<div><strong>Background: </strong>Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in goats is a serious and widely distributed problem. Diarrhoea, moderate or severe, though a result of various factors involving feed, fodder, seasons and state of gut physiology of digestion, is a common symptom in goats infested with GI parasites, the nematodes and coccidia. Intensity of diarrhoea corresponds to quantum and type of parasitism.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> In the present study, 1451 faecal samples collected from goats of different ages (&lt;3 M, &gt;3-6 M, &gt;6-12 M and &gt;12 M) were categorized as normal, lumpy and diarrheic based on their consistency and were processed for parasitic infections. The GI parasitic load was quantified by faecal eggs/oocysts counting (FEC and FOC) per gram of faeces through the modified Mac-master technique. Identification of parasites was based on the morphology of third-stage larvae procured by coproculture of randomly selected positive samples. FEC/FOC data (strongyle and coccidian), being skewed and uneven, were log-transformed to normalize. The transformed data [log<sub>e</sub> (100+n)] was analyzed statistically and results were interpreted.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Means of FEC and FOC in three type of faecal samples <em>viz</em>. normal, lumpy and diarrheic, were significantly different. Similarly, the effect of age on FEC and FOC was significant. The interaction between animals age &times; faecal sample type was significant in coccidian and non-significant in strongyle infection. The results were discussed to support the hypothesis that faecal consistency was a measure of coccidian and strongyle worm load in goats and can be a basis of targeted selective treatment.</div>


<p>​Faecal Consistency: A Measure of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This experiment was conducted to study jojoba response (Simmondsia chinensis) evergreen dioecious shrub to zinc sulphate plus gibberellic acid foliar application on vegetative, flowering, seed yield and seed chemical composition at private farm during two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 in the Egypt. An experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, jojoba plants were sprayed with all combination treatments of Zinc sulphate (0, 25, 50 and 75ppm) plus gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100 and 150ppm) thrice in the beginning of December, March and May. There results revealed that all combination treatments showed a significant improvement in all examined parameters with an increase in ZnSO4 / GA3 levels in comparison with untreated trees. Therefore, the maximum significant branch length (99.36 and 103.46 cm), secondary branches length (55.82 and 58.36 cm) obtained by application of 75ppm ZnSO4 plus 150ppm GA3 treatment, so this combination recorded the highest percentage of flowering %, final fruit set (95.01, 95.24%), total chlorophyll, mineral% content, seed yield per feedan (2200, 2145 kg) and seed lipid content(57.6%, 58.55%) at first and second terms respectively. The application of 75ppm ZnSO4 plus 150ppm GA3 treatment is recommended to improve jojoba traits which lead to raise its economic value as a promising tree which potentially useful as a biofuel with multi chemical and pharmaceuticals industries uses.</div>

Effect of gibberellic acid and zinc sulphate on vegetative, flowering, seed yield and chemical consistent of jojoba plant (<em>Simmondsia chinensis</em>)

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of the study was to compare the effect of season on the semen quality traits of Murrah and Nili Ravi buffalo breeding bulls.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> For a period of 5 years, a total of 855 ejaculation records of 17 buffalo breeding bulls, including Murrah (11) and Nili Ravi (6) buffalo bulls maintained at an organised farm, were analysed for various semen traits using least squares analysis.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Breed had a significant effect (p&lt;0.01) on semen volume, consistency, mass activity (MA), total sperm count (TSC) and post thaw motility (PTM) and a non-significant effect on colour and initial motility (IM). In Murrah bulls, except for semen volume, the other parameters viz. consistency, MA, TSC and PTM were found to be significantly higher than Nili Ravi bulls. Season of semen collection had a significant effect on consistency, TSC and PTM whereas a non-significant effect on semen volume, colour, MA and IM was observed. During the summer season, overall consistency and TSC were higher, but PTM was found to be comparatively lower. Season and breed interaction had a significant effect (p&lt;0.01) on consistency, TSC and IM while a non-significant effect on semen volume, colour, MA and PTM was observed. In Murrah buffalo bulls, a non-significant effect of season on consistency was observed whereas, in Nili Ravi bulls, a significantly higher consistency during summer and spring and; a significantly lower consistency during the rainy season was observed. In Murrah bulls, the highest TSC were observed during the rainy and summer seasons; whereas, in Nili Ravi bulls only during the summer season. In Murrah bulls, semen consistency, MA and IM were lower during the spring season; semen volume was lower during the prewinter season; total sperm count was lower during the winter season. In Nili Ravi bulls, semen volume was lower during summer; consistency, MA and TSC were lower during the rainy season; and IM was lower during the spring season. The PTM was lower during the summer season in both the breeds.</p>


<p>A Comparative Study for Semen Quality Traits between Murrah and Nili Ravi Buffalo Breeding Bulls Maintained at an Organized Farm</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> The demand and cost of domestic energy in Nigeria are on the increase, primarily due to the increasing human population and demand. This is compounded by desertification, increasing the cost of electricity, industrialization, lack of alternative such as solar, wind and nuclear energy.This study was conducted to compare the potential of biogas produced from anaerobic co-digestion of coconut fibre, cocoa pods, maize husk, orange peels, pineapple peels and yeast and to determine the effect of pH and retention time on biogas yield.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>During the experiment, five batch reactors/digesters were used. The digesters were labeled A,B,C,D, E and each replicated three times. Digester A consist of 2g of yeast, 4g of coconut fibre, digester B consist of 2g of yeast, 4g of cocoa pods, digester C consist of 2g of yeast, 4g of maize husk, digester D consist of 2g of yeast, 4g of orange peels and digester E consist of 2g of yeast, 4g of pineapple peels. The pH was determined before corking the reactors.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Result:</strong> The results showed significant differences among the different substrate for biogas yield and methane component. Biodegradability of the different substrate, quality and retention time significantly affected the biogas yield in the five digesters. Digester loaded with maize husk produced significantly higher volume of biogas and methane component compared with other substrate. Increase in biogas yield for maize husk of 4g was 23.33ml with methane component of 61.78% for the 10 days hydraulic retention time. The retention time of 4, 5, 6 and 8 days significantly produced the highest volume of biogas in the other digesters. Based on the findings, maize husk and yeast blend could be a rich source of renewable energy option and would help arrest ecological disaster in addition to control of deforestation.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Cocoa Pod, Maize Husk, Orange Peels, Pineapple Peels and Coconut Fiber Co-Digested with Yeast</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>The fore and hind limbs of the elephant are arranged in an almost vertical position under the body, similar to a pillar or leg of a table rather than being in the angular position seen in many other quadruped mammals to support great weight. The aim of this study is to elucidate the osteological outline on the humerus of Elephants, thereby making more contribution in filling the gap of knowledge and skills framework in this field.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>For the present study material from three Indian elephants were used. Some of the specimens were available at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow. Few skeletons were dug out from the ground which were buried from last 5-10 years in the premises of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow.<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>Humerus has a proximal and a distal extremity and a shaft. The shaft was consisted of four surfaces. The cylindrical shaped shaft of humerus was consisted of four surfaces. The Musculo spiral groove was limited by the lateral epicondyloid crest at the posterior surface of the shaft. The deltoid tuberosity was present in the proximal third of the shaft. The proximal extremity was consisted of the head, neck, two tuberosities and the intertubular groove. Distal extremity consisted of two condyles which were unequal in size and separated by a ridge.</div>


<p>​Osteological Study on the Humerus of Indian Elephant (<em>Elephas maximus indicus</em>)</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background: </strong>Panchagavya is an organic formulation made from cow goods. The usage of fermented organic formulation with supportive beneficial microorganisms as foliar nourishment has come into the picture of modern agriculture for giving raise to good quality of non-residue protected food.&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>A field experiment was conducted from June to October 2020 at Farmer&rsquo;s field to study the Influence of Inorganic nutrients on Panchagavya on growth attributes of direct seeded Rice (BPT 5204). The experiment was laid out in a Factorial randomized block design in which factor A consists of Inorganic nutrients and Factor B consists of Panchagavya at different doses and time of applications. Factor A consists of <em>viz</em>., A<sub>1</sub> 100% RDF, A<sub>2</sub> 75% RDF and A<sub>3</sub> 50% RDF and Factor B consists of B<sub>1</sub> No spraying, B<sub>2</sub> Panchagavya 3% Spraying at 15, 30 and 45 DAS, B<sub>3</sub> Panchagavya 3% Spraying at 10, 20, 30 and 45 DAS, B<sub>4</sub> Panchagavya 4% Spraying at 15, 30 and 45 DAS B<sub>5</sub> Panchagavya 4% Spraying at 10, 20, 30 and 45 DAS.&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The results of the study revealed that the application of 100% Inorganic nutrients along with the foliar application of Panchagavya @ 4% at 4 times spraying showed the highest plant height, Number of effective tillers and leaf area index.</div>


<p class="ql-align-justify">​Influence of Inorganic Nutrients and Panchagavya on Growth Attributes of Direct Seeded Rice</p>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Studies on its development before birth of utmost important to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of ventricular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups<em> viz.</em> early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples from ventricles were processed for scanning electron microscopic study and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of ventricles were also taken at the ultrastructural level. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> It was observed that the endocardium of the ventricles consisted of a simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape and arranged linearly on the surface of ventricles in 33 days prenatal non-descript sheep. The boundaries among the endothelial cells were indistinct in this age group. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells on the surface of the ventricles. In late prenatal period, the endothelial cells of the ventricles became elongated in shape. The subendocardial layer consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting purkinje fibers, which were quite predominant in the late prenatal period, <em>i.e</em>. at the age of 120 days of gestation. The endocardial fibers were distinctly coiled around the endothelial cells of the ventricles in this age group. The myocardium comprised of cylindrical and highly branched cardiac muscle fibers with pores all over the surface of the myocardium of the ventricles. Each muscle bundle in the myocardium consisted of muscle fibers extending parallel to each other longitudinally and that these fibers made collateral connections with each other in some regions. The papillary muscles were ridge like structures projecting into the lumen of the ventricles of heart. The chordae tendinae connected the papillary muscles and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae consisted of elongated endothelial cells with pores among them. The pores of various sizes were arranged linearly in patches on the endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae of the ventricles especially in the late prenatal period, <em>i.e</em>. at about 105 days of gestation. &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>


<div>Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ventricular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed to identify puberty response of Ongole crossbred bulls raised on different sex groups and stall models. The study involved cattle aged 8-11 months, divided into three treatments: A (control) consisted of a bull in individual stall; B (similar sex) consisted of four bulls and C (different sex types) consisted of four bulls and three cows in group stalls, with three replications. Data were analyzed using Two Way ANOVA. Results showed that the variety of sexual behaviors (sniffing, licking and mounting), and tearing prepuce and frenulum were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) on the three treatments. It can be concluded that different sex groups and stall models significantly affects the incidence of puberty which could be observed through sexual behavior and tearing prepuce and frenulum of Ongole crossbred bulls.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Puberty response of Ongole crossbred bulls raised on different sex groups and stall models</div>

<div>There is no previously reported information on the morphological characteristics of pelvic limb long bones (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate morphological and biometrical characteristics of pelvic limb long bones in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. The femur consisted of a curved shaft and two extremities. The shaft was wider proximally and distally and presented medial, lateral, anterior and lateral surfaces. The anterior, medial and lateral surfaces were smooth and continuous in both the species. An intermuscular line called linea aspera was present on the anterior and posterior surfaces in both the species. The proximal and distal extremities of the femur were almost of equal size. The proximal extremity presented a distinct, hemispherical head which was located in the level of the trochanter major in both the species. The distal extremity furnished a trochlea anteriorly for patella and medial, lateral condyles posteriorly for tibiotarsus bone. The patella was small and triangular and consisted of two surfaces, two borders, a base and an apex in both the species. Tibiotarsus was the longest bone in both the species which was formed by the fusion of distal extremity of the tibia with the proximal row of the tarsal bones. The proximal and distal extremity of the tibiotarsus consisted of medial and lateral condyles. In both the species, the fibula was a rod-shaped bone and reached up to distal third of the lateral border of the tibiotarsus. The tarsometatarsus was a long bone but smaller than tibiotarsus in both the species. Various biometrical parameters of the pelvic limb long bones were more in the crested serpent eagle as compared to the brown wood owl due to species differences.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies on Pelvic Limb Long Bones of Crested Serpent Eagle (<em>Spilornis cheela</em>) and Brown Wood Owl (<em>Strix leptogrammica</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The previously reported information on the ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of the camel is meager as compared to other domestic animals; thus, the present study was designed to provide the ultrastructural features of the thyroid gland in the camel.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The thyroid glands were collected from naturally died sixteen camels (n=16) of both sexes from Veterinary Clinical Complex, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the thyroid gland was done at Sophisticated Analytical Instrumental Facility (SAIF), Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The standard protocol of AIIMS, New Delhi, was followed for electron microscopy.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The thyroid gland of the camel consisted of thyroid follicles comprised of cuboidal thyroid follicular cells. The follicular cells contained a nucleus with heterochromatin concentrated marginally on the nuclear membrane and the euchromatin was well dispersed in the nucleus with well-marked nucleoli. The nucleus of the follicular cell was rounded. The apical regions of the plasma membrane in follicular cells consisted of microvilli, which were numerous, thinner and finger-like in outline. The mitochondria appeared as round, oval, rod-shaped and dumbbell-shaped. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was visible as elongated, irregular, elliptical cisterns. The Golgi complex was well marked and consisted of flattened sacs, vacuoles and small vesicles. The parafollicular cells were found in small numbers and positioned basally between two follicular cells, close to the basement membrane. It can be concluded that the ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of the camel does not differ from that of other mammalian species.</div>


Faecal Consistency: A Measure of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats

Effect of gibberellic acid and zinc sulphate on vegetative, flowering, seed yield and chemical consistent of jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis)

A Comparative Study for Semen Quality Traits between Murrah and Nili Ravi Buffalo Breeding Bulls Maintained at an Organized Farm

Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Cocoa Pod, Maize Husk, Orange Peels, Pineapple Peels and Coconut Fiber Co-Digested with Yeast

Osteological Study on the Humerus of Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)

Influence of Inorganic Nutrients and Panchagavya on Growth Attributes of Direct Seeded Rice

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ventricular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Puberty response of Ongole crossbred bulls raised on different sex groups and stall models

Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies on Pelvic Limb Long Bones of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)

Ultrastructural Studies on the Thyroid Gland of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)