<div>Background: The pre and post-weaning mortality in broiler rabbit limits the production potential and lower the income generation through rabbit farming. Therefore, mortality pattern of animals in a farm is very essential clue for future strategy to combat the incidences of various diseases and prevention. Considering the above fact the present study was undertaken to find out the incidences of various rabbit diseases and mortality in an organized institutional farm. 
 
Methods: ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna was maintaining a broiler rabbit farm with 364 rabbit comprising Newzealand White (194) and Soviet Chinchilla (170) rabbit breed. During the three years (October, 2011 to September, 2014) study period in total 364 rabbits were under observation. The seasonal variation viz. (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter, in regards to &nbsp;mortality, disease incidences, young and adults, sex variation, breed, housing system etc were recorded. The incidences of disease and mortality of rabbits were diagnosed through pathological examination and postmortem findings. The descriptive statistics and &divide;2 test were used to explain the statistical significance. 
 
Result: During the three years study period out of 364 broiler rabbits (Soviet Chinchilla and Newzealand white) in total 63 rabbits (17.31%) were died due to various diseases. The coccidiosis (3.02%), green slime disease (2.20%), haemorrhagic tracheitis (1.92%), enteritis (1.65%), pneumonia (1.37%) and peritonitis (1.37%) were affected more than the other diseases. Apart from these the other ailments that affected broiler rabbits were ear cancer (0.82%), gastroenteritis (0.82%), stomach infection (0.82%), cardinogenic shock (0.55%), stomach impaction (0.55%), kidney infection (0.55%), limb injury (0.27%), ascites (0.27%), cystitis (0.27%), abscess in abdominal cavity (0.27%), rupture of liver and gall bladder (0.27%) as well as injury of eye and blindness (0.27%). The Soviet Chinchilla rabbits were less (7.14%) affected than the Newzealand white (10.16%). It was observed that mortality of male rabbits (6.04%) were less than the female rabbits (11.26%) and &nbsp;mortality of young were higher (11.54%) than the adult rabbits (5.77%). The seasonal variations in mortality of broiler rabbits were observed in present study. In monsoon season mortality was maximum i.e. 6.32% whereas, in post-monsoon it was 5.49%, pre-monsoon 3.02% and in winter season mortality was only 2.47%. The Soviet Chinchilla rabbits were less susceptible and comparatively better performer in regards to disease resistance. It may be concluded that in broiler rabbit farm coccidiosia is a major concern along with other parasitic and bacterial diseases. However, proper hygiene and sanitation along with periodic treatment with coccidiostat and deworming reduces mortality of rabbits.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Mortality Pattern of Broiler Rabbits in an Organized Farm in Bihar, India</div>

<div>Background: The study aimed to observe the prevailing buffalo calf rearing practices and mortality patterns in the operational area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra (DVK), Vejalpur, Gujarat, India. 
 
Methods: Using the simple random sampling method, 240 buffalo owners from 24 villages of 6 talukas from the operational area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra were selected. The data were collected based on the interview schedule. 
 
Result: The majority of buffalo owners had not adopted the different management practices viz., provision of milk replacer, calf starter, mineral mixture, salt, deworming agent at every month up to six months and vaccine. An overall buffalo calf mortality was observed 24.26% in the study area. There was a higher mortality rate in male calves (45.00%) than female buffalo calves (14.58%) because of negligence towards the male calf. The mortality rate observed was higher during the first three months of age (90.98%) and during winter (45.08%). A negative and significant relationship was observed between some important calf rearing practices like colostrum feeding time, providing milk replacer, calf starter, concentrate feed, mineral mixture, dewormer&nbsp;and vaccines to calves with female buffalo calf mortality. Participation in various animal husbandry training programs and adoption of scientific management practices to large herd size farms will be helpful to reduce female buffalo calf mortality rate at the field level.</div>

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Prevailing Buffalo Calf Rearing Practices and Mortality Patterns in the Operational Area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra, Gujarat

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during rainy season of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of planting pattern and phosphorus management on production and profitability of intercropping system of mungbean and pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and eight treatments. Among them, four planting patterns [sole pigeonpea, mungbean + pigeonpea 1:3 (120 cm x 20 cm), mungbean + pigeonpea 1:2 (90 cm x 20 cm) and mungbean + pigeonpea 2:2 (90 cm x 20 cm)] were main plot treatments and two phosphorus levels (P2O5 @ 50 kg ha-1 and P2O5 @ 75 kg ha-1) were sub plot treatments. Based on pooled data the results revealed that, the significantly higher mungbean seed yield (424 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of 75 kg P2O5 as compared to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1. Whereas, in planting pattern, sole mungbean recorded significantly higher seed yield (757 kg ha-1) as compared to all other intercropping systems. Yield advantage indices and net returns were significantly higher in pigeonpea + mungbean (1:3) with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to other treatments. This study indicated the need of fifty per cent higher dose of P2O5 for the pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system (1:3) in northern transition zone of Karnataka.</div>

Planting pattern and phosphorus management in pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system

Background: Clinical infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, imposing a severe economic burden. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacterium, had demonstrated a prominent level of acquired antimicrobial resistance to its selective antimicrobials. Currently, there is no updated information about the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Grenada. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa from the clinical isolates of dogs in Grenada. 
 
Methods: This retrospective study used the diagnostic reports from January 2015 to December 2022. The diagnostic microbiology laboratory reports of canine patients at the Small Animal Clinic of St. George&rsquo;s University in Grenada were analyzed to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa. 
 
Result: Among the various bacterial clinical isolates, ninety-one clinical samples were positive for P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial susceptibility test pattern of these isolates revealed susceptibility to gentamicin (95.6 %), ceftazidime (96.7%), imipenem (97.7%) and ciprofloxacin (97.8%). The result of the present retrospective study illustrates that P. aeruginosa isolates from canine patients in Grenada are susceptible to the recommended antimicrobial drugs. However, this study also revealed the recent development of progressive antimicrobial resistance. This mandates the judicious use of antibacterial drugs against bacterial infections in Grenada.

Retrospective Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Clinical Samples of Dogs in Grenada, West Indies

<div>Background:&nbsp;High mortality of goat kids due to infectious and non-infectious diseases negatively impacts goat husbandry.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To study the influence of genetic and nongenetic factors on preweaning mortality of goat kids, three years&rsquo; data (July, 2015 to June, 2018) of breeds maintained at Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats (ICAR-CIRG) viz. Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana was analyzed to find effect of breed, parity, birth weight, litter size, season of birth, sex and kid&rsquo;s age on mortality. Postmortem findings as entered in the record have been considered to arrive at the cause of mortality.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A preweaning mortality rate of 2.59% was recorded in kids of all the three breeds studied. Mortality rate of Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana kids was found to be 2.15%, 3.39% and 2.13% respectively. Kids birth weight, sex or age had no effect on mortality. Highest mortality was observed in kids born as triplet/quadruplet (4.49%) followed by that in twins (2.88%) and singlets (2.01%). Highest mortality was observed in kids born to primiparous dams (3.95%) followed by kids born to dams having =/&gt; 5th parity (3.01%) and least in 2nd to 4th parity (1.82%). Most of the kids died due to enteritis (38.3%) followed by pneumonia (28.3%), debility and anemia (11.7%) septicemia (10%) and others in remaining 11.7% cases.</div>

​Risk Factors Associated with Preweaning Mortality of Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana Goat Kids

<div>Background: A properly designed drip irrigation system increases the efficiency of irrigation water and its design is based on the soil wetting pattern. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this study, a numerical model has been developed using one-dimensional Richard&rsquo;s Equation to simulate soil wetting pattern under drip irrigation. A fully implicit finite-difference scheme has been used to solve the governing equations with suitable initial and boundary conditions. An experiment was also conducted to analyse the wetting pattern in sandy loam soil. Wetting front computed by numerical model has been compared with the experimental wetting front at different time interval of drip irrigation system. The present model is also validated with the results available in the literature. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Statistical indices - root mean square error, percentage bias and coefficient of determination have been used to evaluate the model&rsquo;s performance. The computed results are closely matched with the and experimental results with RMSE is less than 3, PBIAS less than 6% and R2 greater than 0.96 and also with the earlier models with RMSE is less than 0.01, PBIAS less than 4% and R2 greater than 0.98, It shows that the present model can simulate soil wetting pattern in the drip irrigation system.</div>

Numerical Model to Simulate Soil Wetting Pattern under Drip Irrigation System

<div>Background: Embryonic mortality is one of the major factors leading to reproductive failure, decreased fertility and delayed pregnancy in cattle. 
 
Method: The study was aimed for investigating the incidence of embryonic mortality(EM), differentiate embryonic development and mortality based on color Doppler ultrasonographic characteristics. Different characteristics correlated were corpus luteum(CL) vascularity, embryonic development&nbsp;and EM features, monitored on day 21 post-insemination.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The overall incidence of EM was recorded to be 25%, with 15% and 10% mortality occurred between days 21-28 and 28-35 of gestation. Color Doppler analysis stated that, the CL in pregnant cows had a higher percentage of luteal tissue with positive Doppler signals on initial examination (day 21) differing significantly (P&lt;0.01) from non-pregnant and consistently increased till the end of the examination. However, cows with EM had a significantly lower CL vascularity than pregnant (P&lt;0.05) but significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) than non-pregnant cows on day 21. Embryos from pregnant cows (detected by 28 days) increased in size along the days of examination. However, cows diagnosed with EM showed signs (day 28), which included reduced intra-uterine allantoic fluid, absence of embryo proper with an embryonic heartbeat, hyperechoic free-floating embryonic debris in the uterus and distorted allanto-chorionic membrane. In conclusion, the present study firmly supports color Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosis of pregnant cows based on CL vascularity, visualizing the different characteristics signs of EM, and detecting non-pregnant animals undergoing EM as early as day 21.</div>

​Color Doppler Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Embryonic Development and Mortality in Dairy Cows

<div>Background: Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world. To meet up the increasing food demand there&rsquo;s no alternative to increase the cropping intensity through high yielding and short duration crop varieties. Currently, cropping system of Bangladesh is mostly rice based which is also the staple food. Therefore, farmers which follow rice-rice based cropping patterns are gaining less profit day by day. Contrary, intensive rice culture is depleting soil properties gradually. Thus, to preserve soil health and increase profit pulse and oil seed based cropping patterns are crucial for sustaining a cropping pattern. This study was undertaken to find out a cropping pattern with higher yield and profit in the context of Magura district. 
 
Methods: Five cropping patterns, CP1 = Transplanted Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-7)- Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-9)- Boro rice (cv. Binadhan-14); CP2 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-16)-Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP3 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17) -Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP4 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17)-&nbsp;Lentil (cv. Binamasur-8)- Sesame (cv. Binatil-3) and &nbsp;CP5 (Control) -&nbsp;Aman (cv. Shorna) &ndash; Boro (cv. Heera) - fallow were assessed to identify the most suitable and profitable pattern as well as to enhance the cropping intensity by adding a pulse or oil seed crop between two rice crops. The investigation was conducted at farmer&rsquo;s field of Magura during 2018-19. Block farming method was followed for experiment set up.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that, maximum rice equivalent yield (REY) was obtained from CP1 (14.46 t/ha) followed by CP4 (13.52 t/ha), CP3 (13.35 t/ha), CP2 (13.09 t/ha) and CP5 (11.33 t/ha) during one year crop cycle. Highest gross margin (Tk. 1,90,189) and MBCR (1.83) was obtained from the cropping pattern CP4 and the lowest gross margin (Tk. 69,271) and MBCR (1.24) was found with the pattern CP5. Based on the above results it can be suggested that, Aman rice-Lentil-Sesame pattern i.e. CP4 may be a best choice for the farmers of Magura region for the maximum utilization of their land and gaining more profit compared to the other studied cropping patterns.</div>

<div>Yield and Profitability Analysis of Pulse and Oil Seed Based Cropping Patterns against Aman- Boro- Fallow Cropping Systems in Magura</div>

Information on culling pattern of animals helps in developing effective breeding plans for genetic improvement of the herd. Data on 292 reserved KF males out of 1740 male calves born, spread over a period of sixteen years from 1997 to 2012, were collected based on pedigree performance. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics considering the period of birth, season of birth, genetic group and age group. Study revealed increase in culling percentage with advancement in age. Culling in KF males for the different periods (1997-2000, P-1; 2001-2004, P-2; 2005-2008, P-3 and 2009-2012, P-4) were 75.93, 92.16, 64.44 and 28.26 percent, respectively. Maximum culling &nbsp;was observed in males born in summer season (76.12%) which could be due to inclement weather conditions exposure in young age and insufficient quality green leguminous fodder in subsequent months. Generally, upto the age of 3 years, culling in KF males were maximum in interbred and minimum in F1 but with advancing age, culling rate was found higher in F1 genetic group KF males where reproductive problems were the main causes. High culling rate in &lt;1.5 yrs age groups was observed due to poor growth (3.42%) while in adult bulls of above 1.5yrs of age, main reasons of culling was surplus (33.22%) followed by poor semen quality (10.27%), poor libido (7.53%), and poor semen freezability (4.45%). It can be concluded that culling pattern study can help in formulation of better management strategy to reduce the problems associated with culling and better economic return for the farm.&nbsp;

Culling pattern of Karan Fries (crossbred) males in an organised herd

<div>Background: Stored cereals are attacked by pests including Sitophilus, a primary insectpestthat kthe whole grain and destroys the germ. The usual control methods are less efficient and more expensive. The use of essential oils of aromatic plants is more interesting. Eucalyptus is a plant of great medicinal value due to the presence of secondary metabolites.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this experimentation that took place during the year 2017, extraction of oils by hydro distillation of eucalyptus was used on insects at different doses by two methods with are ingestion and inhalation. Two species of Sitophylus are morphologically different as they may be different with regard to the use of biopesticide (eucalyptus essential oil), regarding the mortality rate in relation to the duration of treatment 
 
Result: Sitophilus oryzae was more sensitive to this bio-pesticide since it was only after eight (08) hours of treatment that mortality exceeded 50% by the ingestion method whereas only 6.6% of mortality was recorded on Sitophilus granarius. Same observation by the inhalation method, 90% mortality on the third day for Sitophilus oryzae while only 20% mortality on Sitophilus granarius. So the ingestion method requires fewer products plus a speed in the mortality time.</div>

Insecticidal Effect of Eucalyptus Essential Oils on Mortalities of Storage Pests of Grains Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius in the Region of Tissemsilet Algeria