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Reviewer Article

volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 246-250,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1800

Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review

M
M.A. Nishan
S
Sansamma George
1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695 522, Kerala, India.
Cite article:- Nishan M.A., George Sansamma (2018). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 246-250. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1800.

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien weeds pose a serious threat to the biodiversity and are a significant constraint to agricultural production worldwide. Water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau), is one such aquatic weed, which was introduced in Asia as an ornamental species because of its attractive foliage and colorful flowers. It has subsequently naturalized and became a major weed in rice field, irrigation canals and wetlands in South-East Asia and has now attained the status as an alien invader. Developing an effective integrated management program requires a thorough understanding of the biology and ecology of the weed to identify the most vulnerable stages of its life cycle. Location-specific studies on the behavior of weeds, their population dynamics, seed bank and other features provide information on the positive or negative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on their growth and development which elaborates better control operations. Therefore literature regarding eco-biology, modes of propagation, dispersal and different methods for the sustainable management of water cabbage is reviewed in this paper. 

REFERENCES

  1. Abhilash, P. C. (2003). Eco-distribution mapping of the weed Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in the selected panchayats of north Kuttanad using GIS techniques. (MSc. dissertation) Kottayam, Kerala: Mahatma Gandhi University, unpublished, Kottayam, India. pp. 3-28.
  2. Abhilash, P.C. (2004). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: A growing threat to the wetlands of Kerala. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Conservation, Restoration and Management of Lakes and Coastal Wetlands; 9-13 December; Bherampur University, Bhuwaneshwar, India. p. 44
  3. Abhilash, P. C. (2005). Occurrence and distribution of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in Kerala and its ecological implications. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Plants and Pollution; 29 November-1st December; ISEB, Lucknow, India. pp. 28-29.
  4. Abhilash, P. C., Singh, N., Sylas, V. P., Kumar, A.B., Mathew, J.C., Satheesh, R., Thomas, A.P. (2008). Eco-distribution mapping of invasive weed Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau using Geographical Information System: Implications for containment and integrated weed management for ecosystem conservation. Taiwania, 53: 30-41.
  5. Abhilash, P.C., Pandey, V.C., Srivastava, P., Rakesh, P.S., Chandran, S., Singh, N., Thomas, A.P. (2009). Phytofiltration of cadmium from water by Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau grown in free-floating culture system. Journal of Hazardous Material, 170: 791-797.
  6. Bahadur, K. N. and Raizada. M. B. (1968). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau- A new record for India. Indian Forester, 94: 641-644.
  7. Brooks, S.J., Weber, J.M., Setter, S. D., Akacich, B.A. (2008). Seed production and maturation of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in the field and glasshouse Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference; 18-22 May, 2008; Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, pp. 180-182. 
  8. Catalo, W.J., Shupe T.F., Eberhardt, T.L. (2008). Hydrotermal processing of biomass from invasive aquatic plants. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32: 140 – 145
  9. Edison, P. (1996). A biotype of Limnocharis flava resistant to 2,4-D. IMTGT Conference on Environment, Penang, Malaysia, 3 pp
  10. GISD, (2005). Global Invasive Species Database. Limnocharis flava. Available from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?    si=620&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN [Accessed 2nd April 2012]
  11. Gunasekera, L. (2001). Limnocharis – new threat to Australian wetlands and irrigation. Under Control. Pest Plant and Animal Management News, 17: 8-9.
  12. Gunawardana, S.H.C.S. and Wijetunga, S. (2010). Paper production for rough use from aquatic weeds (Limnocharis flava) and its evaluation. Proceedings of the 15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium; 26-27 November 2010; Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. pp. 76-84.
  13. Haynes, R.R. and Les, D.H. (2004). Alismatales (Water Plantains). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, pp. 1-4.
  14. Haynes, R. R., and Holm-Nielsen, B. (1992). The Limnocharitaceae. Flora Neotropica 56: 1–34
  15. Juraimi, A.S., Saiful, M.A.H., Uddin, M. K., Anuar, A. R., Azmi, M. (2011). Diversity of weed communities under different water regimes in bertam irrigated direct seeded rice field. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5: 595-604. 
  16. Juraimi, A S., Sahid, I., Man, A., Shari, E. (2008). Control of herbicide resistant Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau using herbicides mixtures. In: 5th International Weed Science Congress, 23-27 June 2008; The Westin Bayshre, Vancouver, Canada.
  17. Kamarudzaman, A. N. (2006). Leachate treatment using subsurface flow and free water surface constructed wetland systems. Master of Engineering (Civil – Wastewater), Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, 129 p.
  18. Kamarudzaman, A.N., Ismail, N.S., Aziz, R.A., Jalil, M.F.A. (2011). Removal of nutrients from landfill leachate using subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Limnocharis flava and Scirpus atrovirens. International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, IACSIT Press, Singapore 19: 79-83.
  19. Karthigeyan, K., Sumathi, R., Jayanthi, J., Diwakar, P.G., Lakra, G.S. (2004). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau (Alismataceae) – a little known and troublesome weed in Andaman Islands. Current Science, 87: 25.
  20. Kaul, R. B. (1978). Morphology of germination and establishment of aquatic seedlings in Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Aquatic Botany, 5: 139-147.
  21. Nakayama, S., Man, A., Ghani, R. S. (1999). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau resistant to 2,4-D and bensulfuron–methyl. Malaysian Agricultural Research development Institute study Report. MARDI. Peradenya. Malaysia. pp. 129-140.
  22. Nayar, B.K. and Sworupanandan, K. (1978). Morphology of the fruit and mechanism of seed dispersal of the freshwater weed Limnocharis flava. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 87: 49-53.
  23. Nishan, M.A. (2012). Management of water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau) in wetland rice ecosystem. MSc.(Ag) thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 104 p.
  24. Ogle, B.M., Dao, H.T., Mulokozi, G., Hambraeus, L. (2001). Micronutrient composition and nutritional importance of gathered vegetables in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 52: 485-99.
  25. Ramachandran, S. (1961). Limnocharis H.B.K: A new record to India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 64: 389-390. 
  26. Saupi, N., Zakaria, M.H., Bujang, J.S. (2009). Analytic chemical composition and mineral content of yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava L. Buchenau)’s edible parts. Journal of Applied Science, 9: 2969-2974.
  27. Song, Z.P., Guoy, O.H., Huang, S.Q. (2000). Studies on the breeding system of Limnocharis flava (Butomaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 38: 53ÿ59. 
  28. Sujatha, S. and Ramasamy E .V. (2007). Composting and vermicomposting of Limnocharis an invasive weed. Proceedings of 19th Kerala science congress 29-31 January, Kannur, Kerala pp. 8-10.
  29. Varshney, C. K. and Rzoska, J. (1976). Aquatic weeds in South East Asia, W. Junk b.v., The Hague, pp. 51–58
  30. Waterhouse, B.M. (2003). Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea, 10: 477-85
  31. Weber J. and Brooks S.J. (2013). The biology of Australian weeds. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau. Plant Protection Quaterly, 28: 101–113. 
  32. Wijetunga, S., Sandamali, D. H. U., Weerasinghe, K. D. N (2009). Evaluation of efficacy in the treatment of domestic wastewater by different aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Environment and Development, 4: 297-309. 
  33. Zakaria N., Ahmad-Hamdani M.S., Juraimi A.S. (2018): Patterns of resistance to AHAS inhibitors in Limnocharis flava from Malaysia. Plant Protection Science, 54: 48–59. 
  34. Zhou, Q., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, K. (2007). Action mechanisms of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Pest Biochemical Physiology, 89: 89–96. 
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 246-250,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1800

    Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review

    M
    M.A. Nishan
    S
    Sansamma George
    1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695 522, Kerala, India.
    Cite article:- Nishan M.A., George Sansamma (2018). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: An emerging wetland invader -A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 246-250. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1800.

    ABSTRACT

    Invasive alien weeds pose a serious threat to the biodiversity and are a significant constraint to agricultural production worldwide. Water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau), is one such aquatic weed, which was introduced in Asia as an ornamental species because of its attractive foliage and colorful flowers. It has subsequently naturalized and became a major weed in rice field, irrigation canals and wetlands in South-East Asia and has now attained the status as an alien invader. Developing an effective integrated management program requires a thorough understanding of the biology and ecology of the weed to identify the most vulnerable stages of its life cycle. Location-specific studies on the behavior of weeds, their population dynamics, seed bank and other features provide information on the positive or negative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on their growth and development which elaborates better control operations. Therefore literature regarding eco-biology, modes of propagation, dispersal and different methods for the sustainable management of water cabbage is reviewed in this paper. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Abhilash, P. C. (2003). Eco-distribution mapping of the weed Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in the selected panchayats of north Kuttanad using GIS techniques. (MSc. dissertation) Kottayam, Kerala: Mahatma Gandhi University, unpublished, Kottayam, India. pp. 3-28.
    2. Abhilash, P.C. (2004). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau: A growing threat to the wetlands of Kerala. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Conservation, Restoration and Management of Lakes and Coastal Wetlands; 9-13 December; Bherampur University, Bhuwaneshwar, India. p. 44
    3. Abhilash, P. C. (2005). Occurrence and distribution of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in Kerala and its ecological implications. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Plants and Pollution; 29 November-1st December; ISEB, Lucknow, India. pp. 28-29.
    4. Abhilash, P. C., Singh, N., Sylas, V. P., Kumar, A.B., Mathew, J.C., Satheesh, R., Thomas, A.P. (2008). Eco-distribution mapping of invasive weed Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau using Geographical Information System: Implications for containment and integrated weed management for ecosystem conservation. Taiwania, 53: 30-41.
    5. Abhilash, P.C., Pandey, V.C., Srivastava, P., Rakesh, P.S., Chandran, S., Singh, N., Thomas, A.P. (2009). Phytofiltration of cadmium from water by Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau grown in free-floating culture system. Journal of Hazardous Material, 170: 791-797.
    6. Bahadur, K. N. and Raizada. M. B. (1968). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau- A new record for India. Indian Forester, 94: 641-644.
    7. Brooks, S.J., Weber, J.M., Setter, S. D., Akacich, B.A. (2008). Seed production and maturation of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau in the field and glasshouse Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference; 18-22 May, 2008; Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, pp. 180-182. 
    8. Catalo, W.J., Shupe T.F., Eberhardt, T.L. (2008). Hydrotermal processing of biomass from invasive aquatic plants. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32: 140 – 145
    9. Edison, P. (1996). A biotype of Limnocharis flava resistant to 2,4-D. IMTGT Conference on Environment, Penang, Malaysia, 3 pp
    10. GISD, (2005). Global Invasive Species Database. Limnocharis flava. Available from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?    si=620&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN [Accessed 2nd April 2012]
    11. Gunasekera, L. (2001). Limnocharis – new threat to Australian wetlands and irrigation. Under Control. Pest Plant and Animal Management News, 17: 8-9.
    12. Gunawardana, S.H.C.S. and Wijetunga, S. (2010). Paper production for rough use from aquatic weeds (Limnocharis flava) and its evaluation. Proceedings of the 15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium; 26-27 November 2010; Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. pp. 76-84.
    13. Haynes, R.R. and Les, D.H. (2004). Alismatales (Water Plantains). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, pp. 1-4.
    14. Haynes, R. R., and Holm-Nielsen, B. (1992). The Limnocharitaceae. Flora Neotropica 56: 1–34
    15. Juraimi, A.S., Saiful, M.A.H., Uddin, M. K., Anuar, A. R., Azmi, M. (2011). Diversity of weed communities under different water regimes in bertam irrigated direct seeded rice field. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5: 595-604. 
    16. Juraimi, A S., Sahid, I., Man, A., Shari, E. (2008). Control of herbicide resistant Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau using herbicides mixtures. In: 5th International Weed Science Congress, 23-27 June 2008; The Westin Bayshre, Vancouver, Canada.
    17. Kamarudzaman, A. N. (2006). Leachate treatment using subsurface flow and free water surface constructed wetland systems. Master of Engineering (Civil – Wastewater), Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, 129 p.
    18. Kamarudzaman, A.N., Ismail, N.S., Aziz, R.A., Jalil, M.F.A. (2011). Removal of nutrients from landfill leachate using subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Limnocharis flava and Scirpus atrovirens. International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, IACSIT Press, Singapore 19: 79-83.
    19. Karthigeyan, K., Sumathi, R., Jayanthi, J., Diwakar, P.G., Lakra, G.S. (2004). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau (Alismataceae) – a little known and troublesome weed in Andaman Islands. Current Science, 87: 25.
    20. Kaul, R. B. (1978). Morphology of germination and establishment of aquatic seedlings in Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Aquatic Botany, 5: 139-147.
    21. Nakayama, S., Man, A., Ghani, R. S. (1999). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau resistant to 2,4-D and bensulfuron–methyl. Malaysian Agricultural Research development Institute study Report. MARDI. Peradenya. Malaysia. pp. 129-140.
    22. Nayar, B.K. and Sworupanandan, K. (1978). Morphology of the fruit and mechanism of seed dispersal of the freshwater weed Limnocharis flava. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 87: 49-53.
    23. Nishan, M.A. (2012). Management of water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau) in wetland rice ecosystem. MSc.(Ag) thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 104 p.
    24. Ogle, B.M., Dao, H.T., Mulokozi, G., Hambraeus, L. (2001). Micronutrient composition and nutritional importance of gathered vegetables in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 52: 485-99.
    25. Ramachandran, S. (1961). Limnocharis H.B.K: A new record to India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 64: 389-390. 
    26. Saupi, N., Zakaria, M.H., Bujang, J.S. (2009). Analytic chemical composition and mineral content of yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava L. Buchenau)’s edible parts. Journal of Applied Science, 9: 2969-2974.
    27. Song, Z.P., Guoy, O.H., Huang, S.Q. (2000). Studies on the breeding system of Limnocharis flava (Butomaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 38: 53ÿ59. 
    28. Sujatha, S. and Ramasamy E .V. (2007). Composting and vermicomposting of Limnocharis an invasive weed. Proceedings of 19th Kerala science congress 29-31 January, Kannur, Kerala pp. 8-10.
    29. Varshney, C. K. and Rzoska, J. (1976). Aquatic weeds in South East Asia, W. Junk b.v., The Hague, pp. 51–58
    30. Waterhouse, B.M. (2003). Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea, 10: 477-85
    31. Weber J. and Brooks S.J. (2013). The biology of Australian weeds. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau. Plant Protection Quaterly, 28: 101–113. 
    32. Wijetunga, S., Sandamali, D. H. U., Weerasinghe, K. D. N (2009). Evaluation of efficacy in the treatment of domestic wastewater by different aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Environment and Development, 4: 297-309. 
    33. Zakaria N., Ahmad-Hamdani M.S., Juraimi A.S. (2018): Patterns of resistance to AHAS inhibitors in Limnocharis flava from Malaysia. Plant Protection Science, 54: 48–59. 
    34. Zhou, Q., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, K. (2007). Action mechanisms of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Pest Biochemical Physiology, 89: 89–96. 
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