<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was designed to elucidate the histomorphology of the testis of adult Zovawk. In the present study, the collagen and reticular fibres were abundant in tunica albuginea and interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules. However, few elastic fibers occurred in the capsule and only in the blood vessels of both the testis in Zovawk. The different micrometrical values with regard to thickness of testicular capsule, diameter of seminiferous tubule, height of seminiferous tubule, number of leydig cells, spermatogonia, germs cells per mm2 were found to be higher in the left testicle as compared to right one. There was no-significant difference observed in the right and left testes of Zovawk.</div>

Histomorphological studies on the testis of local pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram

<div style="text-align:justify">
<p style="text-align:left"><strong>Background:</strong><strong> </strong>Skin is a versatile organ, which is extremely important for protection, perception, water regulation and wound healing. The<em> </em>skin of goat is considered extremely durable used by the<em> </em>tannery Industry to make rugs and carpet binding.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:left"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on the skin of goats of either sex to study the age wise changes in the histomorphology, histochemistry and histoenzymology of dermis. The skin samples were collected from Nagpur Muncipal Corporation Slaughter house immediately after natural death and subsequently processed and stained for histological, histochemical and histoenzymic studies. The total of 220 samples, 20 each from different body regions namely dorsal neck, lateral neck, ventral neck, dorsal thorax, lateral thorax, ventral thorax, dorsal abdomen, lateral abdomen, ventral abdomen, lateral thigh and medial thigh were collected. The animals were divided into two groups, <em>viz</em>. six to twelve month of age (Gr I) and above one year age (Gr II).<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:left"><strong>Result:</strong> It was observed that the dermis was composed of collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, cells of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles in all body regions in Gr I as well as in Gr II. The dermis was divided into thin superficial papillary layer and a thick deep reticular layer. The dermal papillae were the upward projections <em>of </em>superficial papillary layer between epidermal pegs. In reticular layer, fibroblasts were larger, while in papillary layer, fibroblasts were thin long, compressed and spindle shaped. The collagen fibers were more in number as compared to other fibers in dermis and they were densely arranged in papillary layer and parallel with the skin surface below the epidermis. The elastic fibers were present in between the collagen fibers around the blood vessels and hair follicles. The arteriovenous shunt was found surrounded by capsule of connective tissue consisting of smooth muscle cells. The more number of hair follicles at deep part of papillary layer and few follicles were present in reticular layer. The hair follicle composed of outer root sheath, inner root sheath, cortex and medulla. The depth of primary hair follicle increased with the advancement of age. Moderate PAS positive activity was noted in the papillary layer, while it was weak to moderate in reticular layer. The reticular layer of the dermis showed moderate Sudan black B activity for the presence of lipid than the papillary layer. The mild acid phosphatase activity was seen in the papillary and reticular layer of dermis, while moderate acid phosphatase activity was noticed in the blood vessels. A mild alkaline phosphatase activity was present in dermis in Gr I and Gr II.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:left"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present study would form a baseline data on the histomorphology, histochemistry and histoenzymology of skin of goat which would be helpful in future research prospective.</p>
</div>


<p>Histomorphological, Histochemical and Histoenzymic Studies on the Dermis of Skin of Goat (<em>Capra hircus</em>)</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Hypothalamus is an integral part of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ovarian axis. It contains several small nuclei that have been implicated in several specialized functions. It is the master endocrine gland because it regulates the activity of the pituitary. The present investigation was planned to elucidate the histomorphological details of different nuclei in the hypothalamus of Indian buffaloes.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The hypothalami of buffaloes (n =52) were collected from local abattoirs and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU, Ludhiana. The tissue samples were collected from three levels i.e. the supraoptic, tuberal and the mamillary region of the hypothalamus and processed for paraffin sectioning and the sections were stained with various stains for histomorphological studies.<br /><strong>Result: </strong>The well-defined cell groups or nuclei were identified both in the coronal and sagittal sections of the hypothalamus in all the reproductive phases. Eight nuclei were distinctly recognized in buffalo hypothalamus at three levels in the coronal sections of the hypothalamus. At the level of optic chiasma, the nuclei were paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON) and preopticnucleus (PON); at the tuberal region, there were arcuate nucleus (AN) and ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and at the mammillary region, the lateral mammillary nucleus (LMN), medial mammillary nucleus (MMN) and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) were identified. Most of the nuclei consisted of a loose or compact heterogeneous collection of neurons. The neurons of the different nuclei were of variable shape. The cytoplasm contained a varied amount of Nissl material. The neurosecretory substance was peripheral in position. Small to large-sized blood vessels were observed in between the neuronal substance. The size of the neurons varied during different stages of reproduction.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Histomorphological Studies on the Different Nuclei of Hypothalamus of Indian Buffalo</div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> It is known that balance diet is the key success for better production in poultry. The digestive physiology is regulated by the neurocrine and endocrine secretions. Growth, secretion, motility, cell signalling, vasoregulation, cell proliferation and differentiation of the epithelial cells of the alimentary canal are reported to be controlled by the peptides or amines released from the gut endocrine cells and enteric neurons. References particularly on systematic study of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in duck as regards to histomorphology and cytochemistry are gravely scanty. Hence the present investigation envisages authenticating the histomorphological characters and cytochemical behaviour of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in duck.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> For this study the abdomen of six Khaki campbell ducks from either sex was cut open following euthanasia. Tissue pieces from different segments of gut were collected and processed routinely to get 7-8&micro; thick serial paraffin sections. The tissue sections were stained for evaluation of histomorphological and histochemical characters of the entero-endocrine cells.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> A panel of seven cytochemical stains identified nine endocrine cell types in the digestive mucosa of Khaki Campbell duck i.e. basally granulated oval cell, densely granulated spindle shaped cell, densely granulated oval cell, diffusely granulated oval cell, pyramidal cell, densely granulated elongated cell, densely granulated pyriform cell, peripherally granulated spherical cell and non-argentaffin chromaffin oval cell. The cells occurred in single or in small clusters in the basal or middle or neck part of glandular epithelium or in the surface epithelium. All the endocrine cells were &lsquo;close type&rsquo;. Cytochemically they were four types i.e. argentaffin, argyrophil, chromaffin and APUD (Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells.</div>


<div>Histomorphological and Cytochemical Characters of Endocrine Cells of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Duck (<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The proventriculus, component of digestive system of bird secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen which helps the churning of food material that takes place in ventriculus. Pepsinogen produces pepsin and it smashes the peptide bonds of amino acid of food material.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The twelve proventriculus samples of Guinea fowl birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin&rsquo;s fluid for &nbsp;histological procedure while chilled acetone and chilled ethanol were used as the fixatives for histochemical studies. The fresh unfixed samples were used on cryostat for studies of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Histomorphologically the proventriculus of Guinea fowl was observed as the typical tubular component with four tunics from inside to outside as tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The submucosal layer comprised with proventricular submucosal gland (PVSMG) which was encapsulated by elastic fibers. Tunica muscularis was inner longitudinal and outer circular layer, while the tunica serosa was observed with surrounding adipose tissue as the connective tissue constituent to endow the access of nutritional supply in the form of blood vessels. The luminal surface of proventricular submucosal glands has shown the significant activity of glycogen while intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts have exhibited the weak activity towards the same. The glandular cell rod of PVSMG, serosal layer and adjoining connective tissue with blood vessels has exhibited very weak activity of alkaline phosphatase. Mucosal folds and lumen of PVSMG has shown the weak activity of acidic phosphatase but the serosal limiting membrane has shown very weak activity.&nbsp;The succinic dehydrogenase activity was seen in the connective tissue septa of submucosal glandular cellular rods and the intense activity was observed at tunica muscularis.</div>


<div>Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (<em>Numida meleagris</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ in avian. It is a site of differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes. Quail thymus showed age related involution with decrease in its volume and cellular contents. It is a lymphoepithelial organ and thus plays a major role in the anti-infection defense mechanism.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> For the present study 48 Japanese quail birds reared and thymus was collected from 12 birds each at end of first week, second week, third week and fourth week. The tissue was processed for routine paraffin embedding and processed for different staining procedures for histomorphological studies.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>In all age group of birds, each thymic lobe was enclosed by thin connective tissue capsule. Thymic lobule was found to be composed of outer cortex and inner medulla. Cortex was composed of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, myoid cells, macrophages, plasma cells and epithelial reticular cells and that of medulla was composed of lymphocytes, lymphoblast, epithelial reticular cells, myoid cells, macrophages, plasma cells, cyst and Hassall&rsquo;s corpuscles. The cyst of various shapes and sizes were observed in cortex and medulla. In all age group of birds, unilamilar and multilamilar Hassall&rsquo;s corpuscles were observed. Number of Hassall&rsquo;s corpuscles and macrophages were increased with the advancement of age.</div>


<p>Histomorphological Study of Thymus in Japanese Quail (<em>Coturnix coturnix japonica</em>)</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Kidneys, the paired organ which essentially plays for excreting nitrogenous wastes, excessive water, inorganic salts and toxic substances produced during the process of body metabolism. Maintenance of osmotic regulation and homeostatic fluid balance of the body has also be performed by kidneys. Each of the kidneys filtrate carried to cloaca by respective ureter from where the urine leaves the body. The present macroscopic, histomorphological and histochemical studies undertaken on the Kidneys of Guinea fowl (<em>Numida meleagris</em>) is nothing but the attempt to widen our thrust area for that bird which is nonexistent as on documentation.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present studies were carried upon 12 pairs of <em>in-vitro</em> kidney samples in Guinea fowl. Gross morphology and morphometrical observations were carried on fresh specimens. Histological studies were carried on fixed samples those were processed for dehydration, clearing, embedding into paraffin and sections of 5-6 &mu; thickness were obtained. Different staining procedure as to Haematoxylin and Eosin, Silver orcein, Aniline blue and Weigert&rsquo;s staining methods were employed for different histological components. The histochemical and histoenzymic studies were also accomplished with Periodic acid Schiff&lsquo;s (PAS), Alcian blue methods (pH-2.5) and Gomori&rsquo;s cobalt method for Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase. The Succinic dehydrogenase enzyme was also estimated on cryostat sections.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The observations on kidneys of Guinea fowl were accomplished after macroscopic, histomorphological and histochemical means. This reddish-brown colored paired organ of kidneys was retroperitoneally placed in synsacral fossa and had incomplete division of three parts. The wrapping material of capsule was the dense connective tissue. The outer cortex and inner medulla had different parts of nephrons. Two types of nephrons <em>viz</em>. mammalian type (with Henle loop) and reptilian type (without Henle loop) were observed. Collagen, elastic and reticular fibers were there in different components of the kidney. Histochemically it has determined the secretion of neutral as well as acidic mucopolysaccharide substances. PAS activity was observed at mesangial cells and basement membrane of DCT. The Alkaline phosphatase showed the positive activity in capsule, brush border of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The Acid phosphatases were showing intense activity in parietal and visceral layer of renal corpuscles, lumen and basement membrane of PCT. The intense activity of Succinic dehydrogenase showed at PCT, DCT, collecting tubule whereas renal corpuscles showed feeble activity.</div>


<div>Macroscopic, Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on the Kidneys of Guinea Fowl (<em>Numida meleagris</em>)</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was carried out to determine the effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology, and caecal microflora of fasted broiler chicks. In this experiment, 2&times;2 factorial experimental design was used. One d old, 120 healthy broiler chicks were allocated to 4 treatment groups and 6 replicates (5 mixed sex chicks allocated each replicates). Treatment groups were: A) Pollen extract injection and 24 h fasting (P24); B) Pollen extract injection and 48 h fasting (P48), C) Control, no injection 24 h fasting (C24) and D) Control, no injection 48 h fasting (C48). The experiment lasted 21 days. Live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Ileal histomorphology, caecal microbiota, organ weight were recorded at 21th days of experiment. In ovo pollen extract injection did not affect hatchability rate. At the end of 21 days, in ovo pollen extract injection did not affect feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, inner organ development and ileal villi width irrespective to fasting 24 h and 48 h. In ovo pollen extract injection increased ileal villi length, caecal lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae count, decreased caecal Enterobactericaea count. In conclusion, in ovo pollen extract injection can be applied for broiler eggs to improve weight gain, better digestion and gut health.</div>

The effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology and caecal microflora in fasted broiler chicks

<div style="text-align: justify;">Present study reports post-ingestional effects of red chilli in stomach of house rat, Rattus rattus. Three different groups of female rats (5 per group) were fed on bait containing 1 and 2% red chilli powder and plain bait, respectively. Histomorphological study revealed cellular degeneration of gastric region, sloughing and distortion of superficial layer of epithelium and lymphocytic infiltration in the treated groups of rats. Histoenzymic study revealed an increase in AKPase and decrease in LDH, SDH, G-6-PD and GLD activities in glandular stomach of treated groups of rats. The present study revealed that the ingestion of red chilli powder causes gastric lesions and variation in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and oxidoreductases.</div>

Post-ingestional effects of red chilli powder containing capsaicin in stomach of house rat, <em>Rattus rattus</em>: histomorphological and histoenzymic studies

<div><strong>Background: </strong>The study on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) of Pati duck of Assam is of great value in regard to normal academic and bio-medical research aspects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross, histomorphological and scanning electronic microscopic examination of gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine of Pati duck at different age group.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> For this study, forty five Pati ducks were divided into five groups depending on its age <em>viz</em>., 1<sup>st </sup>week, 4<sup>th</sup> week, 16<sup>th</sup> week, 24<sup>th</sup> week and 42<sup>nd</sup> weeks old. The pieces of gut having lymphoid tissue or Peyer&rsquo;s patches were collected immediately after slaughter. These samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (<a href="#luna_1968">Luna, 1968</a>). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 &micro;m thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer&rsquo;s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details, Van Gieson&rsquo;s method for collagen fibres, Gomori&rsquo;s method for reticular fibres, Hart&rsquo;s method for elastic fibres and Bielchowsky&rsquo;s method for axis cylinder and dendrites as per the method of <a href="#luna_1968">Luna (1968)</a>.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Gut-associated lymphoid tissue was found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and the terminal part of the rectum in all the age group of Pati duck. The lymphoid compartment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in duck included a follicular structure, dome, follicle associated epithelia and interfollicular area. Lamina propria of jejunum was heavily infiltrated with diffuse lymphatic tissue in the 16<sup>th</sup>, 24<sup>th</sup> and 42<sup>nd </sup>week of age of Pati duck. The scattered and diffuse lymphatic infiltration occurred in all age groups. The lamina propria of the colorectum revealed an extensive network of reticular fibre with diffused lymphatic tissue in all the age group of duck. In Scanning Electron Microscope, the lumen of the jejunum was covered by finger-like villi with numerous opening of goblet cells. The lymphoid follicle of Lamina propria contains numerous lymphocytes along with connective tissue fibres.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Gross, Histomorphological and Scanning Electronic Microscopic Studies on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Intestine of Pati Duck (<em>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</em>) of Assam</p>


Histomorphological studies on the testis of local pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram

Histomorphological, Histochemical and Histoenzymic Studies on the Dermis of Skin of Goat (Capra hircus)

Histomorphological Studies on the Different Nuclei of Hypothalamus of Indian Buffalo

Histomorphological and Cytochemical Characters of Endocrine Cells of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

Histomorphological Study of Thymus in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Macroscopic, Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on the Kidneys of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

The effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology and caecal microflora in fasted broiler chicks

Post-ingestional effects of red chilli powder containing capsaicin in stomach of house rat, Rattus rattus: histomorphological and histoenzymic studies

Gross, Histomorphological and Scanning Electronic Microscopic Studies on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Intestine of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam