<div>Background: A Rottweiler male dog carcass (7 years) with clinical history of inappetence, pyrexia, diarrhoea and nasal discharge was received in the post mortem hall of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana. The current work was aimed to study the clinical history, pathological and parasitological examination in the Rottweiler male dog carcass.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: After collection of the samples, laboratory work was undertaken in the laboratories of Department of Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana (India) in the year 2018-2019 regarding the examination of the clinical history, pathological and parasitological investigation. 
 
Result: Necropsy revealed anaemic mucous membranes; pale conjunctiva; hydrothorax; hydroperitoneum; lungs and heart were congested, blackish discolouration of liver; fully distended gall bladder; congested along with thickened intestinal mucosa; intestinal lumen contained white nematode as well as long creamy cestodes identified as Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum, respectively. Histopathologically, intestine revealed presence of severe fibrino-necrotic enteritis characterized by infiltration of mono nuclear cells, degeneration and desquamation of microvilli, congested blood vessels and haemorrhages. Spleen revealed acute splenitis with presence of severe hemorrhages along with neutrophilic infiltration. Liver revealed areas of necrotic hepatitis. The case was confirmed as parasitic fibino-necrotic enteritis due to mixed infection by Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum.&nbsp;</div>

<div>A Case of Parasitic Fibrino-necrotic Enteritis in A Rottweiler Dog</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The experiment was designed for 42 days to assess dietary supplementation of Bacillus Subtilis (GalliPro-DSM 17299) on growth performance and intestinal health against C. perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in broiler birds. &nbsp;Birds (n=400) were divided in to four groups [healthy (control), infected, healthy supplemented with B. subtilis @ 500 g/T of feed (1.2 x 106 cfu/g); infected &nbsp;supplemented with B. Subtilis@ 500 g/T ] with five &nbsp;replicates of 20 birds in each group. Necrotic enteritis was induced in broiler birds via inoculation of 50,000 oocysts of mixed strains of Eimeria species on 14 days of age followed by C. perfringens (107 cfu/mL) on 17, 18 and 19 days of age. Study revealed that necrotic enteritis challenge suppressed the body weight gain significantly, whereas infected birds supplemented with Bacillus subtilis showed significantly higher body weight gain. The feed intake and feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected in any of the groups. Significant reduction was noticed in bacterial count of C. perfringens infected birds supplemented with B. subtilis. Intestinal damage was observed in the infected control birds while it was recovered in birds supplemented with B. subtilis. The significant beneficial effect of B. Subtilis was recorded in the production performance of broiler chicken even in the absence of necrotic enteritis challenge. Thus it was concluded that supplementation of B. Subtilis helps to improve body weight gain and gut health to control necrotic enteritis.&nbsp;</div>

Efficacy of Bacillus Subtilis (GalliPro) supplementation in Clostridium perfringens challenged necrotic enteritis of broiler chicken

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Background: This study was designed to elucidate the clinicopathological and ultrastructural alterations in experimentally induced necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens and the present study acknowledged pronounced clinical signs, gross, histopathological and ultrastructural lesions in the chickens infected by both Clostridium perfringens type A, type C and coccidia infection.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The day-old chickens were divided in to five groups including control. NE was induced by Clostridium perfringens, type-A and C with and without coccidia infection to the designated experimental groups in this study.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The clinical signs, hematology and biochemical parameters were evaluated in this study. Clinical indicators included diarrhea, ruffled feathers, dehydration, depression and a drop in TEC, Hb% and PCV% were noticeable. There was also a large increase in TLC and DC, a significant increase in ALT, AST and a decrease in total protein. In the intestine and other organs, there were noticeable inflammatory gross lesions and histological lesions. Transmission electron microscopic (TEC) observation of intestine revealed disruption of intercellular junction complexes, delimitation of enterocytes, disintegration of nucleus, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and cristeolysis of mitochondria. The present work will be an admiring contribution to inclusive study of the NE in chicken in terms of clinicopathology and ultrastructural lesions.&nbsp;

Clinicopathology and Ultrastructural Alterations of Experimentally Induced Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens

<div style="text-align: justify;">Healthy individuals consume solid food and receive nutrition by mouth through swallowing and then digesting it. However, individuals not able to obtain nutrition by swallowing can receive Enteral Nutrition or Tube Feeding.&nbsp; It comprises of tubal feeding to obtain the nutrients needed by the body. There is a wide range of enteral formulations available in the market like standard polymeric, oligomeric, organ-specific, therapeutic formulas, nutrition supplements and modules. They are also classified according to their composition, administration route and general or special purposes utilisation. These formulations must be in liquid form to obtain the same nutrients that are found in solid food. The composition of the formula generally affects recovery of the patient.</div>

Enteral Nutrition: A Health Approach

<div>Background: Traumatic pericarditis is one of the major problems encountered in cattle resulting in greater economic loss to the farming community and causes mortality. Diagnosis of heart diseases in animals is a challenging job for Veterinarians, bovines ingest foreign bodies (nails, thorns, glass pieces, metal wires, etc.) along with the feed and fodder which intern entangled in reticulum leading to traumatic pericarditis. The affected cattle shows drop in milk yield, sometimes death of affected animals especially pregnant or milking. The main aim of present study enlightens on diagnosis and surgical management of fibrinous pericarditis. 
 
Methods: The clinical cases presented to Veterinary College Hospital, Hassan, suspected for pericarditis were selected for the present study, these animals were subjected for clinical, haemato-biochemical, ECG, radiological and ultrasonographic examination. In the total of 38 animals, six cattle were diagnosed as fibrinous pericarditis were subjected for pericardiotomy. Post operatively parenteral antibiotic and supportive therapy was given for 5-7 days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: 5th rib resection followed by pericardiotomy gave favourable result in animals suffering with fibrinous pericarditis. So early detection timely employment of suitable surgical technique can prolong the life of animal and can save the life of the young one.</div>

Fibrinous Pericarditis and its Surgical Management in Cattle

Background: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and farmed animals is the key risk factor for accelerating antimicrobial resistance worldwide. The study aimed at the detection and characterization of E. coli associated with enteric infections in goats of Chhattisgarh, India with its antibiogram and related pathology. 
 
Methods: The work was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Durg, Chhattisgarh, from December 2021 to July 2024. A total of 274 naturally died goats were screened for enteric lesions, irrespective of age and sex. Faecal samples and swabs were collected for bacteriological examination. Intestinal tissue samples were collected for molecular, histopathological and ultrastructural study. Disc diffusion technique and Congo red agar method were used for antibiogram and biofilm assay, respectively. 
 
Result: The prevalence of E. coli isolates in goats, died due to enteric infection was 32.45%, based on the PCR results targeting the ecp gene. The 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed 99-99.4% homology with the genome sequences available in NCBI database. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the highest similarities of E. coli isolate of this study with the isolates of Telangana (India), Iraq and China. The study revealed 83.78% of E. coli isolates as biofilm producers and 64% isolates showed multidrug resistance. Various degenerative, inflammatory and necrotic lesions were seen in the intestine. In conclusion, the emergence of antibiotic resistant E. coli in goats poses a serious threat to public health. 
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Goats with Enteric Disease

<div>Background: Poultry enteritis is an important multifactorial disease. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) usually associated with enteritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of CAstV in poultry enteritis cases, its molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis and gross and microscopic examination of intestine and liver specimen affected with CAstV. 
 
Methods: Total 604 dead poultry birds from commercial poultry farms affected with enteritis were examined for presence of CAstV. Intestinal samples of four birds were pooled to make one biological sample. CAstV was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using ORF-1b gene specific primers. Molecular characterization was carried out by partial gene sequencing. 
 
Result: CAstV was detected in 20.52% (31/151) of samples. Highest prevalence (49.29%) was observed in 0-1 week old chicks. The partial molecular characterization revealed high similarity of the nucleotide sequence from India (97% to 93%) and from USA, Brazil, Poland and Korea (94 to 92%). Further similarity of amino acid sequences of CAstV from India (100% to 98%) and from USA, Brazil, Poland and Korea (98 to 97%) was observed. Histopathological examination revealed villous atrophy, congestion and atrophic cystic glands in sub-mucosa of intestine. Further severe congestion and hemorrhages along with infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver parenchyma was observed.</div>

Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chicken Astrovirus Associated with Poultry Enteritis

<div>Background: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). It is a globally emerging clinical condition which affects nursing piglets and growing pigs. PCV2 requires various cofactors for fully development of PMWS. The present report describes the pathology of PMWS associated with classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine parvo virus (PPV) and multidrug resistant enteric Escherichia coli infections in an organized swine farm, Rajasthan. In India, this is the first report on pathology of PMWS associated with all the three viruses and multidrug resistant enteric colibacillosis. 
 
Methods: Detailed necropsy was conducted on pig carcass submitted to Post-mortem Facility, Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar in the year 2017 from an organized swine farm, Rajasthan, India. Heart blood and diarrhoeic intestinal contents were collected aseptically and stored separately at 4&deg;C for bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity test. Tissue samples were collected in sterile container and stored at -40&deg;C for DNA and RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and also collected in 10% neutral buffered saline for histopathological processing. 
 
Result: The organized farm was having history of 33% (200/600) of mortality among 2 months to 6 months old piglets. Gross lesions were wasting, lymphadenopathy, non-collapsed lungs, hydropericardium, hepatomegaly, icterus, enteritis and pale kidneys, button shaped ulcers in the caecum and colon etc. Histopathologically, lymphoid depletion, reticuloendothelial cell proliferation in lymphoid tissue, fibrin thrombi in spleen, severe hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, interstitial nephritis, severe necrosis in large intestine, meningitis, perivascular cuffing (PVC), gliosis, neuronal degeneration in cerebrum etc were observed. Molecular diagnosis and bacteriological examination confirmed presence of PCV2, PPV, CSFV and multidrug resistant Escherichia coli.</div>

Pathology of PMWS Associated with Classical Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Parvo Virus and Multidrug Resistant Enteric Escherichia coli Infections in an Organized Swine Farm, Rajasthan, India

<div>Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is a highly contagious disease of dogs of less than two years age group characterized by vomiting, haemorrhagic foul smelling diarrhoea, high grade pyrexia, dehydration and followed by death. The disease is caused by Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) and its variants, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c. Environmental and host determinants are playing an important role in the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Limited numbers of research studies have been were conducted on the role of the determinants associated with the disease occurrence. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the influence of host and environmental determinants associated with the incidence of CPVE in dogs. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: Retrospective data on the incidence of CPVE in Namakkal region, Tamil Nadu was collected (2017-2019) from Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC and RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and had been subjected to temporal and spatial &nbsp;clustering and regression analysis. One hundred and twenty three faecal samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs of CPVE and subjected to PCR using H primer of CPV. Cross-sectional study was used to investigate the relationship between the disease and hypothesized causal factors. Relative risk, odds ratio were used to determine the causal association. Weather data was collected for the period from 2017-2019 from Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Control Laboratory (AFAQAL), VC and RI, Namakkal to assess the relationship of disease occurrence with the environmental determinants. Multiple linear regression model was developed for prediction of CPVE by correlation of environmental determinants with the occurrence of CPVE.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Temporal analysis revealed endemic pattern of CPVE started last week of April, peaks in June and ends in August and second peak was noticed at November month. Higher incidences (&gt;70%) were noticed in males and less than 6 months age group dogs. Polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of CPV infection in dogs revealed the positivity of 70.73%. Analysis of risk factors associated with CPVE revealed that vaccination, roaming of dogs, maternal vaccination and early weaning having positive statistical association with the incidence of CPVE. Multiple linear regression model revealed that relative humidity is positively associated with the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Vaccination of dogs against CPV and administration of boosters at regular intervals, weaning of dogs after 45 days of age are used as primary strategies for prevention of CPVE.</div>

<div>Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis</div>

Background: One of the major diseases affecting ducks is Duck Virus Enteritis causing heavy mortality and high economic losses in duck farming.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study, in ovo vaccination technology was adopted using a Duck Embryo Fibroblast passaged Duck Virus Enteritis vaccine virus. This would be the first reported use of in ovo vaccination in ducks against a viral disease. Virus Neutralisation Test was used to measure the immune response after standardisation of the technique using hyperimmunised Barred Plymouth Rock rooster. An optimised dose of the Duck Virus Enteritis vaccine virus was computed using Embryo Lethal Dose50 assessment of hatchability. In ovo vaccination was done in 2 groups of 40 embryos each, one group acting as negative control and the other group as virus treatment group. A booster dose was given to the treatment group on 14th day post hatch.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Virus Neutralisation test using a beta method was carried out to measure the immune response. The treatment group showed an immune response of 3.33&plusmn;0.21 Log2 Antibody titre. This opens up a plethora of options of application of in ovo vaccination in ducks against viral diseases which would be a boon to the duck farming industry.