<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the ecosystem is being rapidly destroyed due to habitat loss, animal hunting, road construction, raising of transmission lines, general pollution, and agricultural activities, in addition to many other factors, all of which directly and indirectly affect wildlife. By necessity, rehabilitation units are available for the care and treatment of wild birds and mammals in need of life support. This paper discusses data collected regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of wild mammals and birds brought to the Center for Wildlife Conservation and Rehabilitation at Van Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Y&yacute;l University from 2009-2016. During the course of the present study, total 145 wild animals including 117 birds and 28 mammals. Out of the total treated, 96 wild birds and 21 wild mammals recovered, 12 birds and 4 mammals died without responding to treatments, whereas 9 birds and 3 mammals were euthanized. Additionally, of the 96 birds and 21 mammals that recovered, 15 birds and 6 mammals were determined to be unable to survive in their natural habitats, and were sent to zoo gardens or wildlife conservation and rehabilitation centers. The remaining 96 animals that fully recovered were released back into their natural habitats.</div>

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

Background: The potential of plant extracts to improve pig performance has led to their widespread use as effective feed additives in the swine industry. These extracts have a variety of effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including immune function enhancement and morphological modulation, which improves nutrient absorption, reduces gastrointestinal secretions and optimizes feed efficiency, all of which contribute to improved growth performance. The study assesses the impact of dietary supplementation of herbal mixture on haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of Large White Yorkshire weaned piglets during the post-weaning period (from 28 to 70 days of age) raised under Mizoram farm conditions. 
 
Methods: A total number of 144 (18 litters) Large White Yorkshire young pigs weaned at 28 days old were taken for the study period of 42 days (Day 28-70) and were randomly divided into three groups viz., Control (C) fed basal diet, Treatment-1 (T-1) fed basal diet incorporated with 0.6% herbal mixture and Treatment-2 (T-2) fed basal diet incorporated with 1.2% herbal mixture in such a way that there were 6 replicates in each group with 1 litter as onereplicate. The present study revealed that haemato-biochemical indices such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total protein (TP), serum albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TRI), creatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood glucose (GLU) analysed on day 70 of age were within the normal range and were not affected by dietary inclusion of herbal mixture. Significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in total superoxide dismutase levels was observed in piglets reared under treatment groups on day 70 of age compared to piglets reared under control group. However, total glutathione peroxidase levels showed no significant differences among the experimental groups but remained within the normal range. 
 
Result: In conclusion, supplementation of herbal mixture at 0.6% and 1.2% in the diet exert no adverse effects on the health status of the weaned piglets, demonstrating its safety for use during the post-weaning period.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Herbal Mixture on Hematobiochemical and Antioxidant Status of Large White Yorkshire Young Pigs during Post-weaning Period

Background: Fibre is digested in the foregut of all ruminant animals by the microbes present. Digestibility of fibres of crop residues is low along with significant loss of feed energy as methane. Sulfate is reduced in the rumen by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and stimulates microbial growth with an increase in rumen microbial protein supply to the host animal. Essential oils (EOs) are among the most important plant-derived products, frequently responsible for the health-promoting qualities of various species. Both essential oils from fennel and clove exhibited pronounced and varying degree of growth inhibition against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Microbial digestion in the rumen can be improved by using these feed additives. Therefore, in the current study a combination of herbal feed additive and sulfate test in in vivo trial for their effect on nutrient utilization and performance of calves. 
 
Methods: Twenty four growing cattle calves (12 male Haryana, 8 male Sahiwal, 4 female Sahiwal calves) were distributed into four groups with six animals each in a randomized block design. Control (C) group was not supplemented with any extra things other than the present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI), T2 group was supplemented with sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI and group T3 were supplemented with diet containing herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) and sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI. The basal diet offered to experimental groups contains 40% concentrate and 60% wheat straw. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. 
 
Result: Overall body weight, DMI (kg/day), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W) were found to be similar in the treatment as well as control group. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of either herbal feed additive and/or sulfate supplementation. ADGs were similar in all groups. FCR was not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) may be used as an alternate electron acceptor and rumen modifier in high roughage-based ration as it does not have any harmful effect on growth and nutrient utilization on cattle calves. 
&nbsp;

Effect of Herbal Feed Additives and Sulfate Supplementation on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Cattle Calves

Background: Nowadays, there is an increasing demand among the consumers for clean milk or superior quality milk and milk products. The current scenario of dairy sector in India showcases a low productivity among the indigenous dairy breeds which requires the employment of nutritional and managemental interventions to improve the milk quality as well as performance of lactating cattle. The use of buffers like trisodium citrate and herbal post milking herbal teat dip are part of such interventions. The current study is aimed at evaluating the effect of such interventions on the milk quality of lactating Rathi cattle. 
 
Methods: Twenty-four cattle were selected at LRS, Bikaner and divided into four treatment groups consisting of six cattle each. The experiment was conducted for 60 days, where T1 group was used as control, T2 group was given the basal diet along with oral supplementation of buffer trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight, T3 group received the basal diet along with the topical application of herbal teat dip (aloe vera, turmeric, lemon extract and castor oil) and T4 group was given the basal diet along with a combination of oral supplementation of trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight as well as the topical application. The milk samples of the experimental animals were examined for milk fat per cent, milk SNF per cent, milk lactose per cent and milk protein per cent. 
 
Result: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of buffer supplementation and application of herbal teat dip on milk fat per cent, whereas it was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) for milk SNF per cent between the control and treatment groups. There was no significant effect observed in milk lactose percent or milk protein per cent.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Buffer and Application of Herbal Teat Dip on the Milk Composition of Lactating Rathi Cattle

<div>Background: Gastrointestinal nematodosis is a major constraint in economic livestock production. Mostly synthetic anthelmintics are being used to overcome this problem. Besides synthetic anthelmintics, some plants have shown variable anthelmintic properties.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Sixty goats infected with GI nematodes having 1500 EPG were selected and animals were divided into four groups T1 to T4 of 15 animals in each group. Group T1 was given two doses of fenbendazole @ 10 mg/kg BW per os at 15 days interval. In group T2, T3 and T4 herbal formulation &ldquo;Worm-X&rdquo; was given @ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg BW orally respectively, at 15 days interval. Efficacy was assessed on the basis of percentage reduction in EPG count and the FECRT was conducted as per guidelines of WAAVP.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When FECR was compared 15 days post treatment, maximum reduction (77.25%) was observed in group T1 followed by group T2 (47.27%), T3 (70.19%), and T4 (72.01%). The reduction in FEC in groupT3 (70.19%)&nbsp;and T4 (72.01%) at 15 days post treatment and at 30 days post treatment were 87.75 and 89.32%, respectively were almost equal. Considering the cost effectiveness and WAAVP recommendations, it will be optimum to administer the drug at the rate of 1.0 ml/kg body weight in two dosages at 15-day interval. However, it is well known that now a day&rsquo;s modern anthelmintic drug efficacy has been reduced in many cases due to the development of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, complementary or alternative solutions to the conventional chemical treatments have been implied offering novel approaches to the sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.</div>

<div>Efficacy of &ldquo;Worm-X&rdquo; Herbal Formulation against Naturally Infected Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats of Banaskantha District, Gujarat</div>

This study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation of poly-herbal mixture and butyric acid on the milk yield, milk quality and somatic cell counts in Murrah buffaloes up to 90 days of lactation. Thirty six Murrah buffaloes were divided into four &nbsp;groups viz.; T0 control (n=9; Body Weight (BW)=666.22&plusmn;31.30 kg, Most Probable Production Ability (MPPA)=1834 kg, Parity (P)=3.44) without any supplementation, T1 (n=9; BW=661.89&plusmn;42.13 kg, MPPA=1860 kg, P=3.56) poly-herbal mixture, T2 (n=9; BW=664.22&plusmn;14.81, MPPA=1907 kg, P=3.33) poly-herbal mixture + butyric acid &nbsp;and T3 (n=9; BW=672.00&plusmn;17.97, MPPA=1891 kg, P=3.44) butyric acid on the basis of MPPA and P. In T1 group poly-herbal mixture was supplemented for seven days postpartum and in T2 group poly-herbal mixture was supplemented for seven days post-partum along with butyric acid for 30 days pre-partum and 30 days post-partum. In T3 group only butyric acid was supplemented for 30 days during pre-partum and 30 days post-partum periods. &nbsp;The results depicted that milk yield (T1-9.91&plusmn;1.10, T2-9.72&plusmn;1.18, T3-9.47&plusmn;1.38 and T0-8.62&plusmn;0.97 kg/day), fat corrected milk yield (6%) (T1-18.23&plusmn;2.03, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;T2-18.45&plusmn;2.28, T3-17.79&plusmn;2.59 &nbsp;and T0-15.59&plusmn;1.77 kg/day) and average total solid (T1-17.34&plusmn;0.3, T2-17.80&plusmn;0.40, T3-17.43&plusmn;0.29 and T0-6.74&plusmn;0.25) were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in supplemented (T1, T2 and T3) groups as compared to control group (T0). No significant change in milk protein, lactose and SNF but the values was on higher side in treatment group. Somatic cell count (SCC) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in poly-herbal mixture and butyric acid supplemented groups as compared to control group. From the present study it was concluded that poly-herbal mixture and butyric acid supplementation during transition period has beneficial effect in improving milk production and udder health.

Effect of dietary supplementation of poly-herbal mixture and butyric acid&nbsp;on milk production, milk quality and somatic cell counts of&nbsp;postpartum Murrah buffaloes&nbsp;

Background: Chinese herbal medicine are rich in nutrients and active ingredients, with advantages such as immune function, antioxidant capacity, stress reduction, tumor inhibition and improved meat quality. The effects of Chinese herbal medicines on the muscle microstructure and meat quality of broiler chickens were investigated by feeding with compound Chinese herbal medicines composed of stir-fried Atractylodes macrocephala, licorice, astragalus, hawthorn fruit, poria cocos, isatis root, dried tangerine peel and common yam rhizome. 
 
Methods: The 800, 1-day-old, chickens were allocated to 4 treatments with 5 replicates, each replicate containing 40 birds. Birds were fed diets supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% compound Chinese herbal medicines for a period of 7 weeks ad libitum. At 21 and 42 days old, the birds were slaughtered and the breast and thigh muscles were sampled from 4 birds per replicate to determine meat quality and microstructure of muscle. 
 
Result: The results revealed that 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicines significantly increased water holding capacity of the thigh muscle and decreased drip loss, cooking loss and water loss rate of 21-day-old broiler chickens. Moreover, 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine significantly decreased the muscle fibers diameters of breast and thigh muscle. Microscopic observation showed that 0.5% and 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicines decreased the fibers diameters of muscle fibers. The results indicated that the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicines in the diets could promote muscle growth and improve the meat quality of broiler chickens.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicines on the Muscle Growth and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

<div>Background: The prohibition of the use of antibiotics in lamb feeding requires the search for natural alternatives that can improve productive performance and ruminal fermentation parameters. Herbal mixtures can function as cost-effective substitutes for growth promoters since an extraction or purification process is not required. 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Chebulic myrobalan, Terminalia bellirica and Azadirachta indica on the productive performance of finishing lambs. Thirty-six Hampshire x Suffolk male lambs (initial body weight (BW) 23.52&plusmn;3.67 kg), in individual crates, were used for 45 days of evaluation after 15 days adaptation and were randomly assigned to treatments which consisted of dietary inclusion of the feed plant additive at 0.000, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500% of dry matter (DM). Rations were sampled for DM, ash and crude protein (<a href="#association_2005">AOAC, 2005</a>), neutral and acid detergent fibre (according to van Soest, 1991) analysis and metabolizable energy was estimated. The animals were weighed on days 1, 15 and 45 before feeding and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate were calculated by daily recording of the dry matter intake. Contrasts no orthogonal were used to test linear or quadratic effects of the herbal mixture with initial body weight (BW) as a covariate for ADG and final BW. 
 
Result: There was no effect (P&gt;0.05) of herbal mixtures on ADG, final BW, feed efficiency, DM intake and feed conversion by phytobiotic dietary inclusion. Ruminal pH (P=0.07) increased quadratically in response to the herbal mixture dietary concentration. The acetate increased and propionate reduced, both quadratically (P&lt;0.05). The evaluated doses of the polyherbal additive did not influence growth and feed efficiency of lambs.&nbsp;</div>

Herbal Mixtures based on Indian Medicinal Plants in Growing Lambs and Ruminal Environments

<div>Plasma also called as &lsquo;fourth state of matter&rsquo; encompasses ionized gas, atoms, free molecules, radicals and free electrons. Considering its discovery in late 19th century plasma is extensively used as low pressure or high pressure plasmas in many applications commercially such as microelectronic technology, textile industry, organic waste management etc. When a gas is passed through an electric field in a plasma chamber, three types of collisions are known to take place in it particularly, excitation, ionization and deposition that provide plasma its characteristic glow, ion-electron pair, reactive species respectively. Plasma treatment of different object can change their chemical and physical properties. In Seed Science and Research, many seed quality enhancement techniques are used to improve seed quality in crop plants such as, seed priming, fortification, solid matrix priming, chemical treatment, hardening etc. Plasma treatment of seeds is a unique tool that utilizes an ionized gas to modify the physical and chemical properties seed viz., wettability, porosity, water absorption, activity of antioxidant enzymes. It can also decontaminate the seed surface off micro flora and convert hydrophobic seeds to hydrophilic. It also enhances soluble sugar content, protein content and causes a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Thus plasma treatment in turn improves seed germination rate, seedling characteristics, seed physical quality and seed health.</div>

<div>Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review</div>

A number of antihelmintic drugs are reported for treatment of bovine schistosomiasis. Side effects observed for most of these drugs. The seeds of Lagenaria siceraria were utilized as an alternative for the treatment of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. It is divided in three groups Group A1 to group A3. A dose of&nbsp; 75, 150 and 225 mg/kg of body weight are given to Group A1 to group A3 respectively. Their effectiveness was weighed against that of Praziquantel at dose intensity of ten mg per Kg of body weight placed as group-B. Effectiveness of &ldquo;Praziquantel&rdquo; was found to be hundred per cent after initial dose level. Second dose of the herbal medicines reach up to this mark. The percentage of effectiveness of &ldquo;Proziquantel&rdquo; compared with 75mg/kg dose level showed a considerable difference (P&lt;0.01) While other two dose level i.e. &ldquo;150 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg&rdquo; did not show any important variation of post treatment. Besides at post cured an important (P&lt;0.001) boost in production of milk &ldquo;74.58% and 126%&rdquo; were recorded in sub &ldquo;group-A3&rdquo; and &ldquo;group-B&rdquo; respectively. Significant increase was noted in feed intake.

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Herbal Mixture on Hematobiochemical and Antioxidant Status of Large White Yorkshire Young Pigs during Post-weaning Period

Effect of Herbal Feed Additives and Sulfate Supplementation on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Cattle Calves

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Buffer and Application of Herbal Teat Dip on the Milk Composition of Lactating Rathi Cattle

Efficacy of “Worm-X” Herbal Formulation against Naturally Infected Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats of Banaskantha District, Gujarat

Effect of dietary supplementation of poly-herbal mixture and butyric acid on milk production, milk quality and somatic cell counts of postpartum Murrah buffaloes

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicines on the Muscle Growth and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

Herbal Mixtures based on Indian Medicinal Plants in Growing Lambs and Ruminal Environments

Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review

Treatment of schistosomiasis by seeds of lagenaria siceraria and its comparison with allopathic drugs in Buffaloes