<div>Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85&plusmn;0.15 mm and 4.28&plusmn;0.07 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06&plusmn;0.27 mm and 6.08&plusmn;0.36 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12&plusmn;0.10 mm and 3.29&plusmn;0.21 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45&plusmn;0.11 mm and 4.34&plusmn;0.23 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97&plusmn;0.09 mm and 3.50&plusmn;0.34 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Tremendous achievements have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of digestive tract affections of bovines throughout the world, wherein clinical traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is the most commonly reported and studied condition in bovines. TRP is accidental ingestion of foreign body (metallic or non-metallic; penetrating or non-penetrating) objects, which generally get lodged or penetrate the reticulum. The reticulum plays a crucial role in the motility of the digestive tract in bovines and so several invasive and noninvasive methods are used for reticular examination. Hence, the ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular morphometric parameters is the need of the hour.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was undertaken to evaluate ultrasonographic morphometry of reticulum in bovines (Group I, six clinically healthy cattle and Group II, six clinically healthy buffaloes) at the Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kamdhenu University, Rajpur (Nava), Himmatnagar, Gujarat. For ultrasonography, using Esaote MyLabDelta Veterinary Ultrasound System with convex transducer (3-5 MHz), a standing left post-xiphoid paramedian approach was adopted. The morphometric parameters viz. half-moon-shaped reticular wall (RW), RW thickness, RW distance from the parietal peritoneum and the roughly triangular area between RW, cranio-ventral rumen sac and diaphragm were evaluated.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mean RW thickness (Buffalo-5.33&plusmn;0.58 mm; Cattle-4.53&plusmn;0.33 mm), mean distance of the closest point of the RW from the peritoneum (25.77&plusmn;3.23 mm; 13.07&plusmn;0.67 mm) and mean triangular area (10.21&plusmn;4.42 cm&sup2;; 4.94&plusmn;0.52 cm&sup2;) were higher in healthy buffaloes than cattle.</div>

​Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes

<div style="text-align: justify;">A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P&lt;0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in T3 and T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P&lt;0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d, crypt depth (CD) were increased (P&lt;0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P&gt;0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. &nbsp;Thus, it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.&nbsp;</div>

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens&nbsp;

<div style="text-align: justify;">Poultry farming is gaining strength in mitigating livelihood and nutritional security to the poor farmers which constitute 60% of the India&rsquo;s population. Thus eggs of superior quality is prerequisite for profitable marketing and for hatchability too. The present study was conducted on two improved varieties, &nbsp;Vanaraja (dual purpose type) and Gramapriya &nbsp;(the layer type) chicken developed at PDP, Hyderabad and their crosses on random mating. The genetic groups taken were Gramapriya (male) x Gramapriya (female),Vanaraja(male) x Vanaraja(female), Gramapriya(male) x Vanaraja(female)and Vanaraja (male) x Gramapriya(female). 6 males and 30 females were taken from each genetic group and maintained separately under deep litter system with a mating ratio of 1 male : 5 females. To study the genetic effect on external and internal egg quality traits, a total of more than 50 eggs were collected at random from each of 4 genetic groups upto 28 weeks of age. The average shell thickness obtained to be ranged from 0.36 to 0.39 mm. The average albumen and yolk indices were found to be ranged from 7.396 to 8.656 and 41.749 to 43.888 respectively. The average shell weight and percentage of shell weight observed to be ranged from 4.147 to 5.627 g and 17.266 to 18.003% respectively.</div>

Genetic impact on &nbsp;external and internal egg quality &nbsp;traits of Vanaraja and Gramapriya birds and their crosses in Bihar

<div>Background: Mesenchymal stem cells are well known for their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. The aim of the study was to develop a simple technique for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from porcine adipose tissue and to study the morphometric characteristics of porcine mesenchymal stem cells. 
 
Methods: Porcine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated in vitro by using collagenase type II enzyme. Cell yield and viability of the cells were calculated by using trypan blue exclusion method using Neubauer&rsquo;s chamber. Characterization of MSCs were done by using specific cell markers. The morphological changes, morphometry were analysed in culture using Leishman&rsquo;s stain. The cell doubling (CD) and Population doubling time (PDT) were also calculated. 
 
Result: The isolated adherent cells start forming colony and demonstrated an elongated, round and spindle like fibroblastic morphology by day 1. Almost 80-90 per cent confluency was attained on day 8-9 after the initial seeding and was reduced to day 3-4 in the subsequent passages. RT-PCR reactions revealed positive expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers CD44, CD73 and negative expression of CD34, a hematopoietic cell surface marker. Immunocytochemistry also revealed positive expression for CD44 and negative for CD34. In morphometric studies, the cell length, nucleus length, cell width and nucleus width were increased between 24 and 48 hours in both P2 and P3.</div>

In vitro Culture and Morphometry of Porcine Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (pAD-MSCs)

<div>Background: Listeria monocytogenes is the only pathogenic bacterium of Listeria that causes disease to humans. The Dairy products, meat and other foods have been proved to be the transmission carriers of Listeria monocytogenes, endangering human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fast, sensitive and specific fluorescent quantitative PCR method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in milk based on internal reference. 
 
Methods: According to the genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes published in Genbank, we screened specific target gene Hly gene, designed specific primers and probes, optimized the reaction system and added internal reference (IAC) to the system. This IAC was detected by TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorophore. 25-100 CFU/25 g artificially contaminated sample was added to evaluate the performance of reaction system. 
 
Result: The assay was could be used reliably for detection of Listeria monocytogeneswith a sensitivity of 10-3ng/uL. For the 10-fold dilutions bacteria DNA extracted by cooking water,the lowest detection limit was 4 x 102cfu/mL. But for the plasmid with hly, the lowest detection limit can reach 104 cfu/mL. The standard curve of hly and hly-IAC was established and the quantification was linear between Ct and template copy number (r2=0.999). While the initial sample amount of artificially contaminatedbacteria was 25 CFU/25 g (Fresh milk, milk powder, fermented milk), Listeria monocytogenes could be detected in 14 h. The Hly IAC fluorescent quantitative PCR detection method established in this study,and added internalreference tothe system, can accurately detect Listeria monocytogenesin fresh milk.At the same time, real-time monitoring of the PCR reaction process ensures the reliability of the results, which is suitable for rapid detection of large batches of samples.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Establishment of a Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assay in Detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on Internal Reference

Background: Garlic is considered a natural growth promoter in animals, but the effects on the productive performance of broilers are variable. Therefore, the impact on growth performance and intestinal morphometry were evaluated to know the impact of using different levels of purple garlic in the broilers&#39; diet. 
 
Methods: Clinically healthy 1-day-old Cobb Vantress 500 broilers (n=98, with an equal number of two sex) were randomized into four dietary treatment groups. The birds of the T0 group were fed with a conventional diet, while the T1, T2&nbsp; and T3 groups were fed with diets supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of purple garlic. 
 
Result: The body weight gain (BWG) of the fattening female birds did not differ significantly (P&lt;0.05) compared to the control. The BWG and the total benefit at T2 and T3 were considerably higher in males at 40 days. The duodenum showed that the values of the mean height of the villi were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in T1 and T2 than in the other treatments. Purple garlic has a significant effect as a growth promoter in male broilers, supplemented at a higher rate of supplementation, i.e., 0.2 and 0.3% levels.

The Effect of Supplementing the Diet with Purple Garlic (Allium sativum) on Productivity Variables and Intestinal Morphometry in Broilers

Background: Soybean, being one of the most widely cultivated crops globally, plays a significant role in global agriculture and food production. However, soybean prices have experienced significant fluctuations over the past few years, causing imbalances in resource allocation and generating demand and supply gaps. Thus, analyzing past price trends is crucial to understand the current scenario and formulate appropriate strategies to improve the marketing system. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study examines the trends and seasonal variations in soybean prices in local, national and international markets using compound growth rate, trend and seasonality analysis. Monthly and yearly time series data of soybean prices in selected markets were collected from July 2006 to June 2021. The finding revealed a continuous rise in soybean prices in India over the 15 years. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results revealed that the rise in soybean price during this period was due to inflation and farmers were not benefited. Furthermore, the study identified seasonal variation in soybean prices, with peak prices observed during may in most markets, when the crop comes to harvest. The study findings can be useful for policymakers and farmers to understand the trends and seasonal patterns in soybean prices.

Dynamics and Seasonal Fluctuations of Soybean Prices in Domestic and International Markets

<div>Background: The horticulture sector in India faces a significant challenge due to the high perishability of produce, resulting in substantial losses in quantity, quality and producer returns. To mitigate these challenges, the India International Horticulture Market (IIHM) has been established in Sonipat, Haryana, as a world-class facility capable of managing large volumes of produce from auction to processing and market distribution while maintaining quality standards. IIHM will serve 17 states and provide dynamic business opportunities. The study primarily focuses on exploring business opportunities and their financial viability within the IIHM framework. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study was structured around two primary objectives: (i) to study and analyse various revenue generation streams for the fruits and vegetables wholesale market and (ii) to identify parameters for different revenue models and prepare a business model for each combination. Data collection involved brainstorming sessions with officials from the fruits and vegetable wholesale market, analysis of detailed project reports (including the Rungis Market) and a study of Asia&rsquo;s largest wholesale spice market in Delhi. Seventeen distinct revenue generation streams were identified, which were examined under four principal revenue models: renting, outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration. Simple mathematical and statistical tools were employed for data analysis. Calculations for the rental model were performed using input information, such as area and rate per square metre, provided by the National Council of State Agriculture Marketing Boards, applying a 1.5% annual growth rate after an initial two-year gestation period. Rates for outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration models were determined by aiming to surpass the income generated through the rental model. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The rental model emerged as the most financially viable among the seventeen streams, while the success of outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration was contingent on pricing structures and partnership levels. Financial projections over 12 years demonstrated significant revenue potential, exemplified by Shops and Sheds under the rental model generating Rs. 9,61,87,50,000. The findings emphasise the necessity of incorporating growth rates into lease models to ensure long-term profitability. 
&nbsp;</div>

Business Model for India International Horticulture Market in Sonipat (Haryana)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The fishes of family Gobiidae are one of the least studied fishes, especially for otolith structure. The otoliths were possess species specific features. Hence, traits of sagittal otolith of gobid species studied. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Five gobid species Odontamblyopus roseus&nbsp;(Valenciennes, 1837),&nbsp;Trypauchen vagina (Bloch and Schneider, 1801),&nbsp;Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822), Parachaeturichthys polynema&nbsp;(Bleeker, 1853) and Boleophthalmus dussumieri&nbsp;(Valenciennes, 1837) were investigated by three methods including morphological, shape indices and step wise discriminant function analysis (SDFA). 
 
Result:&nbsp;Interrelationship between shape indices investigated, at 95% level of confidence (P&lt;0.05), revealed that perimeter of P. polynema and area of T. vagina have isometric growth with their length (b=3.0071, 2.90, respectively) and otolith area of B. dussumieri have positive allometric growth (b=4.23077). SDFA, based on otolith morphometry, discriminated species up with 97.18% accuracy. Hence, the results of present investigation can be used for discrimination of the species and as a tool in predicting fish size from the otoliths and in calculating the biomass of these less studied fish species.</div>

Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens

Genetic impact on external and internal egg quality traits of Vanaraja and Gramapriya birds and their crosses in Bihar

In vitro Culture and Morphometry of Porcine Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (pAD-MSCs)

Establishment of a Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assay in Detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on Internal Reference

The Effect of Supplementing the Diet with Purple Garlic (Allium sativum) on Productivity Variables and Intestinal Morphometry in Broilers

Dynamics and Seasonal Fluctuations of Soybean Prices in Domestic and International Markets

Business Model for India International Horticulture Market in Sonipat (Haryana)

Discrimination of Five Gobid Species (Family: Gobiidae) based on Otolith Morphometry