<div style="text-align: justify;">To assess the ground water pollution with varied amounts of primary treated distillery spentwash (DSW) application, locally prepared piezometer were installed in the field at various depths (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m) and the collected leachate was characterized. Leachate was collected in piezometers upto 0.5 m depth with lower levels of DSW application (&lt;750 m3ha-1) and upto 1.0 m depth with &gt;750 m3ha-1 after 30 days of DSW application and indicated that increasing quantities of DSW application increased the pH, EC, COD, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ contents in leachate. Leachate collected in piezometers after 60 days of DSW application showed increased leaching of NO3-, HCO3-, Cl- and Na+ with increasing depth, while leaching of Ca2+and Mg2+ decreased with depth. Chemical oxygen demand of percolating water decreased with increasing depth of soil column. However, application of DSW @ 1500 m3ha-1 increased all the parameters in leachate indicating its possible contamination over the period to underground water. Further, the effect of percolating DSW on soil was studied by opening the soil vertical profile upto 120 cm depth. The soil reaction and soluble salt content increased with soil depth upto 90 cm and with increased rate of DSW application. Organic carbon, Available primary nutrients viz., N, P2O5, K2O, Exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na &nbsp;and DTPA micronutrient content (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) increased in surface soil (upto 30 cm) with increased rate of DSW application and while sub surface soil (60-120 cm) content showed insignificant variation. &nbsp;organic carbon in soil surface increased with increasing quantity of DSW application. The spentwash application at the rate below 750 m3ha-1 increased soil nutrient content with lower percolating leachate indicating its beneficial use for agriculture purpose. However, the application rate of 1500 m3ha-1 may cause detrimental effect on surface soil electrochemical properties and percolating leachate may cause contamination of underground water under higher water table condition.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Assessing the changes in soil properties and possible ground water pollution with application of primary treated distillery spentwash</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>The Geographic information system (GIS) technique plays an important role in groundwater estimation. Hence, this study employs GIS techniques within ArcGIS 9.3 Software to investigate the Spatio-temporal variations in groundwater levels across the Agra district of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Utilizing data from 129 piezometer wells obtained from the National Institute of Hydrology at Roorkee, the research covers pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons spanning the years 2017 to 2020. Multiple topographic and spatial maps were generated to illustrate the groundwater level variations in different subdivisions of the Agra district.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results reveal significant fluctuations in subsurface water levels among various sections of the district, with a noticeable but not alarming overall decline. The pre-monsoon groundwater levels show a consistent decrease, from 16.98 meters below ground level (mbgl) in 2017 to 26.27 mbgl in 2020, growing at a mean annual rate of 3.58%. Similarly, the post-monsoon groundwater levels declined from 15.23 mbgl in 2017 to 25.84 mbgl in 2020, with a mean annual growth rate of 3.34%. A comparative analysis indicates higher pre-monsoon groundwater levels from 2017 to 2020 than their post-monsoon counterparts. These findings raise concerns regarding the availability of groundwater resources in the Agra district.</div>


Assessing the changes in soil properties and possible ground water pollution with application of primary treated distillery spentwash

Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Level Variations in Agra District using GIS Techniques