<div style="text-align: justify;">In this study, some biochemical parameters of hair goat kids which had consumed excessive amounts of oak leaves and acorns in the autumn season and displayed toxicity symptoms during clinical inspections were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of the goat kids. Glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Na, K, Cl, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of poisoned animals were found to be within the reported reference intervals. Creatinine, total protein, albumin, Ca, Mg and Fe levels, on the other hand, were found to be below the reference intervals. As a result, it was concluded that goats reflect the clinical findings of oak poisoning described in the literature, which courses with lowered amounts of mineral (Fe, Mg, Ca), TP, albumin and creatinine, yet without a significant change in other biochemical parameters. It can also be concluded that excessive consumption of oak by goats was capable of leading to toxicity.</div>

Changes in some biochemical parameters of hair goat kids diagnosed with oak poisoning

Background: The cork oak is the major forest element of northern Tunisia, especially in Kroumirie. It is a species of greatecological, economic and social value, with a natural distribution limited to the western Mediterranean basin. Following serious biotic and abiotic problems, oak forests have been greatly affected and their natural regeneration has become very difficult, even almost absent these last years marked by last climatic changes. The association of cork oak with autochthonous plant species such as leguminous is an original research to resolve this problem. As part of this reflection, the association of the cork oak with Cytisusvillosus could positively influence its growth and productivity by providing the nutrients necessary for its survival in the face of climatic constraints.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in two sites in the Kroumirie (Ain Draham and El Feija forests). In each site two populations of the same bioclimatic stage are chosen: a population of only cork oak and a cork oak population associated with Cytisusvillosus. Several parameters were measured on trees at each population: morphological (height, circumference, leaf area index LMA) ecophysiological (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration) and cork quality (porosity, humidity, quality) parameters.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The oaks with legumes in both Ain Drahem and Feija sites showed highly significant differences compared to the other two populations without association; for morphological and ecophysiological parameters. In the same way, statistical analysis has shown that the cork oak trees in Feija population with Cytisus have better cork quality than other populations. We can conclude that the cork oak behaves better and have higher growth and better cork quality in the presence of legumimous species like Cytisusvillosus. Such results could encourage the reintroduction of this legume especially in degraded areas of cork oaks for their maintenance and preservation especially in the current climate conditions.

<div>Cytisus Legume Association Interests on Oak Growth and Cork Quality</div>

<div>Background: The use of natural resources and food additives rich in bioactive nutrients in poultry diets offer better digestive use and have a proven health impact. In this context, the use of green oak acorn added&nbsp; of calcium&nbsp; bentonite are better suited to to improve growth and enrich the meat with a some its nutrients limit the meat lipoperoxidation. In addition, the breeding battery mode compared to the ground mode offers better conditions and enhance productivity. This study evaluated the effects of diets based on green oak acorns supplemented with calcium bentonite on organ histology of broilers to ascertain the impact on the poultry health. 
 
Methods: 300 broilers one day-old of the ISA F15 strain were divided into two groups, one raised on the ground and the other in cages. Each group was divided into three subgroups. Each subgroup receives either a standard diet without addition of acorn or bentonite constituting the diet control (DC).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Analysis of the histological sections revealed that the addition of bentonite in the feed of poultry reared, particularly on the ground seems to preserve at the best histological level of certain internal organs; Fabricius bursa, liver, small intestines. Adding bentonite to the acorn diet nearly halved the intensity of follicular necrosis compared to the lesion appearance of controls. Follicular scarring expressed by the extent of fibrosis was extensive on the bursae. This study concluded that the use of green oak acorn in chicken feed along with 2% calcium bentonite shows the best beneficial effects on&nbsp; health status.</div>

Effects of Green Oaks Acorns (Quercus ilex) based Diets Added of Calcium Bentonite on Health of Broilers Reared in the Cages and Ground Modes