<div>Background: Antibiotic sensitivity testing is a very important tool in the hands of a clinician to evaluate the sensitivity of the pathogen involved in a disease. It is an important aspect of rational use of antibiotics thus minimizing the risk of occurrence of drug residues in animal foods like milk and meat.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The samples from mastitic milk and respiratory and urinary samples from the cattle having the respective infections collected from Veterinary Clinical Complex, FVSc Shuhama from July 2021 to January, 2022 were subjected to in vitro antibacterial sensitivity testing to six commonly used antibiotics viz. gentamicin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ceftriaxone and pencillin.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 30 mastitic milk samples, 8 from respiratory infections and 6 from urinary infections were studied. The drug gentamicin proved to be most efficacious against these infections while the drug pencillin proved to be most resistant. Gentamicin proved to be 73.34% efficacious while Pencillin proved to be only 6.67% efficacious in mastitic milk sample from cattle.</div>

In vitro Sensitivity of Commonly Used Antibiotics in Cattle of Kashmir Valley

Background: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity globally. The recent rise in resistant bacterial strains is largely attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal treatment. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, posing a major challenge for clinicians worldwide. 
 
Methods: In the current study, 121 samples were obtained from bovine mastitis milk and faeces, dairy cattle farm premises, chicken cloacal swabs, poultry farm litter and water. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella species. Klebsiella isolates were identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and were subsequently confirmed by PCR assays that targeted species-specific genes. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The DNA from all the isolates was extracted and subjected to PCR to identify the presence of 10 different Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) using published primers. The ARGs targeted were blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaIMP, DHAM, MOXM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and aadA. 
 
Result: Out of 121 samples, twenty-six (21.4%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates. The occurence of Klebsiella pnuemoniae in samples from different sources was- 3/33 (09%) from mastitis milk, 8/27 (29.6%) from faecal samples and 04/14 (28.5%) from environmental samples collected from dairy farms. Similarly, Klebsiella pnuemoniae prevalence was recorded to be 6/33 (18.1%) in cloacal swabs and 5/14 (35.7%) from environmental samples collected from poultry farms. On in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, all the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime and ampicillin/ sulbactam (100% each), followed by cefalexin (65.3%), streptomycin (53.8%), tetracycline (38.4%), imipenum and co-trimoxazole (34.6% each), ofloxacin (30.7%), norfloxacin (27%), ceftriaxone (23%), amikacin (15.38%) and gentamicin (11.5%). All the K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Out of 26 isolates, 25 (96%) were positive for Sul1, 22 (84.6%) for blaTEM, 19 (73%) for blaSHV, 19 (3%) for tetA, 16 (61.5%) for aadA, 10 (38.4%) for OXA, 9 (34.6%) for tetB and 2 (7.6%) for DHAM and MOXM each. None of the isolates harboured blaIMP gene.

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

<div>Background: Salmonellosis is of great concern among the infectious diseases of poultry and has been responsible for serious economic losses to the poultry producers and a shift in Salmonella serotypes has been evident in recent years. Study was carried out to know the occurrence and pathology of Salmonellae infection in poultry along with their multi-drug resistance. 
 
Methods: Samples for study were collected from 26 organized poultry farms. To determine the presence of Salmonella in the farms, microbial culture from fecal swabs and pooled fecal samples was carried out for isolation of bacteria. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolates was also performed using direct PCR. Biofilm producing ability of the bacteria was also assessed and antibiotic sensitivity test was done to detect the resistance of bacterial isolates. 
 
Result: Salmonellosis in broiler and layer farms was recorded as 20% and 45.4% respectively and in 1.58% of the necropsy cases through microbial culture. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolates by PCR targeting invA gene was confirmed in 13.33% broiler farms and 36.3%-layer farms. Further detection of Salmonella Enteritidis was performed by PCR targeting ent gene and 11.11% positivity was determined. Biofilm producing ability of the bacteria was found 40% using biofilm assay. Serological examination using polyvalent antisera diagnosed 27.27% isolates as motile salmonellae. During necropsy of positive cases gross lesions comparable to salmonellosis were noted in liver, intestine, spleen and ovary. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) pattern was observed with highest resistance towards oxytetracycline, streptomycin followed by amikacin, amoxicillin and enrofloxacin. The presence of multiple drug resistant Salmonella in chicken has rendered the food chain unsafe from farm to table and hence continuous surveillance of the disease should be encouraged.</div>

Occurrence of Multi-drug Resistant Avian Salmonellae in Commercial Poultry

<div>Background: India has very rich diversity of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are thought to be a rich source of ingredients that can be used in the development of pharmaceutical or synthetic drugs. Aside from that, these plants play an important role in the development of human drug all over the world. Whether in modern or traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to maintain health, to treat a specific condition, or both. Nardostachys is one of the most important medicinal plant having several therapeutic properties. It is threatened in its natural habitat due to over exploitation for therapeutic purposes and high demand in the traditional medicine system. Keeping these points in mind, we attempted to investigate alternative uses of in vitro grown plants in place of wild plants without disrupting plant-based therapeutics and market demand. And then compare the root extract of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant&rsquo;s antioxidant and flavonoid levels under in vitro and natural growth conditions. 
 
Methods: Nardostachys jatamansi is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Because of its wide spread use in traditional medicine, this plant is considered endemic. In our study, we compare of antioxidant quality and Flavonoid amount of Natural and in vitro propagated Nardostachys jatamansi. Firstly we cultivated in vitro plants from Nardostachys jatamansi nodal explants for comparative analysis. The methanol extract of in vitro grown and wild-type plant root extract was then prepared using the maceration method. The extract was subjected to a comparative DPPH method to determine the presence of antioxidant potential in natural and in vitro grown plants. Furthermore, the HPLC analysis was used to detect and quantify the amount of Quercetin in both natural and in vitro propagated plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When grown in vitro at a higher concentration, the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi have greater antioxidant potential than when they are grown naturally. They demonstrated antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.55 &micro;g/ml for in vitro generated plants and 24.18 &micro;g/ml for naturally grown plants. The concentration of Quercetin (mg/ml) for natural plant species is 1.95 and for in vitro propagate plant is 1.83. The HPLC analysis presents distinct peaks, with the main peaks having retention time for standard Quercetin (10.38) in the natural plant (10.34) and in vitro grown plants (10.32). In the end, natural-type species that had been produced in vitro were used to obtain the potential of micro propagated plants. The DPPH test and flavonoid were tested on the root extract of natural and in vitro plants. Both plants displayed promising antioxidant activity and an HPLC study identified the Quercetin component.</div>

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

Two in-vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties of essential oil of herbal seeds. In-vitro antimicrobial properties of essential oils of phytobiotics was determined by disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida and Salmonella typhi and two fungi namely Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Thyme oil had statistically similar or significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher inhibition zone against all the bacterial and fungal species compared to standard antibiotic, chloramphenicol or antifungal drug, nystatin. Fenugreek oil was not found to be active against microbes compared to control. Fennel and cumin oils had statistically similar or significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher inhibition zone against all microbes except Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi compared to control. Antiviral activity of essential oils was determined by anti-NDV assay against New Castle disease virus (LaSota). The results indicated that essential oils of herbal seeds do not possess antiviral activity against NDV LaSota virus at 1mg/ml concentration.

In-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of certian herbal seeds essential oils against important poultry microbes

<div>Background: Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause a variety of diseases that lead to considerable economic losses in the swine industry. In the past, the mainstream view believed that most bacterial resistance was caused by planktonic bacteria, but the ability of bacteria to form biofilms was ignored. Here, we isolated and identified 185 strains of E. coli from pigs in central China and analyzed the relationship between their genetics, antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm formation ability. 
 
Methods: First, the isolates were classified according to biofilm formation ability by semi-quantitative staining of crystal violet. Then, Phylogenetic group analysis of isolates by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, E. coli with different biofilm-forming abilities were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility in its planktonic and biofilm state. Finally, the drug resistance pattern of the isolates with different biofilm formation capabilities were compared. 
 
Result: most of the collected strains showed biofilm formation ability (87.57%, 162/185). The isolated E. coli with biofilm formation ability were classified into the following groups: A (16.05%, 26/162), B1 (10.49%, 17/162), B2 (33.33%, 54/162) and D (40.12%, 65/162). Simultaneously, the isolated E. coli were classified into the following groups according to the biofilm formation ability: Strong (34.57%, 56/162), Moderate (33.33%, 54/162), Weak (32.10%, 52/162) and Absent (12.43%, 23/162). Compared with the planktonic cells, the isolates showed a significant increase in the resistance rate in the biofilm form. And the isolates of the strong biofilm-forming ability group had a high drug resistance pattern. This study provides data of the drug resistance of pig-derived E. coli with different biofilm-forming abilities and provides a scientific basis for guiding veterinary clinical treatment and disease prevention.</div>

<div>Effect of Biofilm Formation on the Escherichia coli Drug Resistance of Isolates from Pigs in Central China</div>

The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial sensitivity of microbial isolates causing subclinical mastitis in goats. The classical Bauer disk-diffusion assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) isolates and isolates belonging to other genera. In all the tested isolates, the highest rates of resistance were observed to be to Oxacillin (81.25%) and Novobiocin (75%), followed by Penicillin (68.75%), Tetracycline (37.5%) and Amoxycillin (31.25%). There was low prevalence of resistance to Cefotaxime (12.5%), Thiamphenicol (6.25%), Cefuroxim (6.25%), Cefuroxim (6.25%), Amikacin (6.25%), Sulfamethoxazole + Ttrimethoprim (6.25%) and Gentamicin (6.25%). Staph. intermedius showed resistance to the highest number of antimicrobial agents, four ones (28.57%), whereas Staph. haemolyticus was the least resistant isolate, which was sensitive to nearly all of the tested antimicrobials and showed intermediate sensitivity to only three ones (21.43%). Among the microorganisms other than CNS, B.brevis and &Aring;.coli showed resistance to the highest number of antimicrobial agents (42.86%).&nbsp;

Antimicrobial sensitivity of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in goats in Bulgaria

<div>Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogen that sickens both humans and animals. There are relatively few reports on the correlation between drug resistance and biofilm formation ability of E.coli isolated from goose and fish in water environment of China. This study investigated the genetic typing, antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm formation ability of E. coli strains isolated from goose and fish. 
 
Methods: The phylogenetic clustering, drug resistance and biofilm formation ability of E. coli were tested by triple PCR, crystal violet microplate and Microdilution method.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed the prevalence of group B2 and D in fish-derived E.coli accounted for 59% and 12%, goose-derived E. coli accounted for 48% and 9%, respectively. Some strains could form biofilm and biofilm formation ability was associated with the drug resistance. The MIC values of strains growing in biofilm were 2-16 times higher than those of corresponding planktonic bacteria. The antibiotic resistance among biofilm-forming isolates was significantly higher than that strains unable to form biofilm (p&lt;0.05).&nbsp;</div>

Phylogenetic Group, Biofilm Formation and Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Goose and Fish in Henan, China

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: The ovarian follicle is the fundamental functional tissue unit that consists of mammalian ovary. In humans, it has been known that females are born with a maximum number of follicles or oocytes that are not only non-renewable, but also undergoing degeneration with time with a sharply decreased oocyte quality after the age of 35.&nbsp; Methods: Here, we demonstrate that successful isolation of primary, early secondary and late secondary follicles from the ovaries of CD-1 outbred female mice and in vitro culture system to successfully induce the development of MII oocytes.&nbsp; Result: The 9 days of in vitro culture of early secondary follicles showed significant higher rates in growth and maturation displaying higher numbers of antral follicles and MII oocytes developed from early secondary follicles compared to those cultured for 11 days. However, there was no visible difference induced by the size of initial follicles in the rates of growth and maturation. MII oocytes derived from in vitro culture of early secondary follicles following in vitro fertilization developed into two-cell embryos. These observations demonstrate that developmentally competent MII oocytes can be obtained by in vitro culture of preantral follicles derived from the ovaries of CD-1 mice and reveal a crucial role for CD-1 mice as a novel model for research on human ovarian follicles. Furthermore, this study proposes an in vitro culture system using preantral follicle as a therapeutic strategy for fertility preservation of humans for assisted reproductive medicine.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In vitro Culture of Early Secondary Preantral Follicles to Obtain MII Oocyte Developmental Competence from CD-1 Outbred Mice</div>

<div>Exposure of C6 and CHO-K1 cells to different concentrations of the antineoplastic drug paclitaxel resulted in a loss of cellular viability. The percentage of surviving cells fell significantly after 48 hours of treatment and IC50 values observed were between 0.5 to 0.75 and 0.25 to 0.75 &micro;g/ml in C6 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was observed after 24 hours of treatment and cells incubated at higher concentrations of paclitaxel showed increased survivability. Paclitaxel induced apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activation and caused accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Upon fluorescent microscopy, both the cell lines lost the morphology, confluence and adherence at 24 hours but effects were much more pronounced at 48 hours of treatment. The in vitro data suggested that paclitaxel is highly effective when there is prolonged exposure of tumor to the drug rather than increasing the intratumoral or biophasic concentration of the drug.&nbsp;</div>

<div>In vitro Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Effects on Cell Cycle Kinetics and Schedule-Dependent Effects Induced by Paclitaxel on C6 and CHO-K1 Cell Lines</div>