Background: Adoption of SSNM is directly affected by cost of fertilizer. Soil test crop response (STCR) concept attribute to contribution of soil and targeted yield level for fertilizer recommendation for a selected crop. This approach is also known as prescription based fertilizer recommendations. It is specific type of soil, climatic condition and specific location. Nutrient requirement is differ for different crops. The available soil nutrients efficient used and added to those available soil nutrients through fertilizers is different for different type of soil geography under a particular set of climatic conditions. 
 
Methods: A research experiment was carried out during rabi 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Research Farm of Agronomy, Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola (Maharashtra). Fertilizers were applied based on uptake pattern of crop, target yield levels and soil test values. The experiment was laid out in FRBD-Factorial randomized block design with two factors. Total 15 treatment combinations were formed which replication 4 times. 
 
Result: Significantly greater uptake of nitrogen (62.76, 74.67 and 81.89 kg ha-1), phosphorus (19.15, 24.32 and 29.38 kg ha-1), potassium (80.32, 92.14 and 99.18 kg ha-1), sulphur (18.46, 24.10 and 26.03 kg ha-1) and zinc (493.97, 571.01 and 620.91 g ha-1) recorded in treatment where crop supplied with farm yard manure @ 5 t ha-1 than rest of treatments during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. A similar trend was observed in respect of soil nutrient status such as available N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn. Application of fertilizers through soil test crop response equation with zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 and Sulphur @ 10 kg ha-1 registered maximum total uptake of nitrogen (66.89, 78.99 and 90.06 kg ha-1), phosphorus (20.78, 25.31 and 31.96 kg ha-1), potassium (86.05, 97.99 and 109.09 kg ha-1), sulphur (20.27, 26.39 and 29.80 kg ha-1) and zinc (537.78, 618.06 and 696.21 g ha-1) than rest of nutrient management treatments during three years of field experiment, respectively. The same trend was observed with respect to available N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn under respective treatment during three years of experimentation.

Estimation of Nutrient Uptake and Available Nutrient Status of Rabi Safflower Through Soil Test Crop Response in Rainfed Ecosystem

Background:Enhancing food security and nutrition for the expanding population is a significant concern. In this context, the application of inorganic fertilisers and organic manures and plays a pivotal role by supplying vital nutrients to plants. This practice elevates the nutrient content and overall nutritional quality of crops, thereby contributing substantially for meeting the nutritional requirements of a growing populace. Conversely, the repercussions of imbalanced nutrition are detrimental, leading to reduced agricultural productivity and soil fertility degradation. These factors, in turn, contribute to increased cultivation costs. Addressing this multifaceted issue necessitates a precise quantification of inorganic fertiliser integration with organic manures as an effective means of resolving these challenges.

Methods: The current research was conducted on a farmer&#39;s holding, using blackgram (variety: VBN 11) in Thondamuthur block of Coimbatore district, Western Zone of Tamil Nadu to study the effect of different N, P2O5, K2O and IPNS dosages in nutrient acquisition and quality parameters. The treatments included absolute control, blanket, blanket + FYM, Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based fertiliser dose for an yield target of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 t ha-1, STCR-IPNS based fertiliser dose for an yield target of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4&nbsp; t ha-1 and farmer&rsquo;s practice.

Result: The highest nutrient uptake and quality parameters were recorded when employing STCR-IPNS at a targeted yield of 1.4 t ha⁻1. This finding strongly underscores the value of incorporating these practices into our agricultural approach. Doing so not only paves the way for sustainable, nutrient-rich food production but also effectively addresses the issue of imbalanced nutrition. Moreover, it plays a vital role in enhancing soil health. In sum, this comprehensive approach is pivotal in fortifying food security and elevating nutritional standards.

&nbsp;

Effect of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management based on Soil Test Crop Response on Primary Plant Nutrients Uptake and Quality Parameters of Blackgram on Alfisols in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu, India

<div>Background: Due to increased price of soybean meal, dairy farmers are seeking suitable and viable alternate protein supplement to soybean meal for economic ration formulation. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of cottonseed meal (CSM) as an alternate protein source in growing buffalo calves. 
 
Methods: A total of 12 buffalo calves aged approximately 6-12 months with 149.88&plusmn;9.93 kg average body weight were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with four calves each, designated as control (C), T1 and T2 groups. Soybean meal (SBM) in&nbsp; concentrate mixture fed to C group was replaced by cottonseed meal (CSM) at 75 and 100% level on w/w basis in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The duration of study was 120 days.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The digestibility of nutrients in T1 and T2 groups was similar to of C group. The total nitrogen intake, N outgo and N balance varied non-significantly among C, T1 and T2 groups. The blood metabolites and cell mediated immune response in T1 and T2 groups were similar to that of C group. The average daily gain in T2 group was numerically higher than other groups. It was concluded that CSM could replace SBM upto 100% on w/w basis in the concentrate mixture without any adverse effect on growth, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile, cell mediated immune response and growth of calves.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of Feeding Cottonseed Meal on Nutrient Utilization, Blood Biochemical Profile, Cell Mediated Immune Response and Growth Performance of Buffalo Calves

Background: Pulse crops are commonly known as &ldquo;rich man&rsquo;s vegetable&rdquo;. Blackgram is the most important pulse crops of Odisha after greengram. Poor productivity of blackgram in Odisha is due to soil related constraints such as organic matter and nutrient availability. Use of unbalanced and inadequate fertilizers accompanied by restricted use organic manures resulted decline in crop yield. Promising results of balanced fertilization was documented in various pulse crop but limited research was under taken in blackgram in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha. Therefore, current experiment focused on improving productivity of blackgram with different source of nutrient. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Siksha &ldquo;O&rdquo; Anusandhan (Deemed University), Bhubaneswar, during summer season of 2020 and 2021 to study the Influence of integrated nutrient management on productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility of summer blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Blackgram variety &lsquo;LBG 787 (Tulsi)&rsquo; was sown at a spacing of 25 &times; 10 cm under randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations of FYM, inorganic and foliar fertilizer. 
 
Result: Application of 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray twice at 30 and 45 DAS led to maximum pods per plant (18.5), pod length (4.5 cm), seeds per pod (7.0), test weight (52.0 g), seed yield (843 kg/ha), stover yield (1214 kg/ha) and harvest index (41.0%). Besides, it also recorded highest gross return (Rs 54,840/ha), net return (Rs 27,050/ha), B:C ratio (2.1), production efficiency (10.83 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (360.67 Rs/ha/day) and was at par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray. The later recorded 49.1% higher yield and 152.4% higher net return/ha, respectively than that of 100% RDF alone in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha.

Productivity and Profitability of Summer Blackgram in Response to Integrated Nutrient Management

<div>Background: Among the different production factors, irrigation and nutrient management are of immense importance in Pigeon pea cultivation. Drip irrigation can be considered as an efficient irrigation system to maintain optimum moisture content in the root zone. Split application of fertilizers at appropriate stages of crop growth ensure a regular flow of both water and nutrients resulting in &nbsp;increased growth rate and higher yield. Fertigation proposed as a means to increase efficient use of water and fertilizer to increase yield and sustained irrigated agriculture. The current study aims to study the efficacy of split application of N, P and K on growth, water and nutrient use efficiency, productivity and profitability of Pigeon pea. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy Farm, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during three consecutive kharif season of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with four replications and eight treatments with an objective to study the efficacy of split application of nutrients on growth, water and nutrient use efficiency, productivity and profitability of Pigeon pea.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that, all the growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield of Pigeon pea were substantially enhanced by drip fertigation levels at 125:100:100 per cent recommended NPK than lower fertigation levels (75 and 100%) and over conventional soil application of recommended dose of NPK kg ha-1. Drip fertigation at 125:100:100 per cent recommended dose of NPK ha-1 recorded higher pigeon-pea pooled grain yield of 4053 kg ha-1. The maximum GMR (Rs.226807 ha-1), NMR (Rs.176604 ha-1), B:C ratio (4.52) and highest economic efficiency of Rs.883 day-1 ha-1.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Response of Split Application of Nutrients through Fertigation in Pigeonpea</div>

<div>Background: Inclusion of legume with cereal as an intercrop ensure crop nutrition and enhanced soil quality. Combine application of organic manure with inorganic fertilizer minimizes the soil hazard and improves crop productivity in a significant manner. 
 
Methods: The experiment on Kharif maize +cowpea intercropping system was carried out at &lsquo;Jaguli Instructional Farm&rsquo; of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, under the New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal in 2019-2020 to investigate the influence of crop geometry and nutrient management practices on growth and yield responses of legume (cowpea). The experiment was laid out with a split-plot design. The main plot had five crop geometry and a sub plot comprised five nutrient management practices, which were replicated thrice.&nbsp; 
 
Result: From the pooled data of two years experiment, the intercropping system of 1M:1C (Maize: Cowpea) (C3) perform better in respect of growth attributes, viz., leaves plant-1, LAI, branches plant-1 and CGR; yield reflecting attributes viz., pods plant-1, pod length, pod and forage yield of cowpea (1.30 and 5.49 t ha-1) and crop (maize) equivalent yield of cowpea (1.76 t ha-1) although the maximum values were attained from sole cowpea treatment (C2). Nutrient management practices with the application of 75% N as chemical + 25% N as organic with seaweed application (N2) recorded greater growth and yield viz., pod, forage and crop (maize) equivalent yield (1.51, 6 and 2.01 t ha-1), respectively. Total nodules plant-1 were significantly influenced by crop geometry and nutrient management, whereas the total chlorophyll content of cowpea was significantly varied with nutrient management. Regression studies depicted the negative functional relationship between pod yield and canopy temperature, whereas the relationship between intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and pod yield was positive.</div>

Growth and Yield Responses of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management Practices

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2014 under All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka to find out the effect of spacing and nutrient on AVT groundnut cultivar K 1641 in black soils under rainfed condition. The highest pod yield (3578 kg/ha) was found in the K 1641 as compared to check variety TGLPS 3(3194 Kg/ha). A plant spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm gave the highest pod (3845 Kg/ha) as compared to wider intra row spacing (30 cm x 20cm) (2927 kg/ha). Among the nutrient management practices, recommended dose (100%) of NPK resulted in significantly higher pod yield (3488 kg/ha) as compared to 50% recommended dose of NPK (3120 kg/ha) and failed to respond to higher level (150%) of recommended dose of NPK (3549 kg/ha). Whereas, Cultivar K 1641 responded to higher dose of nutrient application i.e. Application of FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 + 150 % RDNPK (37.5 kg N, 112.5 kg P2O5 and 37.5 kg K2O ha-1) and registered higher net monetary returns(Rs.103013 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.88). &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Response of new groundnut entry K 1641 to Spacing and nutrients in vertisol during rainy season under rainfed farming

Backgroud: The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of insitu jaggery based biofloc on biogrowth performance, physiological immuno response, digestive enzyme activity, nutrient composition and disease resistance of Etroplus suratensis. 
 
Method: The fingerlings of pearlspot, E. suratensis with an average body weight of 5.67&plusmn;0.08 g was stocked at the rate of 150/m3 in treatment and control system. The insitu biofloc was produced in 2.4 ton capacity outdoor tanks using jaggery as carbon source at two different C: N ratio of viz, 10: 1 (B1) and 20:1 (B2), where clear brackishwater system and without carbon source as control. 
 
Result: The levels of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite&ndash;nitrogen and nitrate&ndash;nitrogen were reduced in the insitu biofloc compared to control while TSS and TS were increased significantly in all insitu biofloc compared to control.&nbsp; The physiological immuno responses such as Respiratory burst test, Myeloperoxidase, serum lysozyme and antioxidant enzymes activity Superoxide dismutase &nbsp;and catalase were found to be significantly higher in B2 at end of the trial. Stress parameters glucose and cortisol were significantly lower in jaggery based biofloc system especially in (B2) C: N 20:1 compared to control. The fishes from the jaggery based biofloc groups possessed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher immune status as compared to control. The digestive enzymes activity such as amylase protease and lipase, of fish was higher in biofloc treatment and lower in control. Compare to control the nutrient composition of E. suratensis was significantly higher in the treatment groups. Moreover, jaggery based insitu fishes showed the lower cumulative mortality rate and Enhanced relative levels of protectio after experimental challenge with&nbsp;A. hydrophila compared to control.

Influence of in situ Biofloc Production on Bio Growth Performance, Physiological Immune Response, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Nutrient Composition and Disease Resistance of Etroplus suratensis&nbsp;

India is demand for vegetable oils is escalating rapidly, yet domestic production struggles to keep pace. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), most important oilseed crops pre-dominantly growing, often exhibits low yield due to inadequate nutrient management. A field trial was conducted during late rabi season (2024-2025) at SRMCAS, Baburayanpettai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study was investigated a randomized block design with ten treatments combining varying levels of 100% RDF along with gypsum @ 50% basal and 50% at 25, 35 and 45 DAS and 75% RDF along with gypsum @ 50% basal and 50% at 25, 35 and 45 DAS. The groundnut variety GG 7 was used. Growth and yield parameters were measured at 25, 50 and 75 days after sowing and at harvest. The study revealed that the combined application of 100% RDF along with gypsum @ 50% basal and 50% at 45 DAS and 75% RDF along with gypsum @ 50% basal and 50% at 45 DAS significantly increased plant height, DMP, LAI, total chlorophyll index, number of root nodules, number of flowers, pegs, pods per plant and kernels per pod. This treatment was also recorded higher pod yield (2100 and 2031 kg/ha) and haulm yield (5097 and 4952 kg/ha). The study of groundnut crop analysis gives a clear understanding of the nutrient accumulation at different stages of growth of groundnut and this can be utilized for fertilizer supply during critical stages and timely gypsum application ensures the adequate calcium and sulphur availability at peg formation and pod development stage cause micro acidification of soils which slightly lower down the pH of soil and rises the nutrient availability. 
&nbsp;

Responses of Groundnut to Different Levels of Nutrients with Gypsum in Typical Alfisols under Irrigated Condition

Background: A 90-day trial was carried out to investigate the effects of insitu and exsitu biofloc on the immune-physiological responses, nutrient composition and muscle growth-related gene expression.

Methods: The experimental groups consisted of IB-1, IB-2, IB-3 (insitu biofloc), EB-1, EB-2, EB-3 (exsitu biofloc). Capacity of 2.4-ton outdoor tanks were stocked with 4.36&plusmn;0.1 g pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) juveniles @ 150/m3. Organic jaggery was used as carbon source to maintain 12:1, 15:1, and 20:1 C/N (IB-1, IB-2, IB-3) ratio for insitu biofloc development and exsitu biofloc mass production and feed supplementation at 10, 20 and 30 % graded level in the diet (EB-1, EB-2, EB-3).

Result: At the end of the experiment, insitu biofloc system showed significantly better physiological performances in terms of SOD, RBT, MPO, GLU, CAT, and Serum protein compared to exsitu treatment. In exsitu system, biofloc supplemented at 20% significantly improved nutrient composition. There was a significant effect of insitu and exsitu biofloc treatments on whole-body amino acids like Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, and lysine. However, the targeted muscle-growth-related myo D gene was significantly upregulated in IB-3 insitu and EB-2 exsitu treatments, while the myostatin was downregulated in IB-3 and EB-3. Therefore, this present study suggests the adoption of the insitu biofloc method to obtain better performance of Pearlspot, insitu biofloc at 20:1 C: N level could be used to improve overall health and muscle growth in Etroplus suratensis.

Efficacy of in situ and ex situ Biofloc on Growth, Immune-physiological Responses, Nutrient Composition and Muscle Growth-related Gene Expression of Etroplus suratensis