<div style="text-align: justify;">Field investigations were conducted during 2015 and 2016 kharif seasons at the experimental farm of ICAR, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema to study weed growth and nutrient uptake in organically managed rice and maize as affected by N management and live mulching with cowpea. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with two kharif crops viz., rice (C1) and maize (C2), two organic N management viz., vermicompost @ 2 t/ha (N1) and vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2) and two mulches viz., control (No mulching) (L1) and live mulching with cowpea (L2). The dominant weed species observed were Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria setigera, Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Cyperus iria and Cyperus rotundus. Weed density, dry weight and NPK uptake was found to be significantly lower in maize compared to rice during both years. Weed growth and NPK uptake was also found to be significantly higher with application of vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2) compared to 2 t/ha (N1) whereas, significantly lower weed growth as well as NPK uptake was also recorded with cowpea live mulch (L2) as compared to no mulching (L1). Cowpea live mulch (L2) with application of vermicompost @ 2 t/ha (N1) was found to record significantly lower NPK uptake by weeds in both crops. Yield and yield attributes of rice and maize were observed to be higher under cowpea live mulch with application of vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2).</div>

Weed growth and nutrient uptake in organically managed rice and maize as affected by nitrogen management and live mulching with cowpea

<p>Organic livestock farming promotes the use of organic and biodegradable inputs from the ecosystem in terms of animal nutrition, animal health, animal housing and breeding. It is getting popular in many countries including India due to increased consumers&rsquo; demand of organic products and environmental concerns. Sound managemental aspect of organic livestock farming stands upon the nutritional management of the animals for better performance and animal health. Animal nutrition plays a key role to prevent infections, to provide wellbeing to the animals through better immunity and to improve animal production. Thus, roles of nutritionists and veterinarians are more important in organic system than conventional system which needs improved nutritional management and efficient surveillances of diseases and organisms that are economically important.</p>


<p>Strategic nutritional management for organic livestock and&nbsp;poultry farming-A review</p>


<div>Black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) disease of potato is becoming prominent in many potato growing districts of Gujarat state which reduce quality and market value of the produce, resulting in economic losses. The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2014-15 in naturally infested field with scurf pathogen at Potato Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Deesa (Gujarat) with the objective to find out suitable management strategies for black scurf through organic approaches (bio-agents and organic amendments). Among different bio-agents (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) tested against black scurf, the tuber treatment with 2 per cent boric acid spray along with tuber treatment with T. viride @ 10 g/kg seed before sowing recorded the lowest disease incidence (15.33 %) and index (0.38) with highest total tuber yield (324.68 q/ha) with maximum income `2,57,414/ha. When price computed with healthy and diseased tuber yield among treatments, the maximum income variation was (`92,986/ha) recorded by the same treatment followed by the tuber treatment with 3 % boric acid spray before sowing (`68,440/ha). In case of various organic amendments tested, soil application of mustard cake @ 10 q/ha registered minimum disease incidence (37.33 %) and disease index (0.66) as compared to rest of the organic treatment with highest total tuber yield (`327.20 q/ha) with maximum income `2,65,010/ha. When price computed with healthy and diseased tuber yield among treatments, the maximum income variation was (`1,12,990/ha) recorded by the same treatment followed by the neem cake @ 10 q/ha (`56,660/ha). These organic treatments can provide an effective and economical management of black scurf of potato for cultivaters.</div>


<div>Management of Black Scurf (<em>Rhizoctonia solani</em>) of Potato through Organic Approaches</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Pulses are source of supplementary protein to daily diets based on cereals and starchy food for predominant vegetarian population. So, pluses are therefore often regarded as poor man&rsquo;s meat. Greengram is third most important pulse crop growing after chickpea and pigeon pea in India. For maintain soil health, better quality crop production, organic fertilizer managements play important role.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

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<div><strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment on nutrient management thought organic sources in summer green gram conducted with aim to know the effect of organic nutrient management on the growth, yield and quality of green gram at College Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during summer season of 2018 to 2020 in sandy loam soil of middle Gujarat. There were ten treatments of organic sources including no manures (control) treatment. They were replicated four times in randomized block design.</div>

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<div><strong>Result:</strong> Three years experiment data revealed that application of vermicompost @0.5t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB) reported higher plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant, test weight, seed yield, harvest index and net return and BCR. Green gram haulm yield and soil microbial count was significantly higher in treatment T<sub>6</sub> (FYM @ 2.0 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), treatment T<sub>8</sub> (Castor cake @ 0.25 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), reported higher potassium content in haulm, Response of organic manures treatments found non-significant in case of initial plant population, plant height and number of branches per plant at 30 DAS, protein content, micronutrient content in seed, haulm and soil, except Mn in seed, heavy metal content in seed, haulm and soil, after harvest soil nutrient EC, organic carbon and available K<sub>2</sub>O, whereas same results also observed in case of nutrient content in seed and haulm.</div>


<p>Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram</p>


<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> Chickpea is the third most important food legume grown globally and provides nutritious food for an increasing world population. Considering the environmentally friendly and improves and maintains soil fertility force to use organic manures. The organic amendments like composts and vermicompost have a positive influence on the quality of soil. Further, combined application of Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria along with organic manure has increased nodulation, growth and yield parameters in chickpea. In view of above consideration, the present investigation entitled &ldquo;nutrient management through organic sources in chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.)&rdquo; was carried out.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand during three consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Based on three years investigation data clearly brought out that significantly taller plants, higher number of branches, number of pods per plant, seed index and seed yield were recorded in application of 10 kg nitrogen through vermicompost and bio-NP 1.0 litre ha<sup>-1</sup>, but it was at par with application of 10 kg nitrogen through NADEP along with Bio NP 1.0 litre ha<sup>-1</sup> and 20 kg nitrogen through NADEP. Among all the treatment, higher value of BCR was observed under application of 10 kg nitrogen through vermicompost along with Bio NP 1 litre ha<sup>-1</sup>.</p>


<p>Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Chickpea</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Organic production of cluster bean is to contribute to the enhancement of production sustainability along with ecology. Sustainability in organic farming must therefore be seen in a holistic sense, which includes ecological, economic and social aspects. A synergistic effectof bio fertilizer with crop increases the crop productivity and sustainability also. Bio fertilizers are low cost, effective and renewable sources of plant nutrients to supplement chemical fertilizers. Therfore to overcome the ill effect of chemical based farming, organic system is becoming the emerging need of the society.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>A field experiment &rsquo;&rsquo;was carried out in Pusa Navbahar variety of clusterbean during summer season (February to May) of 2019 at College farm, College of Horticulture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Jagudan, Dist. Mehsana, Gujarat, India. Sixteen treatments having various combinations of organic sources of nutrients (FYM, vermicompost, and neem cake), bio fertilizers (<em>Rhizobium</em> + PSB + KSM) along with RDF (20/40/0 kg/ha) as a control. They were replicated thrice in a randomized block design having a plot size of 3.0 m &times; 2.0 m with a spacing of 60 cm &times; 20 cm. Standard practices were followed during the entire course of the investigation.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>It showed highly significant differences among different treatments for majority of the growth and yield attributing traits, but treatment T<sub>6</sub> (75% N through FYM + <em>Rhizobium</em> + PSB + KSM) was rated as the best treatment for characters like days taken for germination, number of root nodules per plant, plant height at 60 DAS (cm), number of pod per cluster, number of cluster per plant, green pod yield per plant (g), green pod yield per plot (kg) and green pod yield per hectare (kg) as compared to other treatment. It can be concluded that the organic nutrient management in cluster bean with the application of 75% N through FYM + <em>Rhizobium</em> + PSB + KSM is beneficial for obtaining a higher yield.</div>


<div>Effect of Organic Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Cluster Bean (<em>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</em> L.)</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Different crops were raised and harvested at physiological maturity and weeds were collected at flowering stages during Kharif 2017 for preparing plant aqueous extracts at wet land farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of different plant aqueous extracts and paddy straw mulch for organic weed management in a randomized block design and replicated thrice during Rabi, 2017-18 and The predominant weed species observed were Cyperus rotundus L. (45%), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (15%), Borreria hispida (L.) K. Schum. (7%). All chemical weed management practices recorded significantly lesser weed density and dry weight than organic weed management practices. Among the organic weed management practice, application of paddy straw mulch at 5 t ha-1 recorded significantly lesser density and dry weight of weeds with higher weed control efficiency, apart from enhancing the yield components and pod yield of groundnut. Among the plant aqueous extracts, sorghum plant aqueous extract spray 15 L ha-1 at 15 and 30 DAS proved to be the best in controlling weeds and increasing pod yield. The performance of parthenium and purple nutsedge aqueous extracts each applied at 15 L ha-1 at 15 and 30 DAS were very poor in controlling weeds and promoting pod yield of groundnut. The reduction in pod yield of groundnut due to unchecked weed growth was 52.53 and 37.18% compared to pendimethalin 1kg ha-1 + HW at 30 DAS and paddy straw mulch at 5 t ha-1, respectively. Paddy straw mulch at 5 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher count of effective rhizobium nodules plant-1 and soil microorganisms viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes.</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Performance of Plant Aqueous Extracts for Organic Weed Management in Groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogaea</em>)&nbsp;</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The concept of organic agriculture is receiving increased attention and organic food markets are also expanding quite fast in many parts of the world including India. Development of production technology particularly appropriate nutrient management strategy for organic baby corn is necessary for realizing higher yield and economic returns as well as soil health aspect. Most of the organic manures are low in nutrient contents, which are not sufficient to meet the nutritional requirement of the crops with smaller quantities, especially when inorganic fertilizers are not applied. Under such circumstances, enrichment of organic manures and composts with permitted additives like rock phosphate and beneficial microbial cultures is a feasible option for nutrient supplementation in organic food production. Microbial enrichment technique with bio-inoculants to composting material had been shown to improve the quality of compost. The enrichment of the organic manures with beneficial microbial cultures will further contribute to the enhancement of N and P contents through nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. Hence, the enriched organic manures and their combination provide an ideal nutrition strategy for the crop. There is the possibility of increasing the nitrogen content of compost by inoculation with nitrogen-fixing organisms and the phosphorus content by the inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Improved manures will play a major role in organic farming since the method of production is simple and easy.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Nutrient Management in Organic Baby Corn Production: A Review</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Weeds are widely reported as a key constraint in organic agriculture. Soybean-chickpea is important cropping sequence adopted in Maharashtra State under irrigated condition. Weed management is a serious problem in both the crop and it mostly controlled through chemical weed control. Today, widespread use of herbicides has resulted in purporated environmental and health problem as well as residual problems to succeeding crops. Now a days residue free food requirement is high. In organic farming cultural and mechanical methods are necessary to break the weed cycle. So, keeping this point in view present investigation was carried out to evaluate organic weed management practices on growth, yield and weed control in soybean-chickpea sequence under irrigated condition.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>A field experiment was conducted during <em>Kharif</em> and<em> rabi </em>seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The present investigation consisted of ten weed management practices <em>viz</em>. two hand weeding at 20-25 and 45-50 DAS, one hoeing 20-25 DAS + one hand weeding at 45-50 DAS, soybean + sunhemp incorporation after 35-40 DAS in <em>kharif </em>season and chickpea + safflower (2:1) in<em> rabi</em> season,&nbsp;stale seed bed + reduced spacing + 2 tonne of wheat straw + one hand weeding at 25&nbsp;DAS, soil mulch at the time of sowing + one hand pulling at 25 DAS, incorporation of neem cake 1.5 tonne/ ha 15 days before sowing + one hand weeding at 25 DAS, soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding&nbsp;at 25 DAS, mulching with straw, weed free and weedy check. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The higher values of growth attributes was recorded by weed free treatment which was on par with two hand weeding at 20-25 and 45-50 DAS and soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding at 25 DAS and significantly superior over rest of the treatments during both the year study. Application of stale seed bed with reduced spacing and 2 tonne of wheat straw along with one hand weeding 25 DAS recorded higher soybean equivalent yield followed by soybean + sunhemp incorporation (35-45DAS) in <em>kharif </em>and chickpea + safflower (2:1) in <em>rabi</em> season during both the year. The lower weed density, dry weight and highest weed control efficiency at 40 days after sowing for both monocot and dicot weeds was recorded by weed free treatment followed by soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding at 25 DAS in soybean and chickpea during both the year.</div>


<div>Evaluation of Organic Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Weed Control Efficiency in Soybean-chickpea Sequence under Irrigated Condition &nbsp;</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> A series of field experiments were conducted at the Tapioca and Castor Research Station (TCRS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yethapur, Salem from 2022 to 2023. The purpose was to investigate the growth dynamics and economics of short-duration cassava under different nutrient management practices including both integrated and organic approaches.</p>

<p><strong>Methods:</strong> Twelve treatments were carried out consisting of various combinations of organic manures, liquid organic foliar sprays, integrated nutrient management treatments and a control treatment (no manures/fertilizers/sprays). The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications at the same location.</p>

<p><strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that the different nutrient management practices had a significant impact on the physiological response throughout the various stages of plant growth. Based on the average data from two experiments, the INM treatment (FYM @ 25 t ha<sup>-1</sup> + 100% recommended dose of fertilizers and cassava booster spray) showed the highest physiological&nbsp;response during the final phase of growth. This treatment showed superior performance in terms of leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), tuber bulking rate (TBR) and mean TBR. The organic treatment (wood ash @ 2 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 3% panchagavya foliar spray) recorded comparable performance to the INM treatment in major parameters such as LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR. However, it followed the INM treatment in terms of mean TBR. Economic analysis revealed that the INM treatment yielded the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio (BCR), followed by the organic treatment. The control resulted in the least returns. In conclusion, the findings highlight the effectiveness of the INM treatment and the promising performance of the organic treatment which can contribute to sustainable and profitable cassava cultivation.</p>


<p>Impact of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth Dynamics and Economics of Short-duration Cassava (<em>Manihot esculenta Crantz</em>.)</p>


Weed growth and nutrient uptake in organically managed rice and maize as affected by nitrogen management and live mulching with cowpea

Strategic nutritional management for organic livestock and poultry farming-A review

Management of Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) of Potato through Organic Approaches

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Chickpea

Effect of Organic Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

Performance of Plant Aqueous Extracts for Organic Weed Management in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

Nutrient Management in Organic Baby Corn Production: A Review

Evaluation of Organic Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Weed Control Efficiency in Soybean-chickpea Sequence under Irrigated Condition

Impact of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth Dynamics and Economics of Short-duration Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)