Background: This study investigated the extraction procedure, identification and purification level of naringin from Citrus maxima peels, a readily available food waste resource.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The extraction employed efficient multi-stage extraction, including hot extraction, alkaline treatment, liquid-liquid extraction and crystallization. The high-purity Naringin validation steps confirmed naringin purity via melting point determination, high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Thirdly, the optimization of extraction conditions was performed in varying parameters as optimal solvent concentration, temperature and time for maximum naringin yield from Citrus maxima. 
 
Result: Naringin extraction conditions were optimized in varying parameters, including solvent concentrations, extraction times and temperatures. Optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 80% ethanol, an extraction time of 27 minutes and an extraction temperature of 60oC. The extracted naringin exhibited high purity (99.50%) in high-performance liquid chromatography measurement, a melting point of 166.5oC and a molecular weight of 580.1763 g/mol in mass spectrometry measurement. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of efficiently extracting high-purity naringin from Citrus maxima peels, offering a sustainable approach to valorize this abundant by-product.&nbsp;

Naringin Extracted from Vietnamese Citrus Maxima Peels: Extraction and Optimization

<div>Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental toxic heavy metal. Naringin (Nar) is reported to have a protective effect on Cd-induced liver injury. This study aimed to explore the hepatic injury induced by Cd and the protective effects of Nar on Cd-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat liver. 
 
Methods: In accordance with groups, male SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with Cd and orally with Nar every day. The treatment period was 3 weeks. Body weight, the morphological changes in liver, the activity of antioxidant indices and expression of the apoptotic genes caspase-3 and -9 were assessed. 
 
Result: Results showed that the body weight of Cd-exposed rats decreased, the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in liver decreased, the glutathione content decreased and the malondialdehyde content increased. Further, Cd-induced hepatic structural damage and cell apoptosis were observed. However, Nar could alleviate liver damage caused by Cd. Therefore, Cd caused oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in rat liver, while Nar had preventive and ameliorative effects on these injuries.</div>

Naringin Extracted from Vietnamese Citrus Maxima Peels: Extraction and Optimization

Protective Effect of Naringenin on Cadmium-induced Toxicity in Rat Liver