<div style="text-align: justify;">Anthracnose of green gram caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus &amp; W.D. Moore occurs severely in Indo- gangetic plains every year. Experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) to assess yield losses to develop yield loss models. The linear regression models were developed by two parameters i. e. percent yield loss and avoidable yield loss as dependant variable and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) as independent variable. The two years pooled mean revealed that a drop of 0.3 to 0.33 qha-1 in pod yield and a drop of 0.16 to 0.20% in avoidable yield loss of pod yield due to every 1% increase in AUDPC. Three sprays of Propiconazole 25 EC (0.1%) at 10 days interval beginning from 20 days after sowing resulted in lowest anthracnose under moderate disease pressure and four sprays for high disease pressure resulted in highest pod yield of 5.17q/ha and 5.08q/ha respectively. Highest avoidable losses of pod yield and percent yield loss over potential yield due to anthracnose were 48.82% and 3.55% for three sprays and 49.74% and 1.77% for four sprays respectively. The result also showed that three sprays of fungicide (Propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1%) resulted in minimizing the disease and maximizing the profit by high benefit cost ratio (B:C) ratio.</div>

Measuring and assessing the yield loss and yield loss model of green gram due to Anthracnose of green gram (Vigna radiata)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. is the most important and widely grown leguminous fodder crop in temperate and tropical regions of the world. The production of alfalfa crop is limited by several biotic stresses, among which witches&rsquo; broom disease (AWB) was reported to cause significant economic losses. 
 
Methods: The phytoplasma infected alfalfa plants were collected from a central research farm, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi, U.P. Qualitative parameters such as crude protein content, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre were estimated in diseased and healthy plants. Phytoplasma universal primer (P1/P7) and nested primer (R16mF2/R16mR1) were used for the molecular characterization of AWB infected plants and phytoplasma infected, Parthenium hysterophorus.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The incidence of AWB disease ranged from 8-10%. The quantitative analysis of disease plants showed reduced plant height (-35%), fresh weight (-46.89%) and dry weight (-50.08%) compared to healthy plants. The diseased plant recorded low crude protein content (-21.38%) and higher dry matter content (+0.68%), acid detergent fibre (+33.72%) and neutral detergent fibre (+13.06%). The association of phytoplasma in diseased alfalfa and parthenium samples was confirmed by using P1/P7 and R16mF2/R16mR1 primer pair and Blastn analysis shared 99.6-100% similarity with &lsquo;Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia&rsquo; belongs to the 16Sr group II-D.</div>

Candidatus Phytoplasma Australasia Associated with Alfalfa Witches&rsquo; Broom: Symptomatology, Quantitative Loss, Qualitative Loss and Molecular Characterization

This study was performed to determine the financial losses due to fertility problems in Anatolian Dairy Buffaloes. The study material was lactation average values of Anatolian Dairy Buffalo. Age at first calving and calving interval were evaluated as fertility parameters. The financial losses relevant to one-day extension of these parameters were calculated. Bull cost was determined as per pregnancy, due to natural mating usually occurs in Anatolian Buffalo. The prices of calf, milk and feed were used in calculations. Accordingly, financial losses of one-day extension per animal in age at first calving and calving interval estimated were US$ 8.88 and US$ 6.07, respectively. When bull cost per pregnancy (US$ 6.49) was included, total losses were detemined as US$ 21.44. As a conclusion, it was determined that fertility losses may be induced in age at first calving and calving interval according to the deviations of target values. It was emphasized that financial losses might be reduced with improving of environmental factors in buffaloes which have important fertility disadvantages according to dairy cattle.

Financial losses due to fertility problems in Anatolian Dairy Buffalo

<div>Background: The present study is region specific carried out to see the relation of bean anthracnose with weather in Kashmir and also to assess the yield loss in bean vis-&agrave;-vis anthracnose. Such studies form basis for deciding disease suppressive crop geometry and also sowing date alterations besides helping in disease predictions. The yield loss study in particular reveals the importance of a disease before any management strategies are worked out. 
 
Methods: Epidemiology was conducted under natural epiphytotic conditions using a susceptible bean cv. Shalimar Rajmash-1 for recording disease development at weekly intervals. Yield loss assessment was also recorded on Shalimar Rajmash-1 where different disease levels were created by inoculating at different phonological stages after maturity the crop stand disease free. 
 
Conclusion: During cropping season, the incidence and intensity of bean anthracnose developed to the extent of 77.06 and 54.51 per cent, when average temperature, average RH and weekly rain fall ranged from 16.6-23.8oC, 62.2-76.5 per cent and 1.7-48.2 mm, respectively. However, the highest periodic increase in disease incidence (12.62%) was recorded during 24th standard metrological week which coincided with highest rain fall and the increase in periodic disease intensity was higher (&gt; 10%) when RH was above 70 per cent. The yield loss in bean vis-a-vis variable levels of disease as created by inoculating different unit population of bean plants at different phenological stages revealed significant and positive correlation of bean anthracnose and yield loss. Highest yield loss (68.42%) was recorded in populations where the disease started at 1st trifoliate stage which then reached maximum intensity of 81.09 per cent at physiological maturity. The terminal disease intensity in population where disease started at pod filling was significantly low (18.59%) and caused least yield loss of 10.95 per cent. The study reveals that bean anthracnose caused significant yield loss when it appeared at any stage upto flowering.</div>

Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) in Kashmir: Epidemiology and Yield Loss Assessment

<div>Background: This clinical study was conducted in thirteen apparently healthy overweight/obese dogs during the period 2018-19. The study involved nutritional interventions such as feeding of high protein and low fat diet and increased physical activity for these dogs, so as to assess effect of these interventions on adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat in obese dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The prescribed weight loss diet consisted of high crude protein (%), crude fibre (%) and reduced fat (%) compared to the mean values of pre-weight loss diets. The study was conducted over a span of 12 weeks and various hemato-biochemical parameters, adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured on&nbsp; 0, 30, 60 and 90 days.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Dogs included in this study showed reduction of an average of 9% of their body weight. Significant (P&lt;0.05) difference was observed in mean values of Body Condition Score at day 60, from day 30 and this difference persisted until day 90, when compared with day 0 of treatment. Serum cholesterol and leptin concentrations were markedly reduced at the end of weight loss period. Decreased thickness of subcutaneous fat by real time ultrasonography was observed from day 0 to day 90 in five anatomical locations i.e. abdomen, mid abdomen, 9 Inter Costal Space, thigh and lumbar.&nbsp;</div>

Clinical Evaluation of Weight Loss Diet on Adiposity Markers and Subcutaneous Fat in Obese Dogs

<div style="text-align: justify;">Response from 60-farm owners was analyzed to assess the economic impacts of foot and mouth disease. Data were recorded through personal interview methods during 2006-07 from small farmers across the villages of Pune region. The loss in terms of reduced revenues and cost as extra resources used for treatment were quantified and aggregated. The estimated production loss to the tune of Rs. 3184.00 in crossbreeds cows and Rs. 3062.50 in buffaloes, whose share was 74.31 and 81.69 per cent, respectively. The major loss component was reduction in milk yield, accounted Rs. 894.60 &nbsp;and Rs.510.00, represents 20.88 and 13.60 per cent of the total loss in crossbred cows and buffaloes, respectively. The cost of treatment was worked out to be Rs. 1313.80 in crossbred cows and Rs. 645.63 in buffaloes. The cost of medicine alone had constituted around 50 percent of total cost component, reflecting a tune of Rs. 675.60 in crossbred and Rs. 281.25 in buffaloes. The expenses were worked out to be Rs. 5598.80 in crossbred and Rs. 4394.38 in buffaloes per animal, which shows the expenses due to the disease, was comparatively higher in the crossbred cows. Movement of animals was ascertained to be the reason for spread of this disease in 80 per cent farm perception.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of foot and mouth disease in dairy animals: an assessment of cost and loss from sample farmers</div>

Six genotypes viz., Palam Basmati-1, Palam Red Rice, HPR 1068, Arize 6129, HPR 2143 and Kasturi Basmati were evaluated to assess the crop/ yield losses by paddy leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan, during Kharif 2012. The leaf infestation (47.1%) at maturity stage was significantly lower in HPR 2143 as compared to other varieties. However, Kasturi Basmati was having significantly higher leaf infestation (77.2%) as compared to Arize 6129 (59.2%), HPR 1068 (57.7%), Palam Red Rice (57.0%) and HPR 2143 (47.1%) and was found at par with Palam Basmati-1 (73.3%).Yield data revealed that the grain yield was higher in protected plots as compared to unprotected plots irrespective of the varieties. The highest grain yield was recorded in protected plots of Arize 6129 (76.45 q/ha) followed by Kasturi Basmati (59.07 q/ha), HPR 1068 (57.15 q/ha), Palam Basmati-1 (56.52 q/ha), HPR 2143 (52.84 q/ha) and Palam Red Rice (46.22 q/ha). The grain yield varied from 35.26 to 53.40 q/ha in the unprotected plots. Assessment of yield losses revealed that the maximum per cent avoidable losses was found in Kasturi Basmati (37.9%) and least in HPR 2143 (11.9%).&nbsp;

Assessment of yield losses of rice caused by paddy&nbsp;leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee

<div>Background: In field situations often failure to breed timely leads to delay in conception causing significant losses to the dairy farmers. ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar has developed &lsquo;ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope&rsquo; for detection of right-time for breeding.In Indian context, literature on reproduction economics, documenting the costs delayed conception, is scant. Further, in spite of the potential inherent in the above-mentioned technology, no systematic attempt has been made to ascertain its economic impact. The present study assessed the economic impact of use of &lsquo;ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope&rsquo; in terms of losses avoided in dairy animals.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study is based on field survey covering 628 cattle from sample 117 households, selected from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The approach to identifying incidence of delayed conception comprised interview with Para-veterinarians/Inseminators by visiting each case of delayed conception with them; crosschecking with the records kept by the Para-veterinarians/Inseminators and validation by holding focused group discussions with Government Veterinary Officers, Para-veterinarians, inseminators and the farmers. Primary data were collected through personal interview of head of sample households with the help of a well-structured, comprehensive and pretested interview schedule. 
 
Result: Overall incidence of delayed conception, due to failure to detect optimum breeding time, ranged between 22-29%. Average number of services required per conception and days delayed in conception were less in treatment villages than in control ones. The study revealed that one extra day delayed in conception increases the total loss per animal due to delayed conception by INR 138.0, while use of &lsquo;ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope&rsquo;, reduces loss due to delayed conception per animal by INR 2965.55. The study thus provides definite indications that use of the technology has significant impact on reduction in total loss due to delayed conception on account of failure to detect optimum breeding time.</div>

Role of Technology in Reducing Losses in Dairy Animals Due to Delayed Conception: A Case of &ldquo;ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope&rdquo;

Background: The loss of vegetables is immense which is accrued to its perishability and sub optimal level of post-harvest management. There is a technological gap in adoption of harvesting and post-harvesting practices by farmers. There is sparse qualitative and quantitative assessment of post-harvest losses of vegetables in Punjab. The objective of the study is to identify the operation and channel where the losses are crossing the threshold, to estimate the extent of losses and characterize them at various post-harvest operations and levels for selected vegetables in Punjab and to analyse the factors responsible for post-harvest losses. 
 
Methods: The sample in survey location consisted of all the stakeholders of supply chain network for vegetables in the state of Punjab, India. The stakeholders consisted of farmers, wholesalers and retailers. The study adopted cluster sampling technique. The clusters selected for the study were Nakodar, Malerkotla and Baba Bakala Sahib and the vegetables selected for the study were potato, pea, tomato, okra and cauliflower. Further snowball sampling technique was used to select 80 farmers from each cluster, making up a total sample of 240 farmers and one reference each for wholesaler and retailer was identified in every cluster. Then using snowball technique, 2 wholesalers and 10 retailers were selected from each cluster. Thus, making total sample of 10 wholesalers and 30 retailers were selected for the study. The instrument used for the data collection was a structured interview schedule. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey&rsquo;s Honest Significant Difference test were employed to understand the significant difference in post-harvest losses between the selected vegetables and along the supply chain. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the maximum losses were observed in tomato crop at farm level (17.71%) and retailer level (30.10%) whereas at wholesaler level maximum losses were recorded in pea (8.19%). The extent of losses at farm level has been higher as compared to wholesaler level and it was highest at the retailer level. At farmer&rsquo;s level it was observed that there have been significantly higher losses in tomato crop (17.7&plusmn;13.35). At retailer level, significantly higher losses were observed in tomato (30.10&plusmn;15.80) whereas at wholesaler level, significantly higher losses occurred in pea (12.29&plusmn;3.15). There was no significant difference in losses between farmer and retailer level. Major cause of loss reported by tomato growers (88.6%) was infestation of fruits with disease and insect. Main reason of post-harvest losses in okra and cauliflower as stated by farmers were bruises/blackening and over maturity. Since the findings reveal that the major losses in the supply chain of vegetables was due to lack adoption of harvest and post-harvest practices at farmer&rsquo;s level. It is suggested that field level training should be imparted to farmers regarding post-harvest management techniques.

Characterization of Post-harvest Losses along the Supply Chain of Vegetables in Punjab

<div>Background: Aerial blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and Anthracnose/pod blight (Colletotrichum truncatum) are important soybean diseases, affect most of the present varieties with varying intensity, in India. There are also few reports of resistance against both the diseases.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To identify resistance, a set of 121 diverse soybean genotypes including six susceptible checks i.e. JS 93-05, JS 335, JS 72-280, Punjab 1, RKS 18 and VLS 58 were evaluated under high disease pressure field conditions during 2017, 2018 and 2019. Moreover, assessment of yield losses due to these diseases were also worked out in highly infected plants of susceptible checks. 
 
Result: It was observed that aerial blight (0.0-46.8 per cent) and anthracnose/pod blight (0.0-56.2 per cent) were affected soybean genotypes from R1 to R7 and V3 to R7 stages, respectively. The genotypes responded differently and showed absolute resistance to susceptible reaction. Out of 121 genotypes, only five genotypes i.e. JS 20-57, JSM 222, MACS 1407, PS 1611 and Cat 2126 B were found to be highly resistant against both the diseases. Per cent pod and yield losses were significantly correlated with varying severity of aerial blight (0.966** and 0.995**) and anthracnose/pod blight (0.957** and 0.995**), respectively. However, the highest yield loss of 41.0 and 64.8 per cent were recorded on 55.6 and 75.2 per cent disease index (at 90 days) of aerial blight and anthracnose/pod blight, respectively.</div>

Measuring and assessing the yield loss and yield loss model of green gram due to Anthracnose of green gram (Vigna radiata)

Candidatus Phytoplasma Australasia Associated with Alfalfa Witches’ Broom: Symptomatology, Quantitative Loss, Qualitative Loss and Molecular Characterization

Financial losses due to fertility problems in Anatolian Dairy Buffalo

Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) in Kashmir: Epidemiology and Yield Loss Assessment

Clinical Evaluation of Weight Loss Diet on Adiposity Markers and Subcutaneous Fat in Obese Dogs

Analysis of foot and mouth disease in dairy animals: an assessment of cost and loss from sample farmers

Assessment of yield losses of rice caused by paddy leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee

Role of Technology in Reducing Losses in Dairy Animals Due to Delayed Conception: A Case of “ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope”

Characterization of Post-harvest Losses along the Supply Chain of Vegetables in Punjab

Identification of Sources of Resistance and Yield Loss Assessment for Aerial Blight and Anthracnose/Pod Blight Diseases in Soybean