Background: Energy is the important part of any life, the potential energy present in the tissue in the form of chemical energy. Presence of glycogen as glucose is source of energy for cell division, differentiation, delamination and maturation process as essential process in histogenesis of foetal organ. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugar occurs in different proportion in different tissue and their distribution in compartment of ruminant stomach varied in foetus of different CRL. Copmartment of ruminant stomach abomasum , omasum, reticulum and rumen was contributed grossly in varied proportion from initial stage to full term of prenatal stage. In initial stage rumen is largest compartment with advancement of development omasum is largest compartment&nbsp; followed by reticulum and abomasum at full term.&nbsp;As per morphology and histology of varied compartment there could be probability of varied intensity of histochemical reaction in different layer of tissue as per their ebryogenesis.&nbsp;Kosali cattle is registered 36th breed of India. Kosali the native breed of Chhattisgarh, known for its compact body, disease tolerance and well maintained in agricultural waste. More than total 60% Kosali cattle are concentrated in the central plains of the C.G. state. There is paucity of Cited literature, literally no scientific documentation regarding presence and distribution of glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of prenatal Kosali cattle. In view importance of Kosali cattle concern with livelihood of farmers in Chhattisgarh, varied degree of development of compartment of stomach and paucity of literature regarding intensity of histochemical reaction&nbsp; from initial to final term of prenatal stage present research was undertaken. 
 
Methods: In light of above background in twenty four Kosali foeti were collected and on the basis of CR length categorizedin to four groups with six foeti in each group i.e. Group I (below 20 cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL) , tissue samples ofrumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were collected and processed&nbsp; for study of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide by PAS and&nbsp; AB-PAS method respectively. 
 
Result: Apparently in group I PAS&nbsp; activity was either not observed&nbsp; as in reticulum or very mild in rumen, omasum and abomasum and was greater in abomasum. In epithelium, propria submucosa and serosa PAS activity increased slowly mostly from mild to moderate while in glands reaction was intense. However in tunica muscularis of rumen reaction decreased from group III to IV , in omasal tunica muscularis and omasal laminae from group II to IV. In group I PAS activity was higher in pyloric region than cardiac stomach. AB-PAS activity for neutral mucopolysaccharide was&nbsp; observed in epithelium and tunica muscularis of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in all groups, mixed mild activity for both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide in propria submucosa in group I and II. In fundic region in group III and IV in glands intense acid mucopolysaccharide reaction was seen in patches in forerunner parietal cells.

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

<div>Background: The cytochemistry and cytoenzymatic profile of the blood cells is an important tool in the hands of clinical veterinary practitioners. It has also applications in various fields of veterinary sciences. Therefore based on its clinical importance present study was conducted on the blood cells of native cattle (Zobawng) of Mizoram to examine the cytochemical and cytoenzymatic characteristics. 
 
Methods: For this study, a total of 12 numbers of blood samples (5 ml) were taken aseptically from adult local cattle of Mizoram, irrespective of sex. The blood smears were prepared and stained with acid ferrocyanide (ACF) for the detection of non-heame iron, toluidine blue (TBO) stain for acid mucopolysaccharides, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for observation of glycogen and Sudan black B (SBB) stain for demonstration of lipid. Acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), peroxidase (POX), arylsulphatase (ARS), cytochrome oxidase (CYO), beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymes were used for cytoenzymatic features of blood cells. The smears were observed under 1000X magnification in an Olympus Trinocular Research microscope. 
 
Result: In the cytochemical studies, basophils showed a positive reaction for mucopolysaccharides in the toluidine blue stain and neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils recorded positive for glycogen in the PAS stain. Eosinophils and basophils also displayed positive for lipids in the SBB stain. The cytoenzymatic studies of eosinophils and basophils recorded positive reactions for ACP, ALP, POX, ARS and CYO activity.</div>

Diagnostic Importance of Cytochemical and Cytoenzymatic Patterns of Peripheral Blood Cells in Native Cattle (Zobawng) of Mizoram, India

Background: A cytochemical and cytoenzymatic study involves using specialized stains to microscopically examine cellular components, including lipids and carbohydrates. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Freshly prepared blood smears from 26 apparently healthy adult ducks were used for cytochemical and cytoenzymatic analysis. The smears were stained with specific and special cytochemical stains, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) for carbohydrates, Sudan Black B for lipids, acid ferrocyanide for non-heme iron and toluidine blue for mucopolysaccharides, as well as cytoenzymatic stains such as b-naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, b-glucuronidase and peroxidase to assess enzymatic activity. 
&nbsp; 
Result: In the White Pekin duck, rare acid ferrocyanide-positive erythrocytes exhibited blue siderocyte granules with cell deformities, while leukocytes and thrombocytes were negative. Basophils strongly reacted to mucopolysaccharides, showing intense violet granules under toluidine blue, whereas other cells were non-reactive. Heterophils exhibited strong PAS positivity for carbohydrates, with eosinophils, erythrocytes and thrombocytes showing moderate positivity. Sudan black B staining revealed strong lipid positivity in eosinophils and heterophils, while other cells were showed negative for same. Cytoenzymatic analysis showed strong acid phosphatase activity in basophils, moderate activity in heterophils and weak activity in eosinophils and lymphocytes. Eosinophils and heterophils also strongly reacted to b-naphthol acetate esterase, with lymphocytes showing weak positivity. Thrombocytes were strongly positive for peroxidase and eosinophils and erythrocytes showed weak activity. Other cells remained non-reactive to b-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase and other enzymes, indicating distinct staining patterns across cell types.

Cytochemical and Cytoenzymatic Architectural Properties of the Blood Cells of White Pekin Duck

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The sublingual salivary gland being one of the major salivary glands contributes to a substantial amount of saliva secreted into the mouth. Saliva contains water, various enzymes, mucopolysaccharides and lubricating glycoproteins. It has an important role in providing lubrication for eating and vocalization, aid digestion and supply saliva for pH buffering. The study of prenatal development is prerequisite to understand the normal developmental biology of an organ. The documentation of normal foetal growth can serve as a guide for understanding the consequence of harmful influences at various stages of gestation. The present study was aimed at elucidating the histogenesis of sublingual gland of buffalo during prenatal as well as neonatal life. 
 
Methods: The study was carried out on 36 buffalo foetuses, during different stages of prenatal development, as well as 6 neonates. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their curved crown rump length (CVRL). The ontogenetic events in histogenesis of sublingual salivary gland of foetal and neonatal buffaloes were observed. 
 
Result: The primordial anlage of monostomatic and polystomatic parts of sublingual gland was observed at 39th day and 53rd day of development respectively. The primary ducts (interlobular) were first observed at 80th day of development. The lobulation of the gland was started at 107th day of development, whereas the capsule formation was initiated by the aggregation of mesenchymal tissue at 121st day of development. The duct system was completed at 121st day of development. At same day, the terminal tubules attained the structure of the acini. The typical compound tubulo-acinar nature was first observed at 122nd day of development. The gland showed predominantly mucous type of cells at 137th day of development. The myoepithelial cells were first appeared at 138th day of development. The monostomatic and polystomatic parts were clearly distinguishable by connective tissue at 170th day of development. In neonates, the gland was of compound tubulo-acinar nature with a well-defined capsule. Localization of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous and goblet cells. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue, however, phospholipids were found in the cell membrane of secretory acinar cells and ducts.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Developmental Changes in Sublingual Salivary Gland of Indian Buffalo during Prenatal and Neonatal Life</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">The present work was conducted on oviduct of 42 Punjab white quails to observe the histomorphochemical and ultrastructural details of sperm host glands. The tissue samples were collected from the uterovaginal and infundiomagnal junctions of the oviduct in 10% NBF and 2.5% glutaralehyde solutions and processed for histological and electronmicroscopic studies. Fresh tissue samples were collected for cryostat sectioning to demonstrate lipids. It was observed that the UVJ was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated, non ciliated cells, goblet cells and basal cells. The sperm host glands extended into lamina propria of UVJ as oval, rounded and straight tubules. The proximal part of glandular neck was lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and distal part with non ciliated columnar cells. The ciliated cells showed cilia and microvilli on the apical surface in the neck region, whereas the non ciliated cells present in the distal part of SHG had oval or elongated nuclei in their basal part and were studded with some of the microvilli in their luminal surface. These glands were surrounded by some of the smooth muscle cells and nerve fibers. Histochemical studies revealed a moderate to strong reaction of acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and lipids whereas reaction for basic proteins was weak in the supranuclear part of SHG.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Light and Electron microscopic studies on the sperm host glands in Punjab white quail&nbsp;</div>

Background: The pancreas is a dual function gland acting as both an endocrine and exocrine. Production of digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin is regulated by exocrine part. Hormones like insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, which are vital for regulation of blood sugar, are under regulation and control of endocrine part. The present study was aimed to obtain histological and histochemical observations of porcine pancreas. 
 
Methods: Total six samples (n=6) of pancreas were procured immediately after slaughter and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin&rsquo;s solution. Tissue processing was done by routine paraffin block preparation by alcohol-benzene schedule. 
 
Result: Pancreas of pig was encapsulated by connective tissue capsule. It was divided into lobes and lobules by connective tissue septa. Major glandular parenchyma was exocrine part while lightly stained endocrine part was only about 1-2% of the total mass. Acini and ducts were the constituents of exocrine pancreas. Acini possessed centroacinar and acinar cells. Acinar cells had three different forms, viz. active, resting and exhaustive cells. Pancreatic ducts along with goblet cells were moderately positive for glycogen, weakly sulphated mucins and acidic mucopolysaccharides. Islets of Langerhans had three types of cells i.e. alpha, beta and delta. Beta cells outnumbered other two cell types forming major part of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Islets of Langerhans had profound blood supply. The present work will be a complementary contribution to enhance understanding of porcine pancreatic anatomy and its further implication for the betterment porcine production.

A Histomorphochemical Study of Porcine Pancreas with Emphasis on Cellular Mapping

<div>Background: Kidneys, the paired organ which essentially plays for excreting nitrogenous wastes, excessive water, inorganic salts and toxic substances produced during the process of body metabolism. Maintenance of osmotic regulation and homeostatic fluid balance of the body has also be performed by kidneys. Each of the kidneys filtrate carried to cloaca by respective ureter from where the urine leaves the body. The present macroscopic, histomorphological and histochemical studies undertaken on the Kidneys of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is nothing but the attempt to widen our thrust area for that bird which is nonexistent as on documentation. 
 
Methods: The present studies were carried upon 12 pairs of in-vitro kidney samples in Guinea fowl. Gross morphology and morphometrical observations were carried on fresh specimens. Histological studies were carried on fixed samples those were processed for dehydration, clearing, embedding into paraffin and sections of 5-6 &mu; thickness were obtained. Different staining procedure as to Haematoxylin and Eosin, Silver orcein, Aniline blue and Weigert&rsquo;s staining methods were employed for different histological components. The histochemical and histoenzymic studies were also accomplished with Periodic acid Schiff&lsquo;s (PAS), Alcian blue methods (pH-2.5) and Gomori&rsquo;s cobalt method for Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase. The Succinic dehydrogenase enzyme was also estimated on cryostat sections. 
 
Result: The observations on kidneys of Guinea fowl were accomplished after macroscopic, histomorphological and histochemical means. This reddish-brown colored paired organ of kidneys was retroperitoneally placed in synsacral fossa and had incomplete division of three parts. The wrapping material of capsule was the dense connective tissue. The outer cortex and inner medulla had different parts of nephrons. Two types of nephrons viz. mammalian type (with Henle loop) and reptilian type (without Henle loop) were observed. Collagen, elastic and reticular fibers were there in different components of the kidney. Histochemically it has determined the secretion of neutral as well as acidic mucopolysaccharide substances. PAS activity was observed at mesangial cells and basement membrane of DCT. The Alkaline phosphatase showed the positive activity in capsule, brush border of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The Acid phosphatases were showing intense activity in parietal and visceral layer of renal corpuscles, lumen and basement membrane of PCT. The intense activity of Succinic dehydrogenase showed at PCT, DCT, collecting tubule whereas renal corpuscles showed feeble activity.</div>

<div>Macroscopic, Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on the Kidneys of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)</div>

<div>The present study was aimed to examine histochemical changes in the Harderian gland of pre and post hatched chicks from 11 day of incubation to 24 days of age. In pre hatched groups, the gland was in the developing stage. There was no well defined parenchyma, septa and capsule in early embryonic stage. Histochemical observation revealed that weak or negligible activity of PAS, AB/PAS and Sudan black B was seen in epithelial lining of Harderian gland on 18th and 20th day of incubation. The gland was compound tubule-acinar type at 20th day of incubation, consisted of capsule, parenchyma and stroma. PAS activity was seen in the capsule, septa, epithelial lining of acini and tubule and interstitial connective tissue cells. PAS activity was aggregated towards the apical part of the tubular epithelium as well as at the free luminal surface epithelium of the acini. PAS activity increases with the development of connective tissue component of Harderian gland with the advancement of age. The Harderian gland was predominantly mucus and lipid secreting gland. All epithelial cells of the glandular unit of Harderian gland contain both neutral and acidic mucin. Intense AB-positive activity was seen at the apex of tubule with the advancement of age. Sudan black B activity was recorded in the cytoplasm of epithelial lining of tubule and acini of the Harderian gland and their presence increases with age.&nbsp;</div>