Background: The pulse known as &ldquo;Blackgram&rdquo; is a significant component of the Indian diet since it provides vegetable protein and balances the diet centered on cereals. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) outbreaks on a regular basis completely destroy crops, causing farmers to suffer enormous losses. Mutation breeding can be an effective strategy for developing crops with desirable traits, such as high yield and resistance to diseases like the Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in blackgram. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This experiment was laid out to study the variability pattern of mutant population in M4&nbsp;and M5&nbsp;generation of blackgram variety CO 6 treated with the Gamma rays at 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400Gy and isolation of viable mutants for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus resistance. Significant variability was observed among the different treatments in M4 generation and twenty MYMV resistant mutants ((PKT-BG-200Gy-P07; PKT-BG-200Gy-P24; PKT-BG-200Gy-P29; PKT-BG-200Gy-P35; PKT-BG-200Gy-P36; PKT-BG-200Gy-P45; PKT-BG-300Gy-P13; PKT-BG-300Gy-P16; PKT-BG-300Gy-P28;&nbsp; PKT-BG-300Gy-P33; PKT-BG-300Gy-P41; PKT-BG-300Gy-P4; PKT-BG-300Gy-P43; PKT-BG-300Gy-P76; PKT-BG-300Gy-P81; PKT-BG-300Gy-P88; PKT-BG-300Gy-P93; PKT-BG-400Gy-P15; PKT-BG-400Gy-P21; PKT-BG-400Gy-P23)&nbsp; were selected and evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under natural conditions.&nbsp; Scoring was done by the modified scale of All India Coordinated Research Project on MuLLaRP. 
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Result: Incidence ranged from scale 0.01 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P41and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42) to 5.30 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P28). The mutants PKT-BG-300Gy-P41 and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42 recorded with maximum yield of 1500 kg/ha and 1445kg/ha were found to be observed as high yielding and MYMV resistant lines for summer season&nbsp; in the Cauvery delta region.

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M4 and M5 Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is an important staple food and an excellent source of calories in India. Of the different insect pests attacking rice, brown planthopper, BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (St&aring;l) is an important sucking pest causing upto 100% yield losses. Host plant resistance is the most important method in keeping BPH under control and understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance is necessary to breed the resistant varieties with desirable characters.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Selected EMS mutant lines of Nagina22 (N22) variety, which were previously mass screened under controlled greenhouse conditions were assessed for their antixenosis mechanism to brown planthopper feeding by measuring probing marks and honeydew excretion area by following standard procedures and statistical analysis was done by using Statistix 8.1 software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Both the brown planthopper nymphs and adults probed more in the resistant mutants compared to the susceptible mutants whereas the BPH adults probed more times (24.4) compared to the nymphs (22.2). The recorded honeydew excretion area by the resistant mutants was lower than that of susceptible mutants. In general, the BPH adults fed more and excreted more honeydew (79.5 mm2) compared to the nymphs (59.0 mm2). The damage score has a negative correlation with the probing marks of adults (-0.207) and nymphs (-0.411); and a positive correlation with honeydew excretion of adults (0.547) and nymphs (0.200). In this study, the EMS N22 mutants resistant to BPH, with a greater number of probing marks and less honeydew excretion area can serve as best donors in the breeding programmes to develop brown planthopper resistant varieties.

Rice Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St&aring;l) Feeding Behaviour in Resistant NAGINA22 Rice Mutants

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed to investigate the influence of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid preservation at 17&deg;C. Semen samples from ten large white boars were collected and pooled, divided into four equal parts, and diluted with Modena containing 0.4% (w/v) of bovine serum albumin. The semen samples were placed in a closed container with valve, and a negative pressure was applied for 2&ndash;5 minutes using a vacuum pump with a barometer. The control group had no treatment, the P200 group was treated at 200 mbar, the P400 group at 400 mbar, and the P800 group at 800 mbar. During liquid preservation, sperm motility, total antioxidant capacity, and semen H2O2 content were analyzed every 24 h. The effective survival time of boar semen during preservation was evaluated. The results indicated that a suitable negative pressure decreased the effects on reactive oxygen species on boar sperm quality during liquid preservation compared with the control group. Among all the groups, the 400 mbar negative pressure group had the highest sperm motility, total antioxidant capacity, and the percentage of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial membrane potential. The P400 group also had semen H2O2 content than the other groups. A suitable negative pressure improves sperm quality by reducing oxidative stress and the respiratory metabolism of sperm, and the optimum negative pressure is 400 mbar.</div>

Effects of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid storage at 17&deg;C

<div>Background: Induced mutagenesis has been used in citrus breeding, in Georgia, since 1960, resulting in many interesting and promising mutant forms that require morphological, physiological and biochemical studies. The present paper presents the results of biochemical research of some promising mutants.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the period 2017-2019 investigate on 13 promising mutant forms of mandarin has been carried out. In the current study, phenolic composition content in the fruits of mandarin mutants were determined using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. 
 
Result: The results have shown that different concentrations of mutagen effect on mandarin seeds and, accordingly, on the biochemical components which they include. In most cases, this leads to a positive result. The impact of the mutagen significantly increases the range of changes in biochemical components and varies over a wide range. Analyzing the data, we can conclude that the solutions of all concentrations of the Nash mutagen effect a change in the biochemical indicators in mutant forms. However, a wide range of variability is largely associated with the use of medium and low concentrations of the mutagen. In most cases, the majority of mutant forms significantly outperform the control variants in the content of biochemical components. The study has revealed a variety of mutant forms (gene pool), which characterized a whole complex of positive signs. Their use in selection allows getting perspective forms with positive features.</div>

<div>Results of the Biochemical Study of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Mutants</div>

<div>Background: Soybean is an important source of food, protein and oil and hence more research is essential to increase its yield under different agro-ecological conditions, including stress. In this regard, four popular soybean varieties viz. Shohag, BDS-4, BAU-S/64 and BARI Soybean-5 were irradiated using Co60 gamma rays to create genetic variation for earliness, higher seed yield and other desirable agronomic traits. 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Headquarters farm, Mymensingh during 2006-2009 and 28 elite mutant lines were selected for evaluation. The mutant line, SBM-22 derived from mother variety BARI Soybean-5 irradiated with 300Gy of gamma rays was found to be superior compared to other mutants. Considering the superior performance of mutant SBM-22 including 28 mutants and mother check variety BARI Soybean-5, were evaluated through different trials. The evaluation trials were conducted at different agro-ecological zones of the country during Rabi season (January to April) of 2010-2018. 
 
Result: Significant variations were observed both in individual location and over locations for all traits. Reactions to major diseases and insect-pests infestation were also studied. Due to better performance of the mutant SBM-22, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) applied to the National Seed Board (NSB) of Bangladesh for registration as an important soybean variety &ldquo;Binasoybean-6&rdquo;. Consequently, the NSB of Bangladesh registered SBM-22 as an improved soybean variety in 2019 as Binasoybean-6 for commercial cultivation.</div>

​Binasoybean-6: A High Yielding Mutant Soybean Variety Developed through Sustainable Mutation Breeding

Background:&nbsp;Soybean is one of the most important commodities around the globe. Increasing&nbsp; soybean production absolutely continue to be pursued because soybean consumption increased steadily. One way that can be done is assembly technology of new superior varieties that have better and adaptive properties. The aim of this study was to determine molecular diversity of soybean mutants lines resulting from gamma irradiation in M6 generation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Molecular analysis with RAPD markers was carried out in the Tropical Balitbu Laboratory Sumatera Barat, Indonesia in November 2021. The tested genotypes consisted of 8 genotypes, namely Kipas Putih variety (elderly), Anjasmoro variety (comparison), M.1.1.3, M.5.2.1, M.5.2.3 l, M.1.1.8, M.1.1.9 and M.1.1.17 mutant lines. The primers used were RAPD 2 (5&acute;-GTTTCGCTCC-3&acute;), RAPD. 3 (5&acute;-GTAGACCCGT-3&acute;), RAPD 4 (5&acute;-AAGAGCCCGT-3&acute;) and RAPD 5 (5&acute;-AACGCGCAAC-3&acute;).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the RAPD analysis showed that there were differences in size of amplicon between the mutants and the parents, namely the RAPD 2 primer (1400 bp band) and the RAPD 5 primer (550 bp and 1000 bp band). The parents had a pattern of DNA bands but in the M.5.2.3 and M.1.1.9 mutants the DNA band was absent. The parent RAPD 5 primers (1000 bp, 550 bp) had a DNA banding pattern but in the M.1.1.3 and M.1.1.8 mutants there was no DNA banding pattern. This indicated that the M.1.1.3, M.5.2.3, M.1.1.8 and M.1.1.9 mutants had different genetic diversity from their parent (Kipas Putih variety).

RAPD Analysis for Genetic Variability of Soybean Mutant Resulting from Gamma Rays Irradiation in M6 Generation

Background: Horse gram is the potential rainfed legume in Indian farming. The major limitation in horse gram breeding is the narrow variability. Variability induction and its estimation would sustain food security.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Variability was induced using gamma rays, electron beam and ethyl methanesulfonate and their combinations. The induced variation for the economic traits, their inheritance and genetic gain were ascertained.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The analysis of variance indicated the induction of significant variation for yield attributing traits. The population was grouped into 10 constellations by the virtue of induced variation. The groups I, II and V were the largest comprising of 38, 31 and 19 mutants respectively. The mutants exhibited significant intra and inter group variation. The mutagens induced the maximum variability for plant height (32.24%), 100 seed weight (25.42%) and number of pods per plant (19.18%). The mutants possessed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters except flowering traits and duration. The induced variability for the yield attributing traits possessed significant breeding value as the heritability (86.66%-99.72%) and genetic advance as percent of mean (10.65-81.94) were high and the environmental influence was the minimum.

Diversity Analysis in Horse Gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] Mutants

<div>Background: A systematic investigation of the induced mutagenesis in Urdbean was attempted with cultivars viz., MDU 1 and VBN (Bg) 4 to generate superior battering quality varieties. Induced mutation is proven as an applicable breeding method to build variation in plant materials. In this study, 40 Urdbean genotypes including thirty eight mutants of two promising Urdbean varieties namely MDU1 and VBN (Bg) 4 and two parental genotypes were involved for quality analysis. One of the most dangerous diseases in legumes is Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV). In legume, this virus causes enormous losses in the areas of Urdbean cultivation. The prevailing varieties are partially resistant to this virus. Hence, the paramount approach to control this disease is breeding for resistance or tolerance to this disease. There is a necessity of searching the sources of disease resistance. In this study, screening of the mutants was conducted to make out the source of resistance to this disease. 
 
Methods: The nutritional characters viz., albumin, globulin and total soluble protein along with biochemical analysis of battering quality through Arabinose estimation were analyzed to find out the quality characters of the mutants. Batter volume analysis from idli batter was conducted conducted. Scoring of disease severity was done for all the plants on 50th day on the basis of visual scoring. The disease was scored on a 1-9 arbitrary scale. For biochemical characterization for this disease estimation of total phenol content, total sugars and phytic acid was executed. 
 
Result: Based on the general performance of albumin content, globulin content, total soluble protein, arabinose content, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant, the mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-015, ACM-15-023, ACM-015-013, ACM-015-003, ACM-015-030, ACM-014-006, ACM-014-007 were recognized as the best. Hence these mutant lines could be exploited directly in the breeding programme to develop superior battering quality Urdbean varieties. Based on over all mean performance of important batter volume characters viz., initial batter volume analysis, final batter volume, improved batter volume, arabinose content and single plant yield the mutant lines ACM-15-015, ACM-015-030, ACM-015-003, ACM-015-023 were identified to be superior in terms of yield, arabinose content and batter volume. The mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-025, ACM-014-006, ACM-015-022, ACM -015-023, ACM-014-019, ACM-014-007, ACM-015-017, ACM-014- 003 and VBN (Bg) 4 were recognized as resistant to MYMV. These lines had higher total phenol, phytic acid content and less total sugar content in the leaves when compared with the highly susceptible mutant lines. The present study indicated that phytic acid content recorded highly significant positive correlation with total phenol. &nbsp;Based on the per se performance for all the characters studied viz., seed batter analysis, seed volume analysis and MYMV scoring, the mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-23, ACM-015-030, were judged as the best and could be exploited directly or in breeding experiments for improving yield along with batter quality. &nbsp;</div>

<div>Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Electron Beam and Gamma Ray Induced Mutants for Superior Battering Quality Trait and MYMV in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.)]</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: The drought is one of the major limiting factors in rice production especially in rainfed environment. The rice production loss in rainfed has ranged from 17 to 40 percent during severe drought seasons. The rice cultivar Anna (R) 4 is having best adoptive characteristics to suits direct seeded rice under rainfed cultivation. But it has less market preference due its undesirable grain characters at consumer level. Hence, induced mutagenesis approach resorted to correct the undesirable traits and improve this variety to suits present needs. The mutant lines are having desirable changes and shows more similarity with Anna (R) 4 were identified by multivariate analyses.&nbsp; Methods: The present investigation was carried out during rabi 2018-19 to access the genetic relatedness of the 32 mutant families derived from Anna (R) 4 rice cultivar through electron beam, gamma rays and recurrent EMS mutagenesis. Data on twelve morphological traits were analysed for genetic divergence, principal component analysis and UPGMA clustering.&nbsp; Result: The mutant families were grouped in eight clusters with maximum and minimum diversity (D2) values of 457.21 and 10.90 respectively. The principal component analysis revealed that 75.32 per cent of total variability was explained by first five PCs and traits contributed to the divergence among the mutant families was discussed. The cluster tree obtained from UPGMA clustering based on the dissimilarity among the mutants was narrated.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Multivariate Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutant Families from Anna (R) 4 Cultivar</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The seeds of urdbean varieties MDU 1 and VBN (Bg) 4 were treated with 5 doses (100, 200 300, 400 and 500 Gy) of Gamma rays to identify YMV resistant and determinate plant type. The individual plant and plant-row selections were made in M2, M3 and M4 generation of MDU 1 and VBN (Bg) 4. &nbsp;Mutant population was screened for YMV resistance, pods protruding up above the canopy, early maturity, and purple pigmentation on plant. The investigation revealed that ACM-16-30, ACM-16-29, ACM-6-17 and ACM-16-14 mutant lines were found to be as ideal mutant lines for further improvement programme. The mutants line had YMV resistance, purple pigmentation on leaf, hypocotyls, stem and pod along with pods protruding up above the canopy, good batter quality and bold seeded type.&nbsp;</div>

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M₄and M₅ Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Rice Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) Feeding Behaviour in Resistant NAGINA22 Rice Mutants

Effects of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid storage at 17°C

Results of the Biochemical Study of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Mutants

Binasoybean-6: A High Yielding Mutant Soybean Variety Developed through Sustainable Mutation Breeding

RAPD Analysis for Genetic Variability of Soybean Mutant Resulting from Gamma Rays Irradiation in M₆ Generation

Diversity Analysis in Horse Gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] Mutants

Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Electron Beam and Gamma Ray Induced Mutants for Superior Battering Quality Trait and MYMV in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.)]

Multivariate Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutant Families from Anna (R) 4 Cultivar

Gamma rays induced urdbbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] mutants with YMV resistance, good batter quality and bold seeded type