<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials were conducted in duplicate in three runs. These experiments established that each gram of sorghum stover and ragi straw requires 1200 U of Cellulase, 120 U of Xylanase and 700 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis and each gram of groundnut haulm requires 1600 U of Cellulase, 100 U of Xylanase and 600 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Customising the requirement of fibrolytic enzymes to improve feeding value of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc and iron ferti- fortification on plant height, yield and quality parameters of groundnut (Arachis &nbsp;hypogaea L.) genotypes. Among the groundnut genotypes, ICGV-00351 recorded significantly higher plant height and number of leaves at harvest (40.05 cm and 25.86 plant-1), nitrogen uptake by groundnut kernels, haulm and total uptake (68.69, 52.76 and 121.45 &nbsp;kg ha-1, respectively), gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio ( 122408 ha-181404 ha-1 and 2.99, respectively) &nbsp;as compared to other genotypes. Among micronutrients application, soil application @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar application @ 0.5 % of ZnSO4 (S4) recorded significantly higher plant height and number of leaves at harvest (42.09 cm and 27.78 plant-1), nitrogen uptake by groundnut kernels, haulm and total uptake (76.43, 57.66 and 134.10 kg ha-1, respectively), gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio ( 128585 ha-1 &nbsp;87131 ha-1 and 3.10, respectively ) &nbsp;as compare to other treatments.</div>

Zinc and iron ferti-fortification in groundnut (Arachis &nbsp;hypogaea &nbsp;L.) genotypes

<div>Background: Pulses are source of supplementary protein to daily diets based on cereals and starchy food for predominant vegetarian population. So, pluses are therefore often regarded as poor man&rsquo;s meat. Greengram is third most important pulse crop growing after chickpea and pigeon pea in India. For maintain soil health, better quality crop production, organic fertilizer managements play important role.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

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<div>Methods: The experiment on nutrient management thought organic sources in summer green gram conducted with aim to know the effect of organic nutrient management on the growth, yield and quality of green gram at College Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during summer season of 2018 to 2020 in sandy loam soil of middle Gujarat. There were ten treatments of organic sources including no manures (control) treatment. They were replicated four times in randomized block design.</div>

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<div>Result: Three years experiment data revealed that application of vermicompost @0.5t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB) reported higher plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant, test weight, seed yield, harvest index and net return and BCR. Green gram haulm yield and soil microbial count was significantly higher in treatment T6 (FYM @ 2.0 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), treatment T8 (Castor cake @ 0.25 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), reported higher potassium content in haulm, Response of organic manures treatments found non-significant in case of initial plant population, plant height and number of branches per plant at 30 DAS, protein content, micronutrient content in seed, haulm and soil, except Mn in seed, heavy metal content in seed, haulm and soil, after harvest soil nutrient EC, organic carbon and available K2O, whereas same results also observed in case of nutrient content in seed and haulm.</div>

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

A field experiment was conducted at Udaipur for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 with aim to rationalize the water use and enhance the productivity of fenugreek through use of appropriate IW-CPE ratio and fertilizer level. Results show that IW-CPE ratio of 1.0 registered significantly higher pooled seed yield (1833 kg ha-1) to an extent of 45.48, 27.50 and 11.90% and pooled haulm yield (5111 kg ha-1) to a level of 41.42, 23.72 and 10.26% over lower IW-CPE ratios 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. However, pooled seed and haulm yield were statistically at par between IW-CPE ratios of 1.0 and 1.2. IW-CPE of 1.0 also recorded significantly higher pooled consumptive use (211.91 mm ha-1) over lower IW-CPE ratios. Water use efficiency (WUE) under IW-CPE ratio of 1.0 (8.63 kg grain mm-1 ha-1) was indifferent to IW-CPE ratio of 1.2 however; these treatment registered significantly lower pooled WUE values than various lower IW-CPE ratios. IW-CPE ratio of 1.0 also registered significantly higher pooled dry matter plant-1 at 40 and 80 days (1.40 and 11.97 g, respectively) and at harvest (17.07 g) over different lower IW-CPE ratios. IW-CPE ratio of 1.0 fetched significantly higher pooled net return (Rs 58442 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.53) over lower IW-CPE ratios but variations were indifferent with IW-CPE ratio of 1.2. Among fertility levels, 40 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 registered significantly higher pooled yield (seed: 1721 kg ha-1 and haulm: 4777 ha-1), consumptive use (173.59 mm ha-1), WUE (10.40 kg grain mm-1 ha-1), dry matter plant-1 at 40 days (1.34 g), 80 days (11.67 g) and at harvest (16.39 g), net return (Rs 54176 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.33) but variations were indifferent with 60 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in pooled seed and haulm yield, consumptive use, WUE, dry matter plant-1 at 40 and 80 days and harvest and net return.&nbsp;

Water use, yield and economics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under varying IW-CPE ratios and fertilizer levels in South West Rajasthan

<div style="text-align: justify;">Groundnut is an important edible oilseed crop of our country and edible oil economy primarily depends upon groundnut production. Secondary and micronutrient fertilization is essential for enhancing the productivity of groundnut crop. Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur requirements are highest in oil seed crops followed by pulses and least in cereals. The response of groundnut to secondary and micronutrients was studied on sandy loam soils. Combined foliar application of secondary and micronutrients along with RDF recorded significantly highest pod yield of 2654 kg ha-1 and haulm yield of 3603 kg ha-1 as compared to RDF (1500 and 2551 kg ha-1 of pod and haulm yield, respectively) and also the highest uptake of primary nutrients (N, P and K) by haulm and pod at harvest which might be because of highest dry matter production with the combined application of all the nutrients.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Influence of secondary and micronutrients on primary nutrient uptake by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of spacing on clusterbean varieties in alfisols of scarce rainfall zone under rainfed situation for consecutive three kharif seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015 at the Agricultural Research Station, Ananthapuram of Andhra Pradesh. Pooled data revealed that higher yield was recorded with branched varieties (447 kg ha-1) than unbranched varieties (445 kg ha-1). Unbranched variety produced higher haulm yield. Among crop geometry, 22.5 x 10 cm recorded higher seed yield of 512 kg ha-1 while lowest seed yield of 393 kg ha-1 obtained with 45x10 cm. Among crop geometry tested, higher haulm yield was registered with 45x7.5 and 22.5x7.5 cm spacing resulted lowest haulm yield. Considering the economics and large scale availability of seed drills and planters with farmers sowing of cluster bean either branched or unbranched genotypes with 30 x 7.5 or 10 cm spacing was found optimum.</div>

Response of clusterbean varieties to various inter and intra row spacings in rainfed alfisols

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2010 and 2011, to assess the residual influence of organic manures and micro nutrients applied to potato on growth and yield of succeeding green gram in an organic cropping system, under alluvial soil. The different sources of organic and micronutrients were integrated into 8 possible treatments viz. &nbsp;recommended dose of fertilizer-RDF (NPK @ 200 :150 :150 kg ha-1) , 50% of RDF + well decomposed FYM @ 10t ha-1, 50% of RDF + Neemcake @ 0.5t ha-1,RDF+ Zinc sulphate @ 20kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + ammonium molybdate @ 1kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + Sodium tetraborate @ 1kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + Tuber soaking with 40g zinc sulphate + 10g ammonium molybdate &nbsp;+ 10g sodium tetraborate, RDF + foliar spray of 1% KNO3 salt. After harvesting the main crop, green gram was raised as a residual crop on the same field without any alternation. During both the years of investigation, all the growth and yield attributes, yield (seed as well as haulm), of green gram were at their best with the residual effect of organic manure either with or without the use of chemical fertilizers. Growth, grain and haulm yields of green gram were significantly increased by the residual effect of organic manure and micro nutrients applied to the previous crop. Application of organic manure at the rate of 50% RDF + 10t FYM ha-1, recorded highest grain and haulm yields of 952.05 and 2638.85 kg ha-1 respectively. Though residual effect of micro nutrients has significant effect on growth, grain and stover yield of succeeding Green gram, the yield are reduced drastically.&nbsp;</div>

Residual effects of organic manure and micro nutrients on growth and yield parameters of green gram (Vigna radiata)&rdquo; in potato-green gram sequence &nbsp;

Background: Pulses, endowed with unique ability of nitrogen fixation constitute an important component of crop diversification and resource conservation in farming systems. Green gram [Vigna radiate],&nbsp; a drought resistant crop, is one of the thirteen food legumes grown in India and the third most important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeon pea It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 per cent protein and plays a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.&nbsp;Sodic soils typically exhibit poor nutrient availability as essential cations are displaced by sodium ions. They significantly influence green gram productivity, posing challenges to its sustainability, with the potential for sodification extending into subsoil layers, impeding plant root development and requiring remedial action.&nbsp;Appropriate land configuration and nutrient management could mitigating the challenges posed by sodic soils for pulse crops. Understanding the effects of land configuration and nutrient management on its growth, yield andeconomic viability is vital for sustainable agriculture. Keeping this in view, the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different land configuration and nutrient management for their impact on plant height, dry matter production, grain yield, haulm yield, net income andBenefit Cost ratio with nutrient uptake under sodic condition. 
 
Methods: The land configuration factor consists of the three treatments viz., flat bed, ridges and furrows and broad bed furrow system. The second factor nutrient management comprising of five treatments like 100% RDF + 1% DAP, 100% RDF + 1% MAP, 75% RDF + 2% MAP, 100% RDF + 1% MKP, 75% RDF + 2% MKP. The RDF for green gram was 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O per hectare. 
 
Result: Higher plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake was recorded in broad bed furrow over farmer&rsquo;s practice of flatbed method. N 4 - 100% RDF + 1% MKP&nbsp; foliar spray twice at (plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake) were observed than farmer&rsquo;s practice. Hence, Broad bed furrow and nutrient management practice of 100% RDF + 1% MKP has the potential to enhance the productivity green gram under sodic condition.

Land Configuration and Nutrient Management on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Green Gram under Sodic Soil

<div>Background: Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important short duration crop and is grown throughout the country. Seed treatment can improve seedling establishment and better crop stand; it also improves plants ability to tolerate stress at early growth stages and foliar application has the advantage of quick and efficient utilization of nutrients, elimination of nutrient losses through leaching and fixation in soil and also helps in regulating the uptake of nutrients by plants thus improving productivity. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram to assess the effect of different levels of seed treatments and nutrient schedule on the growth and yield of blackgram. The growth attributes, yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, length of pod, 100 seed weight, grain yield, haulm yield and harvest index were favorably influenced by the treatments. 
 
Result: Seed treatment with borax @ 1 g kg-1 seed and sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed were&nbsp;observed superior in increasing plant height (135.84 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant (7.61), pods per plant (24.16), length of pod (5.23 cm), 100 seed weight (6.74 g), grain yield (1005 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.38). Significantly higher nodule number (41.83), effective nodule number (33.83) and weight of nodules (58.83 mg) plant-1 at flowering were documented with sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed. In case of seeds per pod significantly higher number of pods per plant (7.33) was observed with borax @ 2 g kg-1 seed and maximum haulm yield (1854 kg ha-1) reported with sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed. The basal application of &frac12; N + full P + &frac12; K followed by &frac12; N and &frac12; K as foliar spray of 13:0:45 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS produced significantly more 100 seed weight (6.52 g), grain yield (872 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1750 kg ha-1). Interaction effect of boron and molybdenum also showed significant influence with respect to yield attributes and yield.</div>

Effect of Seed Treatment and Nutrient Schedule on the Productivity of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Background: Groundnut kernels contain 48-50% edible oil, 25-34% protein, 10-20% carbohydrates and are a rich source of vitamins (E, K and B complex). Groundnut is a legume-oilseed crop, its requirement of phosphorus, calcium and sulphur is quite high. Gypsum is commonly used as a source of calcium and sulphur for groundnut all over the world. Keeping all these points in view the present study was undertaken to find out the optimum mineral nutrition of spring groundnut 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted for 2 years at the Students&rsquo; Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design replicated three times with four levels of gypsum (0, 125, 175 and 225 kg ha-1) in combination with two gypsum application stages (Full at sowing and 50% at sowing + 50% at flower initiation stage) in the main plot and three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (15 kg N ha-1 + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1, 25 kg N ha-1 + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 35 kg N ha-1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the sub-plot.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Application of 225 kg ha-1 gypsum resulted significantly higher growth parameters, pod yield, haulm yield, kernel yield over other gypsum levels. Growth parameters, pod yield, haulm yield and kernel yield were significantly higher with the split application as compared to basal application of gypsum. Growth parameters viz., emergence count, plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter accumulation were increased with increase in the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus up to 25 kg N ha-1 + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1. However, 35 kg N ha-1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted significantly higher protein and oil content of kernels over other levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, while pod yield, haulm yield and kernel yield were at par with 25 kg N ha-1 + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 during both the years.

Customising the requirement of fibrolytic enzymes to improve feeding value of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms

Zinc and iron ferti-fortification in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

Water use, yield and economics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under varying IW-CPE ratios and fertilizer levels in South West Rajasthan

Influence of secondary and micronutrients on primary nutrient uptake by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Response of clusterbean varieties to various inter and intra row spacings in rainfed alfisols

Residual effects of organic manure and micro nutrients on growth and yield parameters of green gram (Vigna radiata)” in potato-green gram sequence

Land Configuration and Nutrient Management on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Green Gram under Sodic Soil

Effect of Seed Treatment and Nutrient Schedule on the Productivity of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Effect of Gypsum, Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth, Yield and Quality of Spring Groundnut