<div style="text-align: justify;">Invasive alien weeds pose a serious threat to the biodiversity and are a significant constraint to agricultural production worldwide. Water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau), is one such aquatic weed, which was introduced in Asia as an ornamental species because of its attractive foliage and colorful flowers. It has subsequently naturalized and became a major weed in rice field, irrigation canals and wetlands in South-East Asia and has now attained the status as an alien invader. Developing an effective integrated management program requires a thorough understanding of the biology and ecology of the weed to identify the most vulnerable stages of its life cycle. Location-specific studies on the behavior of weeds, their population dynamics, seed bank and other features provide information on the positive or negative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on their growth and development which elaborates better control operations. Therefore literature regarding eco-biology, modes of propagation, dispersal and different methods for the sustainable management of water cabbage is reviewed in this paper.&nbsp;</div>

Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2011-2012 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India to evaluate three promising new generation herbicides for managing water cabbage. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of Azimsulfuron @ 20 and 30 g/ha, bispyribac-sodium @ 20 and 30 g/ ha, (metsulfuron-methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl) @ 4 and 6 g/ha, 2-4 &ndash;D @ 1 kg/ha and a weedy check. The results of the field study on weed control efficiency of the different herbicides indicated that 2, 4-D @1 kg a.i. ha-1 was most effective for controlling water cabbage. Among the new generation herbicides (metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl) @ 6 g a.i. ha-1 and bispyribac sodium @ 30 g a.i. ha-1 were equally effective for controlling water cabbage. &nbsp;Azimsulfuron at both doses were found to be least effective in controlling water cabbage.&nbsp;</div>

Management of water cabbage [Limnocharis flava (L.)] Buchenau) using new generation herbicides

Background: Land with acid sulfate soil type is suboptimal land for agricultural cultivation. Identification of mycorrhizae fungi diversity in acid sulfate soil is one of the critical strategies needed to determine the quality of land and as a basis for determining land use for agriculture. 
 
Methods: The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak City, Indonesia. The research period from December 15th&nbsp;2023, to January 15th&nbsp;2024. Analysis the number of mycorrhizae spores and colonization was conducted at the plant disease laboratory. Analysis of the chemical properties of acid sulfate soil was conducted at the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory. The physical properties of acid sulfate soil were conducted at the Soil Physics and Land Conversion Laboratory. 
 
Result: Management of mycorrhizae fungi can be one strategy to improve plant growth and development in acid sulfate soil. The results of the study showed the types of mycorrhizae fungi in acid sulfate soil are Glomus sp., Scutelospora sp., Gigaspora sp. and Acaulospora sp., with the highest number of spores in the Glomus sp. type. The density of spores obtained in 50 g of acid sulfate soil ranges from 32 to 49 spores. Colonization of mycorrhizae fungi on various pioneer plants ranges from 25.00 to 95.48%, with the number of colonizations being in the Limnocharis flava type (95.48%). 
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Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review

Management of water cabbage [Limnocharis flava (L.)] Buchenau) using new generation herbicides

Diversity of Types of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi in Acid Sulfate Soil