Background: The liver, the main organ in the continuity of energy supply, is the largest gland in the body. The liver, which has functions such as cleansing the body from toxins, synthesizing bile, secreting the synthesized bile and regulating metabolism, acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland. The liver is a complex organ that processes the digested and absorbed substances, stores them for the benefit of other organs or transfers them to the circulatory system, thus creating a transition zone between the digestive system and the circulatory system. The aim of this study is to examine the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) liver Anatomically, Histologically and by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). 
 
Methods: In this study Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were procured from a private farm in Aksaray, 6 females and 6 males, were utilized.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Tissue samples were examined under a light microscope with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining method. Histologically, it was observed that the liver in Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) did not have the typical lobule structure, consisted of many lobules and the interlobular septum was thin. Hepatocytes were oval and centrally located and merged to form remark cords and these remark cords were separated by sinusoids. Kupffer cells were present. Lymph nodules were intensely observed in the examined tissues. Bile duct, arteria hepatica and vena porta forming the Kiernan&rsquo;s space were found. It was determined that each unit with the vena centralis was similar to the lobule structure. Healthy mitochondrial structures and heterochromatic-appearing hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were observed electron microscopically. The nucleus of the hepatocyte was round and euchromatic, the nuclear membrane was healthy and intact and the nucleolus was centrally located. The cytoplasm contained a very small number of small vacuoles. It was observed that the cytoplasm was homogeneously distributed. Mitochondria were normal in appearance, with regular double membranes and healthy cristae. A very prominent bile duct and a healthy endoplasmic reticulum structure were observed.

Anatomical, Histological and Transmission Electron Microscopic Examination of Liver in Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. 
 
Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

<div>Background: The study on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) of Pati duck of Assam is of great value in regard to normal academic and bio-medical research aspects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross, histomorphological and scanning electronic microscopic examination of gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine of Pati duck at different age group. 
 
Methods: For this study, forty five Pati ducks were divided into five groups depending on its age viz., 1st week, 4th week, 16th week, 24th week and 42nd weeks old. The pieces of gut having lymphoid tissue or Peyer&rsquo;s patches were collected immediately after slaughter. These samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (<a href="#luna_1968">Luna, 1968</a>). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 &micro;m thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer&rsquo;s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details, Van Gieson&rsquo;s method for collagen fibres, Gomori&rsquo;s method for reticular fibres, Hart&rsquo;s method for elastic fibres and Bielchowsky&rsquo;s method for axis cylinder and dendrites as per the method of <a href="#luna_1968">Luna (1968)</a>.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue was found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and the terminal part of the rectum in all the age group of Pati duck. The lymphoid compartment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in duck included a follicular structure, dome, follicle associated epithelia and interfollicular area. Lamina propria of jejunum was heavily infiltrated with diffuse lymphatic tissue in the 16th, 24th and 42nd week of age of Pati duck. The scattered and diffuse lymphatic infiltration occurred in all age groups. The lamina propria of the colorectum revealed an extensive network of reticular fibre with diffused lymphatic tissue in all the age group of duck. In Scanning Electron Microscope, the lumen of the jejunum was covered by finger-like villi with numerous opening of goblet cells. The lymphoid follicle of Lamina propria contains numerous lymphocytes along with connective tissue fibres.&nbsp;</div>

Gross, Histomorphological and Scanning Electronic Microscopic Studies on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Intestine of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam

<div>Background: Being the vital organ of circulatory system, the development of the heart before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the incidence of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of auricular and atrio-ventricular valvular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples of auricle, bicuspid and tricuspid valves were processed for scanning electron microscopic study (Scanning Electron Microscope, Make: Hitachi and Model: S-3400N) and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of auricles and valves were also taken at the ultrastructural level by the inbuilt software programming system. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. 
 
Result: It was revealed that the endocardium was the inner layer of the auricles of heart. The endothelial surface of the auricles was occupied by the simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape in all the age groups. The subendothelial layer was consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting fibers. The pectinate muscles covered the inner side of the right and left atria and were interconnected having a network like appearance except in mid prenatal stage, i.e. at 96 days of gestation, where they were arranged linearly. There was presence of pores among the pectinate muscles in both the atria in all the age groups under study. The endothelial surface of the bicuspid or mitral and tricuspid valves was lined by simple squamous endothelium that projected into the lumen of the valve. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells of the valves. Further, the subendothelial layer was present just below the endothelium and comprised of connective tissue fibers and conducting fibers in both the valves. The width of the fibers in bicuspid valve was not uniform and was further categorized into thick and thin fibers especially in the mid prenatal stage, i.e. at 96 days of gestation. There was presence of clusters of pores among the endothelial cells of the tricuspid valve in the heart especially in the late prenatal stage, i.e. at 120 days of gestation period.</div>

<div>Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Auricular and Atrio-ventricular Valvular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Ultrasonography helps in early diagnosis of large animal digestive disorders especially in cattle with empty rectum and also to initiate early therapeutic and surgical management. The study was undertaken to elicit GI disturbances in cattle at TVCC, VCRI, Orathanadu during 2015-16. Animals with history of absence of feces and or empty rectum were selected for this study. In total twenty nine cattle were found to be affected with various GI disorders. The incidence of GI disturbances was more (65.52 %) in cross bred Jersey cow. The common clinical signs were absence of feces (65.52 %), anorexia (58.62 %), scant/tarry/mucous coated foul smelling feces (34.48 %), arched back (24.14 %) and abdominal distention (24.14 %). All selected 29 animals were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography which revealed peritonitis (31.03 %), paralytic ileus with peritonitis and pericarditis in each 10.34 %, uroabdomen, intussusceptions, caecal dilatation, abomasal dilatation and peritonitis with intussusceptions in each 6.90 % and diaphragmatic hernia, reticular abscess, omasal impaction and peritonitis with pericarditis in each 3.45 %. Based on this study, clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were found to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of GI disorders of cattle with empty rectum.&nbsp;</div>

Clinical and Ultrasonographic examinations in cattle with empty rectum

Transmission electron microscopic studies of eosinophil of horse, dog, pig and rabbit were carried out on six apparently healthy animals of each species. Ultrastructurally the eosinophils &nbsp; &nbsp;appeared round to oval in shape with few, short and narrow cytoplasmic processes in horse, oval with numerous long and wide cytoplasmic processes in dog and round with thin and broad small cytoplasmic processes in pig. While in rabbit it was round to oval in shape with long cytoplasmic processes. The nucleus had two to three lobes in all the animals. In all the four species it was observed that the heterochromatin was concentrated towards the periphery. &nbsp;Granules were mostly oval in outline and more or less similar in shape and size in horse while in dog the granules were rounded in shape and &nbsp;medium sized. In pig the double membrane bound cytoplasmic granules were roughly rounded to oval in shape and distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The granules in rabbit were mostly oval in outline and more or less similar in dimension. &nbsp;Cell organelles were clearly visible in the cytoplasm of horse while poorly visible in dog, pig and rabbit.

Comparative transmission electron microscopic studies on eosinophil&nbsp;of non ruminants

The white pulp of the spleen in adult goats was thoroughly screened under the scanning electron microscope (VEGA3 TESCAN). The study revealed the presence of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. The T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes could morphologically be differentiated under the magnification of 8000 to 20000 times by Scanning electron microscopy. The changes in number of cells in relation to the age was also recorded. The peri arterial lymphatic sheath and its structural connections with Reticular cells and other non-lymphoid cells were clearly demonstrated. The types of lymphoid cells and their arrangement around the central arteries upto the marginal zones were observed in detail. A conclusion about the type of circulation in the spleen of goats was arrived after three dimentional observation of the tissue under scanning electron microscope.

&nbsp;

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the White Pulp of Spleen in Adult Goats

Background: Raillietina spp. is one of the cestodes class worms that attacks poultry. The Raillietina species that commonly attack poultry are Raillietina echinobothrida and R. tetragona. In general, R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona are usually identified using a light microscope, but in reality these two species are still difficult to differentiate using a light microscope because the size difference is too small and they have many differences. This study compared the ultrastructural morphology of R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona, which caused minor intestinal infections in native Gallus domesticus chickens that were purchased from different traditional markets in Sidoarjo Regency. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A total 57 small intestines from native chickens (Gallus domesticus) that were sold at Tulangan, Larangan, Wonoayu, Krian and Suko Markets served as the samples for this study. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the samples were inspected both macroscopic and microscopically. 
&nbsp; 
Result: With a prevalence of 57.89%, the results indicated that R. echinobothrida has a yellowish string-like body that is 16-23 cm long. It also has a round sucker and scolex that are both 0.07 x 0.08-0.08 x 0.09 mm in size, a rostellum that is armed with hooks that is 0.06 x 0.07-0.08 x 0.1 mm in size and an unsegmented, thick and short neck. The yellowish string-like body of R. tetragona, on the other hand, measures 20-28 cm in length. It has an oval scolex (0.16-0.2 mm in diameter), an oval sucker (0.04 x 0.09-0.05 x 0.01 mm in size), a rostellum armed with hooks that measures 0.03 x 0.05-0.04 x 0.06 mm and an unsegmented, thin, and long neck. Both R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona have a velvety, silky texture on their surface bodies. 
&nbsp;

Comparing the Ultrastructural Morphology of Raillietina tetragona and Raillietina echinobothrida in Local Hens at Sidoarjo Regency with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

<div>Background: The enzymatic digestion occurs in the abomasum of sheep. A systematic comprehensive study on the embryogenesis of abomasums of sheep is lacking due to availability of sporadic information in current literature. So the current research was designed to explain the detail gross ontogenic occurrences along with scanning electron microscopic study of abomasum in sheep. 
 
Methods: From the local slaughter house, 12 healthy sheep foeti of non-descript breed were gathered and grouped into Group I (early pregnancy), Group II (mid pregnancy) and Group III (late pregnancy) having 04 foeti in every group. The abdomen of the foetus was incised and opened. The stomach was exposed and the gross observations were recorded. Then tissue samples from the abomasum were processed for scanning electron microscopic study. 
 
Result: The abomasums assumed comma shape at the gestational age of 32 to 48 days. At 67 days of foetus, the external constriction between fundus and pylorus of the abomasum was observed distinctly. In foeti of 32 to 48 days age, it was present between 13th rib and 1st lumbar vertebra. This topography changed to 8th rib and 3rd lumbar vertebra by 121 days of foetal age. The outline of the abomasal folds were noted first at 32 days of age. The height of the abomasal folds in fundus was larger than pylorus. The appearance of gastric pits on the mucosal surface was first observed at 63 days of gestation through scanning electron microscope.</div>

Gross Morphological and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Abomasum of Sheep (Ovis aries) during Pre-natal Life

<div>Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Studies on its development before birth of utmost important to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of ventricular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples from ventricles were processed for scanning electron microscopic study and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of ventricles were also taken at the ultrastructural level. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was observed that the endocardium of the ventricles consisted of a simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape and arranged linearly on the surface of ventricles in 33 days prenatal non-descript sheep. The boundaries among the endothelial cells were indistinct in this age group. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells on the surface of the ventricles. In late prenatal period, the endothelial cells of the ventricles became elongated in shape. The subendocardial layer consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting purkinje fibers, which were quite predominant in the late prenatal period, i.e. at the age of 120 days of gestation. The endocardial fibers were distinctly coiled around the endothelial cells of the ventricles in this age group. The myocardium comprised of cylindrical and highly branched cardiac muscle fibers with pores all over the surface of the myocardium of the ventricles. Each muscle bundle in the myocardium consisted of muscle fibers extending parallel to each other longitudinally and that these fibers made collateral connections with each other in some regions. The papillary muscles were ridge like structures projecting into the lumen of the ventricles of heart. The chordae tendinae connected the papillary muscles and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae consisted of elongated endothelial cells with pores among them. The pores of various sizes were arranged linearly in patches on the endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae of the ventricles especially in the late prenatal period, i.e. at about 105 days of gestation. &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>