Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) bond with the extracellular domain of the FSH receptor (FSHR) stimulates a cascade of the intracellular process that leads to folliculogenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of FSHR polymorphism of its structure and function on Bos taurus through computational technology. The FSHR sequences were retrieved from Genebank. The polymorphism was identified using alignment analysis and the 3D structure of the FSHR was done by Swiss models. Results showed that FSHR of Bos taurus has three polymorphisms that located at amino acid residues 18th to 259th. The polymorphisms may alter its ability to bind with FSH. Molecular docking analysis indicated that all variant of FSHR potentially changes the pattern and affinity binding into FSH that may have an impact on reproduction status of Bos taurus. The study is a warrant for further investigation to explore biomarker of cattle reproduction status based on FSHR gene.

Polymorphism of follicle stimulating hormone receptor influences the 3D structure and its binding pattern to FSH in Bos taurus

Background: Ultrasonography is a second most commonly used diagnostic imaging technique in veterinary practice after radiography. The ultrasonographic examination of clinically healthy animals provides relevant information about anatomical location, echo texture, size and shape of organs. In the present study, the echo-structural pattern of urinary system of adult female goats were evaluated to find the normal structural pattern of various constituents of urinary system.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: B-mode ultrasonographic study of urinary system was performed in 20 healthy adult female Jamunapari goats. Mean&plusmn;S.E. values of body weight and age of selected animals were 27.49&plusmn;0.79 kg and 2.77&plusmn;0.10 years, respectively. All twenty animals were subjected to sonographic examination after clipping the hairs from desired sites to scan the various organs of urinary system in standing position under physical restraint without using any anesthetic agent. The values of various clinico-physiological parameters including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, colour of mucous membranes were recorded to examine the health status prior to sonography. The left and right kidneys were scanned from right dorsal flank by paravertebral approach using a transcutaneous micro-convex probe at 5 MHz and a convex probe at 2.8-6 MHz frequency. A dual frequency (5-9 MHz) micro-curved array cavity probe was used to scan bladder and urethra per rectally. The renal parenchyma in healthy goats was distinctly divided into hypoechoic outer cortex and anechoic inner medulla. The hyperechoic renal sinus complex was present in center of the kidney and renal pelvis was anechoic. The renal capsule was seen as hyperechoic fine line surrounding the renal parenchyma. Pulsed wave renal color doppler ultrasound was performed in 3 healthy goats with the aim to generate reference images of renal vasculature.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Mean&plusmn;SE values of renal length, renal height, horizontal diameter of renal sinus, vertical diameter of renal sinus and diameter of renal pelvis for right kidney were 6.11&plusmn;0.09, 3.26&plusmn;0.08, 3.01&plusmn;0.11, 1.32&plusmn;0.03, 1.05&plusmn;0.03, respectively while for left kidney these values were 6.02&plusmn;0.09 and 3.35&plusmn;0.07, 2.67&plusmn;0.12, 1.14&plusmn;0.06, 1.10&plusmn;0.07 cm. The ureters could not be visualized in any of the goats. The distended bladder was seen as anechoic circular structure surrounded by a smooth echogenic wall with a mean thickness of 1.65&plusmn;0.06 mm. No significant difference was observed in the measurements of both kidneys except in dimensions of renal sinus. Positive correlation was found between renal size and body weight of goats. It was concluded that ultrasound is an easy, rapid and non-invasive method to evaluate echotexture and morphometry of structures of urinary system.

Studies on Echostructural Pattern of Urinary System in Adult Female Goats

<div>Background: Changing lifestyle and food consumption patterns have greater impact on the health status of adolescents including rural, urban and peri-urban areas. Adolescents are vulnerable age group and needs special attention to meet the daily recommended nutrient intakes, especially as it lays foundation for the adult life. Thus, this study was planned to document the sociodemographic and food consumption pattern of adolescents residing in rural Bengaluru.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was designed based on pilot-study to collect data on the anthropometric profile, socioeconomic status and food consumption pattern. The data was calculated for the per cent adequacy for nutrients and food intake.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The data suggested that majority (80%) respondents belonged to lower middle class and only 12-16% were from upper lower class. Sixty-eight per cent respondents had normal BMI while still 29 per cent were underweight. Skipping meals was noted more in adolescent girls than boys. The per cent nutrient adequacy was more for macronutrients, while less for micronutrients; however, the calcium adequacy was higher due to regular finger millet consumption.</div>

Descriptive Study on Dietary Pattern and Health Status of Adolescents from Rural Bengaluru

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during rainy season of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of planting pattern and phosphorus management on production and profitability of intercropping system of mungbean and pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and eight treatments. Among them, four planting patterns [sole pigeonpea, mungbean + pigeonpea 1:3 (120 cm x 20 cm), mungbean + pigeonpea 1:2 (90 cm x 20 cm) and mungbean + pigeonpea 2:2 (90 cm x 20 cm)] were main plot treatments and two phosphorus levels (P2O5 @ 50 kg ha-1 and P2O5 @ 75 kg ha-1) were sub plot treatments. Based on pooled data the results revealed that, the significantly higher mungbean seed yield (424 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of 75 kg P2O5 as compared to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1. Whereas, in planting pattern, sole mungbean recorded significantly higher seed yield (757 kg ha-1) as compared to all other intercropping systems. Yield advantage indices and net returns were significantly higher in pigeonpea + mungbean (1:3) with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to other treatments. This study indicated the need of fifty per cent higher dose of P2O5 for the pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system (1:3) in northern transition zone of Karnataka.</div>

Planting pattern and phosphorus management in pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system

<div>Background: A properly designed drip irrigation system increases the efficiency of irrigation water and its design is based on the soil wetting pattern. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this study, a numerical model has been developed using one-dimensional Richard&rsquo;s Equation to simulate soil wetting pattern under drip irrigation. A fully implicit finite-difference scheme has been used to solve the governing equations with suitable initial and boundary conditions. An experiment was also conducted to analyse the wetting pattern in sandy loam soil. Wetting front computed by numerical model has been compared with the experimental wetting front at different time interval of drip irrigation system. The present model is also validated with the results available in the literature. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Statistical indices - root mean square error, percentage bias and coefficient of determination have been used to evaluate the model&rsquo;s performance. The computed results are closely matched with the and experimental results with RMSE is less than 3, PBIAS less than 6% and R2 greater than 0.96 and also with the earlier models with RMSE is less than 0.01, PBIAS less than 4% and R2 greater than 0.98, It shows that the present model can simulate soil wetting pattern in the drip irrigation system.</div>

Numerical Model to Simulate Soil Wetting Pattern under Drip Irrigation System

<div>Background: The realm of genetic diversity within rice is immense and undermining it provides the opportunity to utilize them in rice improvement programs. Hence in our study, we aimed to undermine the genetic composition and structure of the selected rice accessions utilizing ISSR marker systems.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: ISSR analysis encompassed a set of thirty genotypes, comprising 16 cultivated varieties and 14 landraces. The screening was performed with a total of 49 ISSR primers. The consensus tree constructed from banding patterns generated by ISSR-PCR clustered 30 genotypes according to their respective genomes. The Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchical Non-overlapping (SAHN) clustering was employed with the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) method. The grouping of the 30 accessions was carried out through data analysis using NTSYSpc 2.02.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Utilizing 49 ISSR markers, the cluster analysis produced three clusters. These clusters displayed pronounced separation and exhibited evident patterns. The Cluster I encompassed Bharathi, BG367-2, PTB33, ASD9, ASD16, ASD20, Rathu Heenati and Columbia-2. Notably, the largest cluster was Cluster II comprising 20 accessions, while Cluster III contained only Jeeraga Samba and Basmati 370. The study validates the efficacy of ISSR markers in detecting polymorphism within and among rice populations and/or species. The resulting DNA profiles hold potential for serving as diagnostic fingerprints of both cultivated and wild rice germplasm, aiding in comprehending evolutionary relationships.&nbsp;</div>

Assessing Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rice Genotypes using ISSR Markers

Background: In recent years, relevant studies had shown that a large number of adipokines were involved in energy homeostasis in the body, regulating the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism. Resistin was a special type of adipose factor and its discovery and related studies had shown a close relationship between resistin and heart disease. However, there was relatively little research on the structure of heart tissue, so we conducted this present study.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to study the effect of resistin on the heart structure of mice, 20 healthy C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups(n=10). The mice of the experimental group were injected with 20 &igrave;l/d of resistin solution through the tail vein. The mice of the control group were injected with the same volume of double distilled water. HandE staining, Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) staining, Masson&rsquo;s trichrome staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of microscopic structure and ultrastructure of mouse cardiomyocytes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of HandE staining showed that the myocardial cells in the experimental group were disordered, the cytoplasm was loosely distributed and the gap between adjacent cells increased. WGA staining showed that the fluorescence green intensity of the mice in the experimental group was higherthan that of the control group. The myocardial cell membrane thickened, the average cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes was larger than that of the control group. The results of the Masson staining showed that the staining of the cytoplasm of myocardial cells in the experimental group was significantly shallow and the blue structure was significantly increased. The electron microscopy showed that the number of mitochondria decreased and the mitochondria lightly dissolved or disappear. This study confirmed that resistin could change the content of collagen fibers and myofibrils in myocardial cells, induce cardiac hypertrophy and cause certain damage to mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. It was speculated that it could affect the physiological function of cardiomyocytes to some extent.

Effect of Resistin on the Heart Structure of Mouse

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: In this decade, increasing temperatures and adverse environmental factors are expected to influence the crop yield, seed quality and germination ability. Prolonged heat stress affects the pod setting, seed morphology and alters the starch granules. Methods: In this study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light microscope was used to investigate the variations of morphological and ultra-structural characteristics in blackgram genotypes grown under high temperature (38+2&deg;C) stress (HTS). Nineteen blackgram genotypes were evaluated under open top temperature controlled chamber (OTC) and the genotypes were classified into three categories such as heat tolerant, moderately heat tolerant and heat susceptible genotypes based on the Temperature Induction Response (TIR) and yield reduction percentage under HTS. Two genotypes were selected and examined the seed size, surface pattern, starch granule size and hilum from the each category. Result: Seed coat morphology was captured using SEM and light microscope showed that the tolerant genotype VBG-07-001 had a clear shiny surface, thin and reduced cotyledon fissures, compact surface devoid of surface deposits and pits whereas rest of the genotypes (VBG-06-001, VBN-6, CoBg-11-02, CoBg-11-03 and VBG-08-003) had a rough surface. A bold and well-structured starch granule was observed in heat tolerant lines whereas, unstructured and pleated granules were observed in moderately tolerant and heat stress lines. These morphological and ultra-structural studies revealed remarked diversity among different genotypes that can be regarded as useful to screen the genotypic tolerant characters for HTS.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Morphological and Ultra-Structural Characterization of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Genotypes Grown under High Temperature Stress</div>

<div>Background: Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world. To meet up the increasing food demand there&rsquo;s no alternative to increase the cropping intensity through high yielding and short duration crop varieties. Currently, cropping system of Bangladesh is mostly rice based which is also the staple food. Therefore, farmers which follow rice-rice based cropping patterns are gaining less profit day by day. Contrary, intensive rice culture is depleting soil properties gradually. Thus, to preserve soil health and increase profit pulse and oil seed based cropping patterns are crucial for sustaining a cropping pattern. This study was undertaken to find out a cropping pattern with higher yield and profit in the context of Magura district. 
 
Methods: Five cropping patterns, CP1 = Transplanted Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-7)- Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-9)- Boro rice (cv. Binadhan-14); CP2 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-16)-Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP3 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17) -Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP4 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17)-&nbsp;Lentil (cv. Binamasur-8)- Sesame (cv. Binatil-3) and &nbsp;CP5 (Control) -&nbsp;Aman (cv. Shorna) &ndash; Boro (cv. Heera) - fallow were assessed to identify the most suitable and profitable pattern as well as to enhance the cropping intensity by adding a pulse or oil seed crop between two rice crops. The investigation was conducted at farmer&rsquo;s field of Magura during 2018-19. Block farming method was followed for experiment set up.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that, maximum rice equivalent yield (REY) was obtained from CP1 (14.46 t/ha) followed by CP4 (13.52 t/ha), CP3 (13.35 t/ha), CP2 (13.09 t/ha) and CP5 (11.33 t/ha) during one year crop cycle. Highest gross margin (Tk. 1,90,189) and MBCR (1.83) was obtained from the cropping pattern CP4 and the lowest gross margin (Tk. 69,271) and MBCR (1.24) was found with the pattern CP5. Based on the above results it can be suggested that, Aman rice-Lentil-Sesame pattern i.e. CP4 may be a best choice for the farmers of Magura region for the maximum utilization of their land and gaining more profit compared to the other studied cropping patterns.</div>

<div>Yield and Profitability Analysis of Pulse and Oil Seed Based Cropping Patterns against Aman- Boro- Fallow Cropping Systems in Magura</div>

<div>Background: Dendrobiums are most popular high value cut flowers which require special attention during cultivation. In Assam, Dendrobium orchids are normally grown under iron frame shade net houses which are quite vulnerable to cold injury during extreme winter period and heavy rain during monsoon period. Further, the existing structures are very costly which is not affordable by small and marginal farmers of Assam. Keeping in view the current study was aimed to evaluate a suitable low cost protected structure for commercial cultivation of Dendrobium cv. Sonia under Assam condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted in the Horticulture Experimental Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during 2018-2019 which was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with 10 treatment combinations replicated five times. The first factors comprised 5 numbers of low cost protected structures viz., G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5. The second factors comprised T1-1 tier and T2-2 tiers. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results revealed that among the protected structures, healthy growth and better quality flowers were obtained under G1 (Bamboo frame structure covered with fixed 200 micron UV film with top ventilated and 50% agro shade net as ceiling) protected structure followed by G4. Between the tiers, T2 was found to be superior in respect of the growth characters as well as most of the flower characters. So, this treatment combination is merits consideration for commercial growers of Assam to bring about timely and quality flower production of Dendrobium cv. Sonia.</div>