<div>Background: Data on measurements of the proximal femur, acetabulum with special reference to CHD in GSD is relatively limited. The present study recorded the complete canine femoral geometry of healthy as well as dysplastic hip joint in young dogs of GSD breed. 
 
Methods: All the dogs were subjected to radiographic evaluation to measure hip joint morphometric parameters using the CARESTREAM vita flex CR system with added IMAGE SUITE software version 4.0. 
 
Result: In dogs below 6 months of age and with CHD, measurements like AW, HD were higher in CHD where as ND, FIA values were lower. AA, EAA values were higher and AHI was lower in CHD. Indices like DI and SI were higher whereas PC and NA were lower in CHD. In healthy hip, HNI and PC values were higher in male dogs where as FNALa, ND values were higher in female dogs. In CHD, FSC, HD, TW, FSD, FIA were higher in female dogs where as HAL value was higher in male dogs. In dogs between 6 to 12 months age and with CHD, FNALa, FNALb values were higher, where as AW, ND, FSD, FIA values were lower in CHD. AA, EAA values were higher, where as AHI, PC were lower in CHD. Indices like DI and SI were higher, whereas PC and NA were lower in CHD. In dogs with healthy hip, FNALa, FNALb, TW, AHI values were higher in male dogs where as AW, AHI values were higher in female dogs. In CHD, AW, TW were higher in female dogs where as HAL, FSC, ND, FSD values were higher in male dogs.</div>

Morphometry of Hip Joint in German Shepherd Dogs with Hip Dysplasia vis-a-vis Normal Hip

Background: Hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, particularly affecting large breeds and leads to progressive joint laxity and osteoarthritis. Pain arises from capsular stretching, periosteal irritation and muscular strain, resulting in lameness and impaired mobility. Management includes both surgical and non-surgical approaches; however, many provide only temporary relief. Hip denervation offers pain reduction by eliminating nociceptive input from the craniodorsal hip capsule, thereby improving comfort and limb function. Epiitalis oil, a plant-derived anti-inflammatory compound, enhances chondrocyte viability and reduces inflammatory mediators, making it a promising adjunct therapy for hip dysplasia. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on eighteen clinical cases of moderate hip dysplasia to evaluate the efficacy of hip denervation and Epiitalis oil in management. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups (A, B and C; n=10 each). The group A received Epiitalis oil orally at 4 &mu;L/kg for 10 days, the group B underwent surgical denervation of the craniodorsal surface of the hip; and the group C received both denervation and Epiitalis oil orally at 4 &mu;L/kg for 10 days. Treatment efficacy was assessed using clinico-physiological and radiological parameters. 
 
Result: Physiological parameters remained within normal ranges and showed non-significant inter- and intra-group variations. Scores of various physical tests, including weight bearing, gait analysis, hind limb extension test, bipedal station test, hip function test and Ortolani&rsquo;s test, decreased progressively over time, indicating functional recovery. Weight-bearing scores decreased in all groups, with significant reductions observed in Groups B and C at multiple intervals compared to baseline. Gait scores improved significantly from day 15 in Group C and by day 45 in Group B. Ortolani test scores decreased progressively in Groups B and C, becoming significant after day 30. Radiographic scores showed non-significant improvement at different intervals compared to baseline values. Hip denervation is a simple, safe and effective technique for the management of mild to moderate hip dysplasia. However, combined treatment with hip denervation and oral Epiitalis oil was the most effective, demonstrating earlier and greater functional improvement compared to hip denervation or oral Epiitalis oil alone. 
&nbsp;

Evaluation of Hip Denervation with Supplementation of Epiitalis for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Canine

Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cemented prosthetics for total hip replacement&nbsp; &nbsp;for management of hip dysplasia in dogs. Total hip arthroplasty will eliminate pain and, restore function of hip joint. 
 
Methods: The dogs with clinical signs of coxofemoral joint affections were diagnosed using standard hip extended ventrodorsal radiographs of pelvis. Those dogs which are not responded to the medical management, with severe degenerative changes and osteoarthritis were selected for surgical management&nbsp; for total hip replacement. The femoral stems used in this study were small (4) and Medium (2). The size of the acetabular cup used ranges from 20 to 22 mm outer diameter. The bone cement used was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) low viscosity type bone cement (Simplex-P). Clinical evaluation of the treated dogs on 2nd day post operatively indicated functional outcome (on the basis of WOMAC score) as excellent in four dogs and good in 2 dogs as the mean&nbsp; scores&nbsp; of parameters was 1.0&plusmn;0.36, 0.83&plusmn;0.65, 0.83&plusmn;0.40, 1.0&plusmn;0.68, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 0.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.50&plusmn;0.50, 1.16&plusmn;0.47, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 1.50&plusmn;0.42, 2.0&plusmn;0.51 and over all mean of functional outcome is 11.33&plusmn; 4.06 out of 40 points, lower scores reflect better function than higher scores. Radiological and clinical assessment are excellent to good in four cases and poor&nbsp; in two cases, with&nbsp; mean&nbsp; score of 0, 0.83, 1.50&plusmn;0.5,0,0,0, 1.16&plusmn;0.40,0, 1.33&plusmn;0.84. The mean score of radiological and clinical assessment was 4.88&plusmn;1.85 out of 40 points, lesser score indicates effectiveness of the surgical procedure. The lamenessfrom grade V improved onby 45 days to&nbsp; grade I except one dog at grade II, by 60th day,&nbsp; all 5 dogs progressed to grade I and one dog to grade II. The post-operatively radiographic&nbsp; evaluation on day one revealed hip showing cup of the prosthesis into acetabulum.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total hip replacement using&nbsp; cemented&nbsp; prosthetics for management of&nbsp; Hip dysplasia in dogs was found to be effective in dogs with more than 20 kg body weight&nbsp; and returned to normal limb function after 45th post operative day in 4 out of 6-dogs, whereas in other&nbsp; two dogs, there is a complication of loosening of acetabullar cup after 60 days, the complications will be addressed&nbsp; with uncemented implants.&nbsp;

A Clinical Study on Total Hip Replacement using Cemented Prosthetics for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

<div>Background: Most of the biomarkers used in joint disease are articular cartilage components such as chondroitin sulphate (CS), keratan sulphate (KS), hyaluronic acid (HA), or type II collagen. Some of these biomarkers, alone or together, could have the potential to provide clinically useful indices of the effects of isolated joint injury, the progression of joint changes and/or the response to therapy. Serum concentration of HA were elevated in human patients with osteoarthritis which increase is considered a reliable biomarker reflective of cartilage damage and synovitis in these patients.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Blood samples were collected from all the dogs and serum concentration of hyaluronic acid was determined by Canine Hyaluronic Acid Elisa kit (catalogue No.ITE070452), SIZE -96T, Reactivity: Canine, Range: 2 ng/ml -700ng/ml and sensitivity: 1.04 ng/ml, supplied by G Biosciences. 
 
Result: Serum concentration of HA were lower in dogs aged between 0 to 12 months with CHD when compared to dogs of similar age with healthy hip joints and that this significant decrease in serum HA in dogs can be considered a reliable biomarker reflective of CHD and serum HA levels can be used as an effective biomarker for osteoarthritis in dogs with CHD.</div>

Serum Hyaluronic Acid- An Effective Biomarker for Early Detection of Osteoarthritis in Young Dogs with Canine Hip Dysplasia

<div>Background: Joint health is very vital in canines. Immediate attention and diagnosis will help to prevent suffering in canines. This study was designed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the poly-herbal formulation Mobility Plus&reg; for arthritis, inflammation and analgesic activities in canines. 
 
Methods: A total of 18 client-owned dogs with a history of joint inflammation, hip dysplasia and arthritis were selected (n = 18) and supplemented with one tablet of Mobility Plus&reg; daily until complete recovery. The changes in assessment parameters scores, viz. lameness score, joint mobility score, pain on palpation score, weight-bearing score and the overall clinical condition score were evaluated. The results revealed that lameness, joint mobility, pain and weight-bearing scores significantly (p&lt;0.001) decreased in dogs as early as day 15; hence, the overall clinical condition score also decreased significantly (p&lt;0.001) as early as day 15 after Mobility Plus&reg; supplementation. 
 
Result: Present study revealed that lameness, joint mobility, pain and weight-bearing scores significantly (p and lt; 0.001) decreased in dogs as early as day 15; hence, the overall clinical condition score also decreased significantly (p and lt; 0.001) as early as day 15 after Mobility Plus&reg; supplementation. Supplementation of Mobility Plus&reg; has antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory activities. Mobility Plus&reg; could be recommended for the amelioration of joint inflammation and osteoarthritis conditions in canines.</div>

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mobility Plus&reg; in the Management of Osteoarthritis and Joint Inflammation in Canines

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Campylobacter species are a leading cause of most important food-borne diarrhoeal illness worldwide while, poultry has been identified as a significant cause of Campylobacter infection in humans. C. jejuni is highly effective in colonizing chicken intestinal mucosa without causing any clinical manifestations and the consumption of poultry meat is the major source of transmission of bacteria to humans. 
 
Methods: The total of 19 chicken meat samples collected from retail markets in Chennai were screened by cultural examination, further subjected to phenotypic characterization using biochemical test and genotypic characterization using polymerase chain reaction assay targeting hip O and map A genes. 
 
Result: All the isolates showed growth on modified blood free charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar media (mCCDA) and 18 (94.73%) samples showed typical morphological characteristics. The 12 (63.15%) isolates showed biochemical reactions positive. The results from polymerase chain reaction showed that 10 (83.33%) isolates were positive for C. jejuni. This study suggested that, it is essential to investigate the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry and the risk factors at all production stages of meat production to help reducing the disease in humans in terms of food safety.</div>

Morphological, Biochemical and Genotypic Analysis of Zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Chicken Meat Samples

<div>Background: Campylobacter has emerged as an important zoonotic food borne pathogen of human and animals worldwide. Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial enteropathogens of food borne origin in industrialized countries with C. jejuni being the most common species followed by C. coli. There are very few cases reported from mastitis therefore this study was aimed to determine the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni from from mastitis milk and raw milk samples.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total of 72 milk samples comprising mastitis milk (20) and raw milk (52) were collected. The samples were subjected to cultural examination, biochemical as well as molecular identification.&nbsp;The isolates were further subjected to phenotypic characterization by biochemical test and genotypic characterization by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The isolates were subjected to PCR targeting hip O and MAP A genes. 
 
Result: The 52 samples showed growth on modified Blood Free Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate agar media and 18 (34.61%) samples showed typical morphological characteristics. The result revealed that 10 (19.23%) isolates were positive by phenotypic characteristic and 7(70%) by Polymerase chain reaction for C. jejuni. The outcome result showed that importance of Campylobacter jejuni in cattle, especially raw milk and milk from mastitis cows, as a potential source for transmission of Campylobacteriosis in human and dairy farm environment. This can cause acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and associated with foodborn infection, food safety and a serious public health threat.</div>

Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni An Important Zoonotic Food Borne Pathogen from Mastitis Milk and Raw Milk Samples

<div>Background: Shuxuan cattle is one newly cultivated dual-purpose breed in Sichuan province, China, by crossing the indigenous Xuanhan cattle with external breeds. Body sizes have been widely regarded as the important breed characteristics in cattle. The current study was aimed to evaluate the body sizes and its molecular inherite marker for futhure herd improvement. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;In the present study, we first investigated a total of 11 body size traits and their overall distribution and pairwise relationships of 169 healthy Shuxuan cattle. Subsequently, the SNP c.A455G of melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene were genotyped among 169 Shuxuan cattle and subjected to association analysis with body size traits.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;We revealed that adult females have the mean withers height of 113.5 cm, body length of 131.8 cm, chest girth of 157.5 cm and hip height of 104.8 cm, respectively. Among all these traits, the highest correlation was observed in withers height and hip height with spearman&rsquo;s coefficient of 0.85. We found that Shuxuan cattle had an average heterozygosity of 0.5008 and polymorphism information content of 0.3747. Accordingly to the very stringent criterion of Bonferroni multiple adjustments, only chest width was associated with different genotypes of this candidate SNP (P&lt;0.05). The results provide an overall profile of the morphological and growth characteristics in Shuxuan cattle.</div>

​Body Size Traits and Association with the Genetic Polymorphism of Melatonin Receptor 1A (MTNR1A) Gene in Shuxuan Cattle

<div>Myogenin (MyoG) is responsible for centering control over myocyte differentiation process and can influence the meat production of animals directly. Large tailed Han sheep, small tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fatty tailed sheep, Lanzhou large tailed sheep, Mongolia sheep and Tong Sheep were used as the experimental materials in this study. Polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I was tested by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The correlation between polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I and body size traits was analyzed. Influences of MyoG gene exon I on growth traits of sheep were discussed. Results demonstrated that 2 alleles (A, B) and 3 genotypes (AA, BB and AB) were detected in MyoG gene exon I of all 6 sheep varieties. The A allele frequencies in MyoG gene exon I of small tailed Han sheep, large tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fatty tailed sheep, Lanzhou large tailed sheep, Mongolia sheep and Tong Sheep were 0.5167, 0.2500, 0.4376, 0.6500, 0.5750 and 0.7125, while the B allele frequencies were 0.4833, 0.7500, 0.5625, 0.3500, 0.4250 and 0.2875, respectively. Chest width and neck length of the AA genotype of MyoG gene exon I were significantly higher than those of the AB genotype (P&lt;0.01) and BB genotype (P&lt;0.05). Body length and rump length of the AA genotype were significantly higher than those of the AB genotype (P&lt;0.05). The chest depth and hip width of the AA genotype was far lower than that of the AB genotype (P&lt;0.01). The hip height of the AA genotype was far lower than that of the BB genotype (P&lt;0.05).</div>

<div>Analysis on correlation between polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I and body size traits of sheep</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: In this study, the effects of different protein and energy levels in mixed feed on growth performance and reproduction characteristics of heifers were investigated.&nbsp; Method: The material of the study consisted of 36 Holstein Friesian (black pied) breed cattle at the age of 6 months and average live body weight of 156.65 kg and the experiment was continued for 8 months. During the experiment, four different feeds containing 16% CP - 2500 kcal / kg ME for the 1st group, 16% CP - 2700 kcal / kg ME for the 2nd group, 18% CP - 2500 kcal / kg ME for the 3rd group, 18% HP - 2700 kcal / kg ME for the 4th group were given at 1.5% of the live weight of heifers. (Where CP and ME stand for Crude Protein and Metabolizable Energy, respectively). As roughage, an equal amount of straw and alfalfa hay mixture was given. Result: As a result of this study, the effects of the different protein levels on live body weight and body measurements (body length-BL, withers height-WH, hip height-HH, hip width-HW, body depth-BD, chest girth-CG) were not found significant (P&gt; 0.05). Similarly, the effects of different energy levels on body weight and body measurements (P&gt; 0.05) and protein X energy interaction in terms of live body weight and size were also not found significant (P&gt; 0.05). Regarding the reproductive properties, the differences between the groups in terms of the effect of different protein and energy levels on the first estrus age were found statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). As a result of the analysis made in terms of heifers age during the first insemination, the difference was found to be statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). The effect of different protein and energy levels on the conception rate in the first insemination was found significant (P &lt;0.05). As a result, it was concluded that affordable mixed feed combinations can be used within the limits of mixed feed combinations containing 2500-2700 kcal / kg ME and 16-18% CP, which were given in the investigation; however, low energy-high protein combinations would give more positive results considering their effects on the reproductive performances and conception rates at first insemination.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of Different Protein and Energy Levels in Mixed Feed on Growth Performance and Reproduction Characteristics of Heifers</div>