<div>Background: This study elucidated the molecular detection and pathological alterations in broiler chickens naturally infected with field circulating NDV strains along with their phylogenomic dynamics. 
 
Methods: Morbid tissue samples of diseased/dead chickens were collected from 100 poultry flocks presented to poultry disease diagnostic laboratories from September 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection of NDV along with phylogenetic analysis and subsequent gross and histopathological examination. 
 
Result: Based on RT-PCR results, the positivity of NDV was 04/100 (4%). Genetic analysis of the NDV Fusion (F) gene revealed 98.92% and 98.74% similarity with Iranian and Pakistani isolates, respectively. The evolutionary tree showed that present study isolates were placed in a clade belongs to genotype Vll sub-genotype i and l. Necropsy examinations revealed the petechial haemorrhages associated with multifocal necrosis in gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. Besides these pathological findings, amino acid sequence of F gene revealed that study isolates are having pathogenic potential similar to the velogenic strains of NDV. Based on all essential analyses, the present study concluded that the evolution and distribution of the Newcastle disease virus of various genotypes VIIi and VIIl in Pakistan are having significant pathogenic potential. Therefore, it emphasizes developing ND vaccine from indigenous strains for better protection of commercial poultry in Pakistan.</div>

Molecular Characterization and Pathology of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in District Lahore, Pakistan

<div>Background: Comparative study of the complete chloroplast genomes of some species in the Subtribe Asclepiadeae was conducted to evaluate the variations and similarities between the species and to resolve the phylogenetic relationship within the subtribe. P. tomentosa has been used for medicinal uses in Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Africa and Brazil. It is used often in cosmetics and tanning industries, although it&rsquo;s very well utilized as a traditional medicine in many civilizations. 
 
Methods: The genomes were compared using Mvista Bioinformatics tools to evaluate the inverted repeats (IR), large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions and also the border junctions were visualized with IR scope to express the expansion and contraction of the circular genome structure. While SSR markers were determined using the Reputer program, the genome map was done using OGDRAW (OrganellarGenomeDRAW). 
 
Result: Observed variations of the Mvista alignments is mainly at the coding regions of the sequences, while IR borders were varied at the SSC region of A. nivea genome; with ycf1 and rps19 due to evolutionary events. The genome sizes of C. procera are 166,010 bp, P. tomentosa 164,213bp, A. nivea 161,592 bp and C. wilfordii 161,180 bp. GC contents of A. nivea, C. wilfordii and P. tomentosa are 38% respectively; while C. procera is the least with 37%.; total SSR markers as well as the circular genome map were presented in this study.</div>

Molecular Characterization and Pathology of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in District Lahore, Pakistan

Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analysis and Evolutionary Relationships in Some Species of Asclepiadeae, Apocynaceae