoxicity against proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2). 
 
Result: GC-MS indicated the chemical structure of the pollen grains that contain a lot of phenolics and flavonoids. SEM examination, which revealed the external surface of the used PGE, showed a branched chain appearance with an amorphous structure in a small size. TEM examination, which revealed the internal structure of the used PGE, which appeared as spherical black spots inside a large line-dashed sphere, also clarified that the PGE was found to possess a high potency against the hepatic cancer cells, as evidenced by the inhibition of HepG-2 proliferation growth of cancer cells, which was measured at 84.09 &micro;g/ml at 100 &micro;g/ml. Strong antibacterial capacities of PGE are shown against two strains (B. subtilis and E. coli), at nearly low concentrations recording growth concentration at 0.625 mg/ml. PGE exhibited a potent antioxidant capacity via recording ABTS and ORAC activities at 1028.76 and 406.87 (&micro;M Trolox eq/ml), in addition to the metal chelation activity by 35.68 (&micro;M EDTA eq/mg extract). Therefore, it can be concluded that the PGE is effective with novel potent antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer capacities.

Chemical Characterization of Pollen Grains Ethanolic Extract (PGE) with Evaluation of its Potent Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Cancer Activities against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2)

Background: The germination of pollen and the growth of pollen tubes are preconditions for fertilization and seed development. A complete knowledge of pollen viability will help in a proper understanding of pollination and fertilization in plants. Pollen from different cultivated and wild species of Cajanus were used to study the influence of different medium components on Cajanus pollen germination. This study established a reliable medium for pollen germination in Cajanus cajan by modifying the Brewbacker and Kwack (BK) medium to enhance understanding of pollination and fertilization dynamics. 
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Methods: The in vitro pollen germination studies were carried out in Pre-breeding department at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India. We developed 108 distinct media formulations by systematically varying concentrations of key constituents: sucrose (10%, 30%, 40%), boric acid (0, 100, 250 ppm), calcium nitrate (100, 300 ppm), magnesium sulfate (100, 200, 300 ppm), potassium nitrate (100 ppm) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (15%). 
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Result: Optimal results were achieved with medium G, which contained 30% sucrose, 100 mg/l boric acid, 100 mg/l calcium nitrate, 100 mg/l potassium nitrate, 100 mg/l magnesium sulfate and 15% PEG, yielding 69.5% pollen germination. When tested on wild relatives (Rhynchosia bracteata, Cajanus platycarpus and Cajanus scarabaeoides), this optimized medium demonstrated over 70% germination efficiency with robust pollen tube development. The improved medium shows promise for facilitating inter-specific and inter-generic hybridization where biological barriers exist, potentially enabling in vitro pollination/fertilization approaches to introgress valuable traits for pigeonpea variety development. 
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Optimization and Development of Pollen Germination Medium for Cultivated and Wild Cajanus Pollen in vitro

<div>Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the more important cultivated crops in the Mediterranean region, where drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage are the main abiotic stresses limiting its production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the spike type on the grain yield, thousand kernels weight and some grain filling parameters. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on the experimental site of station ITGC in Setif, Algeria, eight Barley genotypes were tested during two cropping seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) in a randomized block design with 3 replications. 
 
Result: The results proved significant effect of genotypes and spike types on the grain filling parameters, but no significant effect of spike type on the thousand kernels weight during the both cropping seasons. In addition, the spike type registered significant effect just during the second cropping season. Among the genotypes with 6 rows spike type the local genotype Fouarra have high grain yield (97.79 Q/ha) with a deviation of 37.57% from the total mean of the genotypes with 6 row spike type. Many studies proved that in 6-row barleys, the magnitude of contribution of grain number in grain yield was higher than contribution of grain weight. The grain growth of genotypes studied follows a sigmoid curve, during the first season (2017-2018) the duration of grain filling ranged between 24 days for Saida 183 and 28 days for Rihane 03, for the group of genotypes with 6 rows. In addition, the duration of grain filling for the 2 row genotypes varied from 24 days for G4 to 28 days for genotype G2. During the second season (2018-2019) and for the genotypes with 6 rows, the duration of the grain filling varied from 21 days for the Saida 183 and 26 days for the genotype Fouarra, for the genotypes with 2 rows the duration of grain filling ranged from 21 days for the genotype G2 to 26 days for the genotype G3. The correlation analysis between the grain filling parameters, GY and TKW demonstrate a significant and positive correlation between TKW and MGW and GFR (r = 0.82* and r = 0.84*, respectively). Overall, the genotype variation in grain filling velocity and duration was responsible for the difference in grain yield and the improvement in grain yield was achieved by the increasing in velocity or duration of grain filling. &nbsp;</div>

The Effect of Spike Row Type on the Grain Yield and Grain Filling Parameters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Conditions

The oil palm is the richest source of vegetable oil in the world. The hybrid nature of crop necessitates artificial hybridization between proven parent palms which in turn require the pollen from male parent to be collected and stored without loss of viability for sufficiently long period. Reports &nbsp; suggested that pollen grains of various taxa could be successfully preserved in different organic solvents. In the present study, attempt was made to &nbsp; evaluate the suitability &nbsp;of organic solvents to store the oil palm pollen at 0 to -5oC temperature. Among the five solvents used, there was significant variation for viability and germination percentages. Viability was the maximum for pollen stored in Diethyl ether (90.45 %) as well as in n-Hexane (88.41%) after 200 days of storage. &nbsp;Viability of pollen stored in Chloroform and Acetone were moderate and in case of Methyl alcohol, complete loss of viability was observed. With respect to pollen germination in vitro, similar trend was observed. The trend was same at different intervals/period of storage. This was confirmed through in vivo pollination and fruits set studies. Thus, present method indicated that it is feasible to store oil palm pollen in non polar solvents beyond 200 days without considerable loss of viability or germination.

Efficacy of organic solvents for medium term storage of oil palm&nbsp;(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pollen

The present investigation deals with the study of inaperturate pollen taxa of eleven (11) tree species of Karimnagar district, Telangana State. These taxa belong to Annonaceae, Eupharbiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Musaceae and Fabaceae- Mimosoideae families. The pollen of these arborescent plants have diversity in pollen morphological characters viz., symmetry, shape, polarity and ornamentation, but significantly all the pollen taxa have inaperturate apertural partten. This study provides palynological data of the inaperturate pollen taxa, which will expensive help in future palynotaxonomic studies in Karimnagar district.

Inaperturate pollen diversity in the arborescent taxa of&nbsp;Karimnagar district, Telangana State, India

Background: Understanding floral and pollen biology is essential for efficient artificial hybridization in hybrid seed production. This knowledge helps ensure proper fertilization of the ovary and optimal fruit and seed set. Selecting suitable pollen parents and preserving pollen for future use allows for better control and optimization of hybridization practices in brinjal breeding programs. To achieve this, a robust protocol for pollen collection and viability testing is necessary to monitor pollen quality in the field and during storage. This information is crucial for maintaining desired characteristics and genetic traits in the resulting hybrid seeds. 
 
Methods: This study; aimed at optimizing the pollen germination assessment protocol for brinjal. The step wise modification standard medium composition was done, the optimal growth condition was tested and in vivo predictions were made. So, the study aimed to standardization of media for in vitro pollen germination evaluate and viability in brinjal in ambient as well as cold storage conditions. The pollen germination was tested in vitro as well in vivo, by incubating the pollen grains for 3 hours at 25&deg;C in different concentrations of sucrose, boron and agar media and distilled water at interval of 12 hours.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The most favorable germination of fresh pollen was achieved with a treatment consisting of 1% Agar, 12% Sucrose and 300 ppm Boron. Comparing the two storage conditions, pollen stored in the refrigerator exhibited higher in vitro germination percentages compared to ambient storage conditions. The highest in vitro pollen germination and viability percentages were observed in fresh pollen collected within 12 hours (95.00%). As the duration of pollen storage increased in both storage conditions, the in vitro pollen germination decreased. This decline in in vitro pollen germination was reflected in the in vivo fertilization fruit set percentage. The highest fruit set percentage was observed when pollen was stored in the refrigerator (64.52%) and when female flowers were pollinated with pollen stored for less than 12 hours (84.66%).

Optimized Protocol for in vitro Pollen Germination in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

<div>Background: Flower bud/s, flower/s and fruit/pod/s abscission is one of the momentous bottlenecks in pulses in general and pigeonpea in particular, resulting in poor reproductive efficiency. Abscission occurs both before and after fertilization. Knowledge on nature and extent of genetic variation available in the genotypes help breeders for planning breeding programmes to identify genotypes that retain maximum flowers hence increase pod set.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 19 advanced stabilized breeding lines including 2 local checks (GRG-811 and TS-3R) were evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) with two replications in rain fed and irrigated condition at Zonal Agricultural Research Station (ZARS), Kalaburagi, during kharif 2018. Genetic variation for flower production, abscission and pollen load were studied and interpreted. 
 
Result: The genotypes viz., RIL-63, RIL-59, GRG-152 and KRG-224 showed good number of pods set per plant in rainfed condition and 3 Genotypes WRP-R-29-4, KRG-224 and ICPL-15017 in irrigated condition. The genotype KRG-224 Sets more pods under both conditions. Pollen grains load was more in undropped flower compared to dropped flower.&nbsp;</div>

Genetic Variation Studies for Flower Production, Abscission and Pollen Load in Advanced Lines of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

<div>Rice (Oryza sativa L.)&nbsp; is the world&rsquo;s single most important staple food source for over half of the world&rsquo;s population, whose demand is expected to increase as human population increases almost exponentially every year. There are different kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses that a rice plant endures. Among the different forms of environmental stresses, drought hampers the production of rice grains notably. The reality of climate change is so stark that more and more droughts are expected to be evident in the distant future. Water, being a requisite for rice cultivation, is gradually becoming a highly limited resource across the earth. In comparison to other cereal crops, rice is more sensitive to the soil water content. Decrease of soil water content or the unavailability of water triggers drought stress in rice. Therefore, the management of drought stress for the growth of rice plants is essential as even moderate stress during reproductive growth may result in a drastic reduction of grain yield. The distinct changes brought about by drought stress not only range from morphological to physiological changes but also from biochemical to molecular changes as well. A number of starch synthesis related enzymes like granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) play important role in grain filling, which are also affected by limited water under drought environment. Due to water scarcity, the rate of photosynthesis decreases, as a result of which dry matter accumulation decreases, which ultimately affects grain filling in rice. Drought causes delayed flowering as well as spikelet sterility, followed by low grain yield during harvesting. The prevalence of drought over longer periods causes reactive oxygen species to form within the rice plants which subsequently denatures proteins and nucleic acids. In many places where drought continues for longer periods, rice plants die resulting in huge loss of grain yields. The effective strategies that have been adopted involves-the development of stable drought tolerant rice varieties through plant breeding programs, the development of short duration rice cultivars which have short growing cycle and harvesting periods that may help the plant to escape drought, the development of rice plants having deep root system such that it can penetrate the soil to find the available moisture and water required for growth, as well as the development of transgenic drought tolerant rice plants which over express specific genes to withstand drought, are few of the effective management strategies that need special attention. Thus, it can be said that drought management for rice production is a crucial step towards food security and food production in the world. The present discussions will emphasize on the negative impact of drought in rice plants and also discuss possible key management practices that can address the existing and imminent drought related problems on rice plants.</div>

Impact of Drought Stress on Grains Filling in Rice and its Management: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was carried out to determine the effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology, and caecal microflora of fasted broiler chicks. In this experiment, 2&times;2 factorial experimental design was used. One d old, 120 healthy broiler chicks were allocated to 4 treatment groups and 6 replicates (5 mixed sex chicks allocated each replicates). Treatment groups were: A) Pollen extract injection and 24 h fasting (P24); B) Pollen extract injection and 48 h fasting (P48), C) Control, no injection 24 h fasting (C24) and D) Control, no injection 48 h fasting (C48). The experiment lasted 21 days. Live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Ileal histomorphology, caecal microbiota, organ weight were recorded at 21th days of experiment. In ovo pollen extract injection did not affect hatchability rate. At the end of 21 days, in ovo pollen extract injection did not affect feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, inner organ development and ileal villi width irrespective to fasting 24 h and 48 h. In ovo pollen extract injection increased ileal villi length, caecal lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae count, decreased caecal Enterobactericaea count. In conclusion, in ovo pollen extract injection can be applied for broiler eggs to improve weight gain, better digestion and gut health.</div>