Background: Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.), 2n = 22 is an important leguminous vegetable crop which provides protein, minerals and vitamins. The exploitation of variability is of great importance and is a prerequisite for the effective screening of superior genotypes. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to assess the variability and correlation for yield and other components which are useful to select the promising genotypes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study on variability and correlation in Dolichos Bean genotypes for yield and quality was conducted at the College Orchard, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Twenty lablab genotypes, sourced from various locations, were planted in a randomized block design with three replications during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2021 and 2022. Observations on growth, yield and quality traits were recorded and analysed for variance, variability and correlations. 
 
Result: In the kharif season, Ankur Gold yielded the highest green pods per plant (487.50 g), while Acc.7 yielded the lowest (89.59 g). In the pooled analysis, Ankur Gold (469.80 g) had the highest and Acc.6 (87.49 g) had the lowest green pod yield per plant. The study suggests using a selection index based on the number of racemes per plant, raceme length, number of pods per plant, green pod yield per plant and pod length to identify high yielding lablab genotypes.

Variability and Correlation Studies in Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.)

<div>The field experiment was conducted at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, during 2016-17 and 2017-18 to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen (0 and 25 kg/ha), phosphorus (0, 50 and 75 kg/ha) and potassium (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha) on growth, flowering, yield and economics of dolichos bean. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design comprising of eighteen treatments replicated thrice. Among indivisual NPK levels, the higher level of nitrogen (25 kg N/ha), phosphorus (75 kg P2O5/ha) and potassium (50 kg K2O/ha) recorded significantly maximum growth (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf area and dry matter content per plant at harvest), early flowering (except N2 level) and pod yield (162.32, 184.14 and 164.75 q/ha) as compared to lower levels in 2016-17 and 2017-18 growing seasons and pooled data. Similarly, amongst all NPK interaction levels, higher fertilizer dose of 25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha recorded significantly maximum growth parameters however, it was at par with 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha except dry matter content per plant during both the experimental years. Pooled data followed similar trend. On pooled basis, recommended fertilizer dose (25-50-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha) showed early days to 50 percent flowering whereas pod yield (198.44 q/ha) was recorded maximum at higher fertilizer dose (25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha). Similarly, in case of economics, higher fertilizer dose of 25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha recorded highest benefit: cost ratio (5.27) during both the experimental years as well as in pooled data but it was at par with 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha. Hence, for profitable cultivation of vegetable type dolichos bean in northern transition zone of Karnataka, NPK fertilizer must be applied at the rate of 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Effect of Nutrient Levels on Growth, Yield and Economics of Dolichos Bean (Dolichos lablab L.) in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India</div>

<div>Background: Assessment and molecular characterization of genetic diversity among the Dolichos lablab (L.) have huge implication in scheming strategies for breeding. In India, there is less comprehensive information on the potential genetic diversity of lablab bean and this is a major challenge for systematic use of lablab bean in genetic breeding programs. To exploit the available trait of interest, the genetic diversity of the locally available genotypes must be known. The PCR-based SSR approach requires just nanogram amounts of template DNA, subjected to quick detection and less influenced by environment. In this manner SSR have been utilizing broadly to study hereditary assorted qualities of yields. 
 
Methods: In this study, genetic diversity on ten Indian Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes were surveyed utilizing SSR markers at Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi during 2019-20 got from Indian gene bank. For SSR analysis, 5 primers were used for checking the diversity in Dolichos lablab (L.) and the performance of markers were measured by using 4 parameters (1) PIC, (2) Mean resolving Power, (3) Resolving Power and (4) MI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: SSR (05) markers produced a total of 51 bands, out of which 45 bands (88.23%) were polymorphic which varies from 6 (Primer-111) to 15 (Primer-AGB-9) with mean of 10.5 bands per primer. The polymorphic information content value ranges from 0.265 to 0.488 with a mean value of 0.390. The value of Matrix index is 3.2. The value of resolving power ranges from 2.2 to 12.60 with a mean value of 7.40. In the UPGMA dendogram, the 10 genotypes were separated into two main clusters with all the primers used. Our present examination uncovered that genetic markers might be effectively used for deciding hereditary variety and connections in Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes and could be utilized as a part of breeding programs.</div>

<div>Simple Sequence Repeats Marker based Detection of Genetic Diversity of Indian Bean Dolichos lablab (L.) of Family Fabaceae</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Thirty five genotypes of dolichos bean germplasm lines were evaluated for genetic divergence, variability, heritability and genetic advance at Vegetable Research Station, Agriculture Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during August, 2016 to March, 2017. Thirty five genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on the relative magnitude of D2 values. The highest number of genotypes (15) appeared in cluster II. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and cluster VI (D2=1780.19).The minimum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster IV (D2 =333.46). Maximum intra cluster distance was in cluster IV (D2=249.64). Among the characters, the maximum contribution towards divergence was made by pod yield per plant (26.21%). High heritability estimates were observed for 15 characters and medium heritability was observed for primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed breadth and 100 dry seed weight. High genetic advance along with relatively high heritability percent were observed for vine length, days to first flowering, pod length, pod width, pod weight, number of pods per plant, seed length, seed breadth, 100 fresh seed weight, protein content, fibre content and pod yield per plant. Hence, due weightage should be given to the above traits, while selection is practiced for multilocation trails improvement of varieties.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Genetic divergence, variability, heritability and genetic advance for growth, pod quality and yield characters in dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.var. typicus Prain) germplasm</div>

<div>Background: Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation experiments were carried out in Dolichos bean Cv. (Konkan Bhushan) showing better regenerability.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Three cry genes viz. cry1Aabc, cry1Fa1 and cry2Aa were used for the transformation each of which were linked to CaMV35S promoter and nptII gene under control of nos promoter and terminator. A vector system consisting of the disarmed hyper virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA-105 harboring pBinAR or BinBt3 was used. Mature embryo axis with single cotyledon was used as explant. Kanamycin as well as PCR screening was carried out to assess the transformation frequency. Progeny analysis using PCR was also carried out to assess the transgene segregation and stable transformation. 
 
Result: Kanamycin concentration of 500 mg/l was found as optimum for selection of a transgenic turning leaf blades albino. Among five methods of colonization used, the method employing mild injury to explant with dipping in Agrobacterium culture for 20 minutes followed by co-cultivation for 48 hours, cefotaxime washing and sowing in soil resulted in maximum survival (74.80%) associated with maximum transformation frequency through PCR analysis (2.13%). Among three cry genes, the gene cry2Aa was found the most effective in transforming Dolichos bean. The progeny analysis of transformants has shown the 3:1 mendelian segregation ratio confirming stable transformation of transgene.</div>

<div>Genetic Transformation for Pod Borer Resistance in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]</div>

<div>Background: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all characters of dolichos bean genotypes was carried out separately. The analysis of variance, test of significance of variance components were conductedin accordance to the procedure as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). Correlation and path coefficient analysis were evaluated as per the formulation of Al-Jibouri et al. (1958) and Dewey and Lu (1959), respectively. 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Methods: Present investigation was conducted in two locations viz. Vegetable Research Farm, Pusa and Birauli, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Bihar during Rabi season in 2019-2020 and pooled data was analyzed. The entire experiment was conducted using fourteen genotypes of dolichos bean in RBD in three replications and fourteen yield attributing and morphological traits were studied. The performance of genotypes was evaluated on the basis of all fourteen characters. Best performing genotypes were screened based on their performance. Selection has been done for all characters which are positively and directly correlated with yield. 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: Among the fourteen genotypes it has been inferred that RAUDB-2 and RAUDB-7 had maximum pod yield. Therefore, they can replace the check variety Swarna Utkrist. The magnitude of genotypic correlation was higher than phenotypic correlation for all the traits indicating inherent associations between various characters. The traits such as pod diameter, number of pods per plant and harvest duration positively correlated with pod yield.In present investigation the path analysis revealed pod length, days to 1st flowering, days to 50% flowering and number of seeds per pod exerted positive direct effect on pod yield.</div>

Character Association in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] in Agro-climatic Zone of North Bihar

<div>Background: Dolichos bean is an important leguminous vegetable having a wide range of variation in different quantitative characters. Assessing genetic diversity among dolichos bean accessions can ensure development of suitable high-yielding and adapted varieties with suitable maturity period.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fifteen genotypes were evaluated for different characters in Dolichos bean at two locations of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University viz. Vegetable Research Farm, Pusa and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Birauli, Samastipur, Bihar during the year 2018-19 and pooled data was analyzed. The genotypes were evaluated for genetic variability and genetic divergence for 14 characters. For the assessment of genetic diversity among the fifteen genotypes of dolichos bean, Mahalanobis (D2) statistic (Mahalanobis, 1936) was used, following the procedure given by Rao, 1952. Grouping of genotypes into clusters was done using Tocher&rsquo;s method as described by Rao, 1952. 
 
Result: Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was slightly higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the characters indicated that the characters were less influenced by environment. The characters having high heritability and high genetic advance include harvesting duration, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, individual pod weight, weight of seeds per pod, 100 fresh green seed weight, pod yield and percent incidence of yellow mosaic virus. Therefore, selection for above characters is highly effective. Genetic diversity analysis evaluated that all genotypes could be placed into 6 clusters. Genotypes grouped in Cluster III and I have highest mean value for all characters as well as highest inter-cluster distance.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

​Estimation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Divergence in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus&nbsp;(L.) Sweet.] Genotypes

<div>Background: The advantage of intercropping is the more efficient utilization of the all available resources and the increased productivity compared with each sole crop of the mixture. If cowpea and Lablab intercropping with Napier grass its nutritional values was improved.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experimental design was factorial combination arrangement in randomized complete block design with three inter and intra spaces (1 m &times; 0.5 m, 0.75 m &times; 0.5 m, 0.5 m &times; 0.5 m) and intercropping with two tropical legumes. Treatments were T1= Pure Napier grass at 1 m row spacing, T2= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.75 m row spacing, T3= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.5 m row spacing, T4= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 1 m row spacing, T5= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.5 m row spacing, T6= Pure Napier grass at 0.75 m row spacing, T7= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 1 m row spacing, T8= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.75 m row spacing, T9= Pure Napier grass at 0.5 m row spacing and totally nine treatments were used. Soil samples were collected before and after forage harvested.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities had significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD) and increased digestibility. The OM degradation constant was significantly different (P&lt;0.05) but &lsquo;ED&rsquo; was not and for DM degradation &lsquo;c&rsquo; and &lsquo;b&rsquo; were non-significant (P&gt;0.05) for Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities. In conclusion, Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at a planting density of 24 plants m-2 was better choice for high yield and forage quality.</div>

The Effect of Intercropping of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) at Different Planting Densities on in vitro and in sacco Dry Matter Digestibility of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

<div>Background: Dolichos bean occupies a unique position among the legume vegetables of Indian origin for its high nutritive value and wider climatic adaptability. Despite its wide genetic diversity, no much effort has been undertaken towards genetic improvement of this vegetable crop. Knowledge on genetic variability is an essential pre-requisite as hybrid between two diverse parental lines generates broad spectrum of variability in segregating population. The current study aims to assess the genetic diversity in dolichos genotypes to make an effective selection for yield improvement. 
 
Methods: Twenty genotypes collected from different regions were evaluated during year 2016-17 and 2017-18. Data on twelve quantitative traits was analysed using principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis for estimation of genetic diversity. 
 
Result: Principal component analysis revealed that first five principal components possessed Eigen value &gt; 1, cumulatively contributed &gt; 82.53% of total variability. The characters positively contributing towards PC-I to PC-V may be considered for dolichos improvement programme as they are major traits involved in genetic variation of pod yield. All genotypes were grouped into three clusters showing non parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Cluster-I was best for earliness and number of cluster/plant. Cluster-II for vine length, per cent fruit set, pod length, pod width, pod weight and number of seed /pod, cluster III for number of pods/cluster and pod yield /plant. Selection of parent genotypes from divergent cluster and component having more than one positive trait of interest for hybridization is likely to give better progenies for development of high yielding varieties in Dolichos bean.</div>

<div>Genetic Diversity Assessment in Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Based on Principal Component Analysis and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis</div>

Background: Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Farm during kharif seasons of three consecutive years from 2020-2022 to find out the effect of potassium and bio stimulants on growth and yield of dolichos bean.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted in RBD and replicated thrice. The treatments viz.,&nbsp; T1- Control (without foliar nutrition), T2- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1%+panchagavya @ 3%, T3- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + panchagavya @ 6%, T4- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 2%, T5- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 4%, T6- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + panchagavya @ 3%, T7- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + panchagavya @ 6%, T8- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 2% and T9- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 4%. The dolichos bean variety Arka Jay was used for this study.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result of present investigation indicated that the growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, branches plant-1, pods plant-1, pod length and single pod weight were found to be superior in treatment T5 as compared to control. The higher yield (15.16 t ha-1) of dolichos bean was significantly improved due to application 1% KNO3 + seaweed extract @ 4% (T5) followed by T4 and T1 over the control. The same treatment fetched the highest net return of Rs. 81626 ha-1 with a benefit cost ratio of Rs.1.79.

Variability and Correlation Studies in Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.)

Effect of Nutrient Levels on Growth, Yield and Economics of Dolichos Bean (Dolichos lablab L.) in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India

Simple Sequence Repeats Marker based Detection of Genetic Diversity of Indian Bean Dolichos lablab (L.) of Family Fabaceae

Genetic divergence, variability, heritability and genetic advance for growth, pod quality and yield characters in dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.var. typicus Prain) germplasm

Genetic Transformation for Pod Borer Resistance in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]

Character Association in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] in Agro-climatic Zone of North Bihar

Estimation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Divergence in Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet.] Genotypes

The Effect of Intercropping of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) at Different Planting Densities on in vitro and in sacco Dry Matter Digestibility of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Genetic Diversity Assessment in Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Based on Principal Component Analysis and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis

Synergistic Effect of Potassium and Bio Stimulants on Growth and Yield of Dolichos bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]