Groundnut is one of the primary economic crops of the world, which has been exposed extensively to mutagenic treatments for induction of variability. The present research was aimed towards yield improvement in two groundnut cultivars (GPBD-4 and TPG-41) through induced mutagenesis using EMS and gamma rays. One hundred true breeding mutants were isolated at M3 and were evaluated for yield at M4/M5. Thirteen superior mutants showing consistent performance across the generations were further evaluated for economic traits at M6. Greater magnitude of induced variability was found for number of pods per plant (13.65-52.65; 11.83-34.62), pod yield per plant (10.40-49.71; 16.40-41.28) and 100 seed weight (30.18-52.20 g; 37.36-87.65) in GPBD-4 and TPG-41 mutant populations respectively in M4 generation. Mutants G2-214 (34.51 Q/ha) and TE-147 (31.75 Q/ha) recorded 27.53 and 31.75 per cent increase in pod yield over the respective parents GPBD-4 (27.06 Q/ha) and TPG-41 (23.80 Q/ha). Most of the superior mutants were associated with increased 100-seed weight. The high yielding mutants identified in the present study have the dual advantages i.e. desirable agronomic characters and favorable oil chemistry. In this direction mutant G2-214 which recorded highest pod yield (34.51 Q/ha) was also accompanied with increased O/L ratio (3.23) over parent GPBD-4 (1.76)&nbsp;

Genetic improvement for yield through induced mutagenesis&nbsp;in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div>Current world scenario of hunger and malnutrition problem is posing a great threat to the human civilization. Millions of people are undernourished globally according to the reports of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2015). Pulses and cereals have been used for their high percentage of proteins and carbohydrates in seeds. Pulse crops also have the ability to enrich the soil fertility due to their nitrogen fixing ability of their root nodules. Further, it is not only the high protein content of pulses for which they are important, but the amino acid profile of these proteins is such that the mixed diet of cereals and pulses has superior biological value than either of the components alone. However, with increase in population, per capita availability of pulses is getting reduced. As against recommended daily requirement of 50-60 grams, current per capita availability of pulses in India is less than 30 grams per day. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses and depends mostly on pulses and cereals for their food. Urbanization and drastic climatic changes like drought, global warming, different environmental stresses etc. have led to considerable loss of crop productivity throughout the world leading to food insecurity. Scientists all over the world are using sophisticated approaches in developing improved varieties of crop plants that are high yielding and show considerable resistance to drastic environmental changes. Physical and chemical mutagenesis has been proved to be a convenient tool compared to other conventional processes in inducing desirable variability in crop plants related to yield and other components. In the light of above all, it is necessary for a scientist to study in detail the all aspects of different approaches that are used to increase the yield and productivity in different crop plants. The current review covers all aspects of study during the different approaches of physical and chemical mutagenesis for increasing food security and developing high yielding and stress resistant plants.</div>

<div>Genetic Improvement in Different Crop Plants using Induced Mutagenesis with Special Reference to Pulses and Cereals: A Review</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Mutation induction in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) aimed to study the induced genetic variability and identify desirable mutants in the M2 generation with two varieties of garden pea, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The two varieties of garden peas, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday, were subjected to mutagenic treatments with the EMS at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40%. The M1 generation was raised in RBD with two replications during Rabi 2019-20. Plants from three concentrations, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, were evaluated in M1 plant progenies (M2) during Rabi 2020-21. The M2 was raised during Rabi 2020-21 in M1 plant progenies using M1 plants from three concentrations -0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS of both varieties.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The two varieties that were exposed to EMS responded differently depending on the concentrations. The GCV and PCV were high for seedling height, fertile branches, pods/plant and seeds/pod in both parents at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS. The highest heritability and genetic advance were apparent for seedling height and seeds/pod at 0.10 and 0.20% EMS, while the estimates were moderate for seeds/pod with 0.20% EMS, followed by seeds/pod at 0.10% EMS and seedling height at 0.20% EMS. Desirable plants were visible for various quantitative traits in the M2 generation. These mutants showed significant differences from the controls of both varieties in the treated populations at higher concentrations of EMS. Desirable micro mutants in M2 resulted at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, which need further evaluation in the M3 for confirmation.</div>

Induced Mutagenesis and Variability Study in the M2 Generation of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

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Background: Groundnut, a reputed cash crop govern the national economy integrating biometrical and nutritional superiority.&nbsp; The role of oleic and linoleic acids determining the oil quality were controlled by alleles a09 (ahFAD2A) and b09 (ahFAD2B) respectively. Groundnut exhibiting significant levels of oleic acid can supplement variety of nutritional and physiological benefits. The present study involved the investigation of major biometrical and nutritional traits on the putative mutants developed from the groundnut variety TMV(Gn)13. 
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Methods: Genetic material used for the present study involved M3&nbsp;populations (200Gy, 250Gy and 30 EMS, 50 EMS) developed involving a pureline from TMV (Gn) 13. The seeds of TMV(Gn)13 were exposed to gamma irradiation with an acute dose ranged between 100 and 700 Gy and EMS during Kar 2024. Based upon the GR 50 values, the progenies of 200 gy and 250 gy besides chemical EMS dose of 30 EMS and 50 EMS dosage were evaluated in M1&nbsp;during Rabi 2022 and selected putative mutants was forwarded to M2&nbsp;during Kharif 2023. Phenotypic traits including oil quality traits along with LLS were investigated. 
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Result: Biometrical traits viz., pod length, kernel width and other yield contributing traits had exhibited minimum coefficient of variation while the greater CV was registered for the oil quality traits. Putative mutants PM 8, PM 24 and PM 32 construed as superior mutants among the thirty-two putative mutants expressing greater value for most of the yield and oil quality traits. Principal component analysis construed that the first five principal components explained about 86.99 per cent of the total genetic variability. Cluster analysis grouped 32 putative mutants and three checks under three clusters indicating the maximum accommodation of putative mutants in cluster&nbsp; I. The putative mutants were genotyped with allele specific marker along with the primers specific to LLS and oleic acid trait implicated that Girnar 4(71.27%), PM 8(43.23%), PM 24(44.34%) and PM 32(43.47%) were found to have ahFAD2A mutation with high oleic acid content when compared with the control TMV (Gn) 13 (35-39%).

Genetic Improvement of Arachis hypogaea var TMV(Gn) 13 Through Induced Mutagenesis

Background: The improvement of the genetic and agronomic properties of cultivated plants can be carried out by various plant breeding methods, including mutation breeding. Mutations in nature are very few and rare. Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical mutagen that can cause random mutations resulting in changes in genetic material. This study aims to determine the effect of EMS on the germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seeds. 
 
Methods: The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Laboratory, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia, in January 2023. The concentrations of EMS used were 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% with a soaking time of 4 hours. EMS concentration of 0% was used as a control treatment. The observed variables were made as percentage of germination (%) and seedling height at 7th day and 14th day after planting. 
 
Result: The results showed that an increase in EMS concentration affected the percentage of germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) sprouts. A decrease in the percentage of germination was found at an EMS concentration of 0.5%, while a decrease in seedling height had begun to be seen at an EMS concentration of 0.25%. The results of the analysis with CurveExpert 1.4 software showed that the LD50 value of the seeds of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) treated with EMS mutagen was at a concentration of 0.63%, the LD20 dan LD30 value was at a concentration of 0.25% and 0.41%, respectively.

Determination of Lethal Dose 50 for Induced Mutagenesis in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] cv. Gepak Kuning Through Ethyl Methane Sulfonate Mutagen

Background: Taraxacum officinale, a traditional medicinal plant in Africa and notably Algeria, is widely used for its hematopoietic and gastrointestinal benefits. It is believed to stimulate red blood cell production and protect against gastric ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate the erythropoietic and antiulcer effects of its ethanolic extract in Wistar rats. 
 
Methods: In the anemia model, 25 male rats were divided into four groups. Anemia was induced using cephalosporin (10 mg/kg) for 10 days, while treatment groups received ethanolic extract of T. officinale &nbsp;(EETO) (200 mg/kg, twice daily). Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. For the ulcer model, gastric lesions were induced with HCl/ethanol (1.50 mMol/60%) and treated with EETO (200 mg/kg) for 7 days. Gastric tissue was examined microscopically and malondialdehyde levels were measured. 
 
Result: In anemic rats, T. officinale significantly increased red blood cells RBCs (52.10%), hemoglobin (38.56%), iron (50.95%) and several vitamins and minerals while reducing erythropoietin. In the ulcer model, the EETOreduced ulceration by 68% and oxidative stress markers. Histology confirmed mucosal protection. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Taraxacum officinale&nbsp;against anemia and gastric ulcers.

Dual Protective Effects of Taraxacum officinale Ethanolic Extract against Cephalosporin-induced Anemia and HCl/Ethanol-induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Background: Induced mutagenesis has proved as a crucial implement to create genetic variability for various essential traits. Trachyspermum ammi is one of the most important medicinal seed spices and its oil exhibits various pharmacological properties. Ajwain has been overlooked owing its narrow genetic base and little study has been performed to create genetic variations. 
 
Methods: Dry and healthy seeds of ajwain were treated with the different concentration of gamma rays (25,50,75 and 100Gy), EMS (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%EMS) and different doses of combination treatments (25+0.1%, 50+0.2%, 75+0.3% and 100Gy+0.4%EMS). Among both the mutagens, gamma rays were found to be more effectual mutagens as compared to EMS. 
 
Result: The aim of the present study was to find out the mutagenic consequences of gamma rays, EMS and combination treatments on growth and physio-biochemical parameters of ajwain. Studies show that higher doses of both the mutagens caused significantly negative effect on the growth parameters whereas lower doses have positively influenced the parameters. Result shows lower doses of mutagens (25, 50Gy, 0.1%, 0.2%EMS and 25+0.1%, 50Gy+0.2%EMS) proved to be more effective as it caused less biological damage and therefore would be suitable for inducing the desirable mutations and improving the agronomic traits in ajwain.

Physio-biochemical Parameters of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Induced by Gamma Rays and EMS

<div style="text-align: justify;">Frequency of chlorophyll and viable mutations have been studied following seed treatment of soybean cv.PK 1029 with &nbsp;gamma rays, EMS and their combinations at varying doses. Mutation rate indicated that EMS @ 0.10 % was most potent in inducing the chlorophyll mutations whereas 20 kR was most efficient in inducing the viable mutations. The frequency and spectrum of the induced chlorophyll mutations was in the order of xantha, albino, chlorina and viridis. &nbsp;The frequency and spectrum of the induced viable mutations was in the order of plant type, leaf type, seed type and pod type. Combination of gamma rays and EMS treatment showed high lethality in inducing both chlorophyll and viable mutations. &nbsp;</div>

Induced mutations in soybean (Glycine max L.)

<div>Background: A systematic investigation of the induced mutagenesis in Urdbean was attempted with cultivars viz., MDU 1 and VBN (Bg) 4 to generate superior battering quality varieties. Induced mutation is proven as an applicable breeding method to build variation in plant materials. In this study, 40 Urdbean genotypes including thirty eight mutants of two promising Urdbean varieties namely MDU1 and VBN (Bg) 4 and two parental genotypes were involved for quality analysis. One of the most dangerous diseases in legumes is Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV). In legume, this virus causes enormous losses in the areas of Urdbean cultivation. The prevailing varieties are partially resistant to this virus. Hence, the paramount approach to control this disease is breeding for resistance or tolerance to this disease. There is a necessity of searching the sources of disease resistance. In this study, screening of the mutants was conducted to make out the source of resistance to this disease. 
 
Methods: The nutritional characters viz., albumin, globulin and total soluble protein along with biochemical analysis of battering quality through Arabinose estimation were analyzed to find out the quality characters of the mutants. Batter volume analysis from idli batter was conducted conducted. Scoring of disease severity was done for all the plants on 50th day on the basis of visual scoring. The disease was scored on a 1-9 arbitrary scale. For biochemical characterization for this disease estimation of total phenol content, total sugars and phytic acid was executed. 
 
Result: Based on the general performance of albumin content, globulin content, total soluble protein, arabinose content, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant, the mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-015, ACM-15-023, ACM-015-013, ACM-015-003, ACM-015-030, ACM-014-006, ACM-014-007 were recognized as the best. Hence these mutant lines could be exploited directly in the breeding programme to develop superior battering quality Urdbean varieties. Based on over all mean performance of important batter volume characters viz., initial batter volume analysis, final batter volume, improved batter volume, arabinose content and single plant yield the mutant lines ACM-15-015, ACM-015-030, ACM-015-003, ACM-015-023 were identified to be superior in terms of yield, arabinose content and batter volume. The mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-025, ACM-014-006, ACM-015-022, ACM -015-023, ACM-014-019, ACM-014-007, ACM-015-017, ACM-014- 003 and VBN (Bg) 4 were recognized as resistant to MYMV. These lines had higher total phenol, phytic acid content and less total sugar content in the leaves when compared with the highly susceptible mutant lines. The present study indicated that phytic acid content recorded highly significant positive correlation with total phenol. &nbsp;Based on the per se performance for all the characters studied viz., seed batter analysis, seed volume analysis and MYMV scoring, the mutant lines viz., ACM-014-021, ACM-015-23, ACM-015-030, were judged as the best and could be exploited directly or in breeding experiments for improving yield along with batter quality. &nbsp;</div>

<div>Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Electron Beam and Gamma Ray Induced Mutants for Superior Battering Quality Trait and MYMV in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.)]</div>

<div>Background: The manipulation of the estrous cycle or induction of estrus is a commonly used technique in sheep industry. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize differences of non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) expression between induced estrus and natural estrus using the BGISEQ-500 plat form in 7 Mongolian sheep, which will provide insights into the regulation mechanisms of lncRNAs in different reproduction mode of sheep. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;During the late spring, ovarian, pituitary, hypothalamic, pineal and uterine tissue samples were collected from four artificially induced estrus and three naturally estrus Mongolian sheep. Total RNA was extracted from the five tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and treated with DNase I following the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. A total of 35 sheep samples were sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 plat form. Bioinformatics methods were used to analysis expression difference analysis between groups, SNP and InDel, alternative splicing, lncRNA&rsquo;s miRNA precursor prediction, lncRNA target gene and family prediction. 
 
Result: 211 novel lncRNAs were systematically identified using RNA-Seq technology. Meanwhile, we found that there are diversifications of lncRNAs in induced estrus vs. nature estrus of ewes. Therefore, we predict that, under the action of exogenous hormones, many physiological processes of ewes may be affected to varying degrees through the change of LncRNA to a variety of pathways.</div>

Genetic improvement for yield through induced mutagenesis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Genetic Improvement in Different Crop Plants using Induced Mutagenesis with Special Reference to Pulses and Cereals: A Review

Induced Mutagenesis and Variability Study in the M₂ Generation of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genetic Improvement of Arachis hypogaea var TMV(Gn) 13 Through Induced Mutagenesis

Determination of Lethal Dose 50 for Induced Mutagenesis in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] cv. Gepak Kuning Through Ethyl Methane Sulfonate Mutagen

Dual Protective Effects of Taraxacum officinale Ethanolic Extract against Cephalosporin-induced Anemia and HCl/Ethanol-induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Physio-biochemical Parameters of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Induced by Gamma Rays and EMS

Induced mutations in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Electron Beam and Gamma Ray Induced Mutants for Superior Battering Quality Trait and MYMV in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.)]

Identification of lncRNAs Differentially Expressed during Natural and Induced Estrus in Sheep