<div style="text-align: justify;">A total 509 faecal samples were collected from camel population of different age and sex from hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan from March, 2016 to January, 2017.An overall prevalence rate of helminthic infectionswas recorded in 60.70% camelsby conventional faecal examination techniques. Among helminthes, highest prevalence was of strongyles (49.31%) followed by Trichuris sp. (24.75%), Strongyloides sp. (14.14%) and Nematodirus sp.(13.16%). Egg per gram counts of Strongyloides sp, Trichuris sp, and strongyle group was recorded from 100-900 (261.11&plusmn;40.08); 100-1600 (564.81&plusmn;23.17) and 100-1900 (624.07&plusmn;47.73), respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed a highly significant difference (p&lt;0.01) in seasonal dynamics and district wise prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections in camel population whereasage and sex wise prevalence analysis revealed statistically non-significant difference. Coproculture study revealed the presence of Haemonchus sp., &nbsp;Trichostrongylus sp., Strongyloides sp. and Nematodirus sp. in the decreasing order of prevalence.</div>

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in camels of hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Blackbuck is the most elegant member of the antelope family has long been associated with Indian culture. Wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animal health and are responsible for one-third of total losses due to all animal diseases. Adequate information on epidemiology of helminthic infections is a crucial requirement for the sustainable control of GIH in black bucks in near future. 
Methods: A total of 632 faecal samples were collected from Tal-Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan during summer, rainy and winter season from November 2018 to September 2019 and examined qualitatively by faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques for helminth eggs and quantitatively by modified McMaster egg counting technique. 
Result: Coprological examination of samples revealed an overall prevalence of 72.46% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with a mixed infection of 38.92%. Among different helminths recorded with their respective prevalences (%) were, Strongyle (56.80%), Strongyloides sp. (40.98%), Trichuris sp. (8.22%), Marshallagia sp. (6.64%) and Ascaris sp. (5.22%). Quantitative analysis revealed egg per gram of faeces ranging from 200-1200 and 200-900 with an average of 561.11 &plusmn; 67.74 and 469.23 &plusmn; 62.50 for strongyle and Strongyloides sp., respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed highly significant difference (P&lt;0.01) in the prevalence of GIH infection among different seasons. The coproculture study revealed Bunostomum sp. (42%) as the major contributor of strongyle nematode population, followed by Haemonchus sp. (31%), Trichostrongylus sp. (26%) and Strongyloides sp. (1%).</div>

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Black Bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan

<div>Background: Natural populations of ungulates are threatened by pathogens and parasites with gastrointestinal parasites being the most widespread. Parasitic infestation is one of the major problems in the management and a growing concern for the conservation of threatened wild animal species. The current study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) in Kazinag National Park (KNP) of Kashmir. 
 
Methods: From May 2018 to June 2020, a total of 463 fresh faecal samples of Himalayan goral were collected from Kazinag National Park. The samples were processed by the standard sedimentation and floatation techniques. 
 
Result: Out of 463 faecal samples examined, 236 were found infected with GIT helminthes. In the present study five helminth species were found including, four nematodes [Haemonchus contortus (35.70%), Trichuris ovis (23.40%), Strongyloides spp. (20.80%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (12.30%)] and one cestode [Moneizia expansa (8.00%)]. Based on the severity of infection, 80.6% of goral positive samples were severely infected (epg&gt;1,500), 9.4% heavily infected (epg = 1,100-1,500), 3.3% moderately infected (epg = 800-1,000) and 6.8% mildly infected (epg = 500). Epidemiological prevalence of GIT helminthes in goral was profoundly influenced by different seasons. The maximum helminth infection was observed in summer season and minimum in winter (p = 0.03). Mixed infection was observed in 206 fecal samples with a prevalence of 47.24%.</div>

<div>Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) in Kazinag National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India</div>

<div>Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in pigs is often associated with subclinical infections leading to poor weight gain and reduced market value. One of the most significant risks is pigs being the host for many zoonotic parasites and thereby threatening human health. Despite the epidemiological data being available from different states of the country, records from Andhra Pradesh are scanty. Hence, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free range pigs of Proddatur municipality Andhra Pradesh, India. 
 
Methods: About 142 fecal samples were collected from free range pigs slaughtered in four localities of Proddatur municipality over a period of six months. The fecal samples were later subjected for parasitological examination and the tissue pieces of intestines collected from the slaughtered animals with the embedded parasites and those with pathological changes were subjected to histological staining procedure for identification. 
 
Result: Fecal examination revealed 80.98% (115/142) positivity for parasitic ova or occysts. About eleven species of parasites were identified; of them nine were helminths (83.8%) and two were protozoan (10.5%) parasites. Infection with Ascarops spp. (28.2%) and Fasciolopsis buski (17.6%) was found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher. The tissue sections of the intestines with pathological lesions revealed embedded parasites in intestinal mucosa infiltrated with eosinophils and mononuclear cells. The higher prevalence of GI parasites in slaughtered pigs in Proddatur region rises concern towards the impact on the health of pigs and as well as pork consumers suggesting a strategic control for GI parasites in pig farming.</div>

Prevalence and Pathology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free Range Pigs

Present work was carried out in the Ganjam Field Unit of AICRP on Goat improvement, Odisha to study the effect of deworming regimen on helminths and growth performances in growing Ganjam goats. It was found that deworming by using Ivermectin and Fenbendazole or Oxyclozanide and Levamisole preparation has got a significant effect on Ganjam kids with respect to body weight gain, haemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin and parasitic load. The effect of Ivermectin and Fenbendazole combination was found to be superior over Oxyclozanide and Levamisole combination on growth rate, helminthic infestation in terms of parasitic load and FECRT value. A negative correlation was observed between Hb% and PCV% with the mean parasitic load. Effect of deworming regimen was found to be non-significant at 2 or 3 months intervals using different anthelmintics with respect to parasitic load and growth performance. The deworming against helminths at an interval of 3 months is equally effective, economic and labour saving compared to 2 months.

Effect of deworming regimen on helminths and growth performances in growing Ganjam goats

The potential health benefits of buckwheat are ascribed to bioactive compounds that possess anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Owing to its gluten-free and low-FODMAP composition, it attracts individuals who have sensitive gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, specifically those who are sensitive to gluten. In contrast, additional research is required to determine the impact of buckwheat-wheat hybridization in food preparations, which aims to improve texture and flavor, on the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) via in vitro fermentation and its impact on intestinal microbiota. Amidst the prevailing global food crisis, it is critical to prioritize the establishment of food security measures for an expanding population. To enhance the availability and quality of food, an interdisciplinary strategy that may involve enrichment, biofortification and botanical supplements is required. This review evaluates the impact of buckwheat on GI health outcomes and regulation of the gut microbiome, addressing critical health concerns in the midst of evolving food crises. Buckwheat supports gastrointestinal health due to its high nutritional content and possible therapeutic attributes. Comprehending its application is crucial for advancing therapeutic interventions for gastrointestinal issues and mitigating potential food shortages. 
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Relevance of Buckwheat in Gastrointestinal Health Modulation: A Review

The study was aimed at to investigate the anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cucurbita pepo against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep by scientifically validated in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro anthelmintic activity was determined by egg hatch assay, larval migration inhibition assay and larval development assay against eggs and larvae of mixed gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The extracts which were found to be effective in in vitro assays were further evaluated by in vivo faecal egg count reduction test against mixed species of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes with 3 different doses (125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1). Haematological and serum parameters were estimated before and after treatment to determine the impact of plant extracts on health of the animal. Aqueous extract of C. pepo demonstrated significant inhibition of egg hatch at 40 and 80 mg/ml. The ED50 value of egg hatch inhibition was 3.51mg/ml. In larval migration inhibition assay, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. pepo demonstrated inhibition of larval migration and the LM50 was 1.75 and 0.32 mg/ml respectively. However, in larval development assay, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed only marginal inhibition of larval development at all concentrations tested. In faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), aqueous extracts of C. pepo at 500 mg/kg caused significant reduction in eggs per gram (96.61 per cent) the reduction being higher than the result obtained with albendazole, the positive control (93.25 per cent). There was a significant difference in EPG reduction between sheep treated with albendazole and C. pepo. Haematological and serum parameters were not affected in both the treated and untreated sheep indicating that the extracts did not cause toxic effects. Based on the results obtained in this study, the aqueous extract of C. pepo possesses anthelmintic activity and could offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.

Anthelmintic evaluation of Cucurbita pepo against&nbsp;gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present report describes the work conducted on captive wild animals (n =42) &nbsp;between 1 &ndash; 15 years of age, during a period of one year to know the prevalence and chemotherapeutic management of gastrointestinal parasites from the captive facility of &nbsp;Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park and Wildlife Animal Research Center, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra. Fecal samples of the animals were analyzed by use of classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation and quantitative Mc Master egg counting technique. Out of the total (n=42) fecal samples screened 17 (40.50%; 95% CI 25.3-54.7%)) samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The prevalence of nematodes was highest (70.58%), followed by cestodes (23.52%) and coccidia (5.80%). No trematode infection was seen in the present study. The eggs/oocysts of seven different types of intestinal parasites viz., strongyle, coccidia, Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Diphylidium spp. and Moniezia spp., &nbsp;were observed with an intensity of + to +++ and eggs/oocysts &nbsp;per gram of faeces as 850&plusmn;585.15 in the current study. All the positive cases were administered with albendazole @ 20mg/kg body weight orally in the feed. Fecal samples of all animals were found negative for developmental stages after 15 days of treatment. Out of total 40.47 % (95% CI 25.3-54.7%) infected animals, 58.82 % animals were found infected with single infection while 41.14 % showed mixed infection. The copro-prevalence of single and mixed gastrointestinal parasites without overt clinical signs of disease or mortality as observed in the study is suggestive of subclinical infection.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection</div>

<div>Background: FAffaMAlanCHArt (FAMACHA) is a technique for treating the animals infested with gastrointestinal parasites by using clinical anaemia as the determinant. The test is based on the assessment of colour variation of the conjunctival mucous membrane.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study FAMACHA has been standardized and used to correlate the anaemic status of goats with faecal egg count (gastro intestinal parasites) and blood profile. On the basis of FAMACHA score and faecal egg count, the goats were treated with benzimidazole compound and macrocyclic lactone.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result indicated significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the faecal egg count of Haemonchus spp from 1200&plusmn;155.76 to 525&plusmn;75, Strongyloides spp from 469.57&plusmn;77.37 to 78.26&plusmn;33.83 and Eimeria spp from 900&plusmn;240.05 to 195.65&plusmn;55.34 respectively. FAMACHA score of anaemic goats improved from 4.08&plusmn;0.11 to 3.2&plusmn;0.13. Mean haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) improved from 8.33 to 8.99, 22.66 to 24.86, 13.73 to 14.76 and 18029 to 19894, respectively which indicated clinical improvement. Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation was observed between the FAMACHA score and the haemoglobin level. It could be concluded that FAMACHA is a very handy tool to detect anaemic status of the animals and correlate with gastrointestinal parasitic load.</div>

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (G.I.) parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Assam, India. A total of 3597 fecal samples of cattle (2339) and buffaloes (1258) were examined for presence of parasitic infections. Examinations revealed an overall prevalence of 58.35% and 29.80% infections in cattle and buffalo, respectively. In cattle, Strongyle sp. (18.76%) was predominant followed by Eimeria sp. (11.97%), Amphistome sp. (8.72%), Strongyloides sp. (3.76%), Moniezia sp. (2.65%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.32%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.81%), Trichuris sp. (0.72%), Fasciola gigantica (0.47%) and Bunostomum sp. (0.38%). In buffalo, Amphistome sp. (8.90%) was predominant followed by T. vitulorum (5.64%), Strongyle sp. (5%), Eimeria sp. (4.53%), Strongyloides sp. (1.35%) and Trichuris sp. (0.47%). Mixed infections with more than one species were recorded in 8.76% and 3.89% cattle and buffalo, respectively. The egg per gram (EPG) of feces in cattle and buffalo was 582.44&plusmn;8.13 and 475.86&plusmn;11.29, respectively while oocyst per gram (OPG) of feces was 425.00&plusmn;20.37 and 251.75&plusmn;22.35, respectively. Correlation of rainfall and temperature with EPG/OPG of cattle and buffalo was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) while correlation of relative humidity (Av.) with EPG of cattle and buffalo was significant (P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regressions explained about 98.10% of total variance in EPG of cattle with environmental variables. 89.10% of total variance in EPG of buffalo was explained in multiple linear regressions due to environmental variables. This shows that the climate in this region is exclusively conducive for the development and propagation of parasites.</div>

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in camels of hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Black Bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) in Kazinag National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Prevalence and Pathology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free Range Pigs

Effect of deworming regimen on helminths and growth performances in growing Ganjam goats

Relevance of Buckwheat in Gastrointestinal Health Modulation: A Review

Anthelmintic evaluation of Cucurbita pepo against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India