<div>Path coefficient analysis provides a much better understanding of the correlation coefficient values. Spad values give information about the state of the leaf. In the study, path coefficient analysis was performed, especially SPAD values in beans. The study was carried out Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, treatment area in 2021 year. Mispir cultivar and Aydintepe local common bean genotype were used, leonardite and chicken litter and their mixture were used, various doses (3,6,9 t ha-1 and conventional fertilizer (25 kg ha-1 N/64 kg ha-1 P2O5) and control application) were added to the soil. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured in three periods: early leaf (1st SPAD), flowering stage (2nd SPAD), post-flowering (3rd SPAD). In addition, seed yield and biomass yield values were determined. Chicken Manure 3 t ha-1 organic fertilizer application showed the best performance among all applications in terms of seed yield. And the Aydintepe local genotype showed higher performance than the Mispir cultivar for the most of the properties examined.</div>

Determining the Relationship between SPAD Values and Common Bean Seed (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Yield by Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis Method by using Different Organic Fertilizer

Background: Soybean is one of the world&rsquo;s most important legumes contributing significantly as an oilseed in terms of total production and international trade. It is a multipurpose crop. Selection of genotypes with higher yield is always given priority by breeders for developing high yielding varieties. The present experimentation was conducted to know character association and path coefficient analysis among yield and its components for enhancing the usefulness of selection criterion to be followed during development of cultivars. 
 
Methods: The experimental material consisted of 32 soybean genotypes sown at Sipani Krishi Anusandhan Farm, Changli, Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh in Kharif season, 2022 in RBD with three replication. The character association and path coefficient was analysed between seed yield and nine yield attributing quantitative characters.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Grain yield per plot showed highly significant and positive correlation with number of primary branches per plant (0.501** and 0.444**), number of pods per plant (0.714** and 0.684**), number of pods per cluster (0.709** and 0.673**), number of nods per plant (0.746** and 0.687**) and plant height (0.253* and 0.214*) respectively at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. 
 
Out of ten, five characters had positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. Highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plot was exhibited by number of pods /plant followed by number of nods /plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods /cluster, days to 50% pod initiation.

Determination of Correlation and Path Coefficient for Seed Yield and it&#39;s Contributing Characters in Soybean Germplasm

Background: Perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton] commonly known as Bhangjeera, belongs to family Lamiaceae, is an annual plant contains significant phyto-constituents. This is traditionally used as an herbal medicine to treat various disorders. Despite the Perilla&rsquo;s huge potential, no concerted attempts have been undertaken to diversify for selection of parents in genetic improvement programme both globally and in our country. 
 
Methods: The experiment was arranged in a Latin square design with three replications on the experimental farm. Data were collected from five randomly selected plants in each plot, excluding border plants. The mean values were analyzed statistically to determine the analysis of variance for all the traits to decipher the nature and magnitude of genetic variability and other genetic parameters in Perilla. 
 
Result: The studies shows significant variation among the studied genotypes for all characters. Among the studied germplasm, PF 7 was found to be superior for most of oil yielding related traits followed by PF4 and PF2. All characters showed high heritability accompanied by low to high genetic advance as percent of mean. These characters showed medium to high GCV and PCV. Genotypic correlation co-efficient were found to be higher than their corresponding phenotypic ones. Path coefficient analysis revealed positive direct effect of plant height, length of petiole, leaf breath, stem girth, length of inflorescence and total phenolic content on seed oil yield. The direct selection for these traits will be beneficial in yield improvement program. Therefore, it was suggested that tall and bushy plants with thick stem with long inflorescence are likely to produce high seed oil yield with unsaturated fatty acids, beneficial for human health. 
&nbsp;

Genetic Variability, Correlation Coefficient and Path Coefficient Analysis among Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Germplasm for Seed Oil Yield Related Traits in Uttarakhand, India

<div>Background:&nbsp;Cotton is globally important crop valued for its single cell trichome called fibre. Cotton fibre is popularly called as white gold or king of fibre crops. Cotton fibre or seed cotton yield per plant is the economically important traits which is dependent other yield attributing traits and also influenced by the fibre quality traits. So present study was focused on the association of yield and yield attributing and fibre quality traits. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vijayapur campus during late kharif season during 2020-21 to evaluate 145 advanced breeding lines of desi cotton along with checks using augmented design in 7 blocks for yield and yield attributing traits. The material used in the study was developed by College of agriculture, Dharwad at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Correlation and path coefficient analysis was conducted for twelve yield and fibre quality traits. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Significant positive correlation of seed cotton yield per plant with boll weight, number of bolls per plant, ginning outturn and fibre fineness was reported, whereas negative significant correlation was reported by days to 50% flowering with seed cotton yield per plant. Path analysis revealed that highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield per plant was shown by number of bolls per plant followed by boll weight and highest negative direct effect was shown by fibre fineness. Highest indirect effect on seed cotton yield per plant was contributed by. ginning outturn. The traits that are significantly positively correlated and having positive effect on seed cotton yield play a major role in the selection of high yielding seed cotton genotypes.</div>

Correlation Coefficients and Path Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Desi Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)

<div>Background: Most of the plant characters are governed by polygenes and greatly influenced by environmental conditions. The progress of breeding is conditioned by the magnitude, nature and interrelationship of genotypic and non-genotypic variation. In most of the crop improvement programs, the improvement of one trait may cause advancement or deterioration in associated traits serves to emphasize the need for simultaneous consideration of all traits which determine the economic value of a genotype.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present investigation was undertaken for Indian bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] to construct efficient selection indices for selecting best progenies. The experiment was conducted with 55 progenies with checks GNIB-21 and GNIB-22 in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. An attempt was made to build a selection index by taking 3 different type of economic weights viz. equal weight [W1], genotypic correlation coefficients [W2] and genotypic path coefficients (Direct effect) [W3].&nbsp; 
 
Result: It has been seen that genetic gain of Indian bean of selected progenies observed higher with equal weight method as compared to weight assigned method with genotypic correlation coefficients and genotypic path coefficients (Direct effect). It has been concluded that the selection of progeny based on seed yield per plant, plant height, pod width and days to maturity provide higher genetic gain in Indian bean.</div>

​Construction of Selection Indices by using Different Economic Coefficients in Indian Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]

Background: Correlation analysis informs us about the relative importance of the breeding traits and quite useful for plant breeders to formulate their breeding and selection strategies. Path coefficient analysis splits the correlation coefficient into the measures of indirect and direct effect. It identifies the indirect and direct influence of different autonomous genotype on a dependent trait. Present study aimed to determine major seed contributing components affecting seed yield and also to know the relationship among these components. 
 
Methods: Present investigation was carried out on 147 advanced breeding lines to know the correlations and path coefficient for 12 yield and yield contributing traits. The material was evaluated in augmented block design with 07 blocks, each block having 21 lines. A set of three check varieties were repeated in each block. Observations were recorded on number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, plant height (cm), silique/plant, fruiting zone length (cm), main shoot length (cm), number of seeds/siliquae, siliquae length (cm), biological yield/plant (g), seed yield/plant (g), harvest index and test weight. 
 
Result: The seed yield per plant showed positive and significant correlation with primary branches per plant (0.273), secondary branches per plant (0.280), siliquae per plant (0.627), biological yield per plant (0.744), harvest index (0.188), test weight (0.212) and oil content (0.225). Biological yield per plant (0.5747) had maximum direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by siliquae per plant (0.2438), harvest index (0.127), oil content (0.118) and test weight. These characters have positive and significant association with seed yield per plant. The study thus indicated that biological yield per plant, siliquae per plant, harvest index and test weight are the important characters which should be considered in selection programme in Indian mustard.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Background: This study aimed to determine the direct and indirect effects of various agronomic traits on seed yield in common bean under contrasting conventional and organic cultivation systems using path coefficient analysis. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 at the research and trial area of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University. 
 
Methods: Common bean genotypes were grown under conventional and organic management systems using, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Seed yield (SY) and ten related traits-emergence time (ET), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first pod height (FPH), pod length (PL), pod width (PW), pods per plant (PPP), seeds per pod (SPP), 100-seed weight (HSW) and biomass yield (BY)-were measured. 
 
Result: Correlation coefficients were calculated and path analysis was performed separately for each system to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Correlation analysis revealed differing significant associations between traits under the two systems. Path analysis identified distinct pathways influencing seed yield. In the conventional system, Emergence Time (ET) exhibited the largest positive direct effect (P=1.143) on seed yield, indicating the importance of rapid establishment. However, Pods per Plant (PPP) showed a strong negative direct effect (P=-1.359), while 100-Seed Weight (HSW) also had a notable negative direct effect (P=-0.337). In contrast, under the organic system, Pods per Plant (PPP) exerted the strongest positive direct effect (P=0.567) on seed yield, followed by biomass yield (BY) (P=0.428) and emergence time (ET) (P=0.473). First pod height (FPH) showed the most substantial negative direct effect (P=-0.487) in the organic system. The influence of PPP on seed yield was notably contrasting, shifting from strongly negative under conventional management to strongly positive under organic conditions. The study highlights that the mechanisms determining seed yield in common bean differ significantly between conventional and organic systems. While rapid emergence was paramount in the conventional system, maximizing pods per plant was the key driver under organic conditions, alongside biomass accumulation. These system-specific yield determination pathways suggest that breeding programs and agronomic management strategies should be tailored to the target cultivation environment (conventional or organic) to optimize common bean seed yield.

System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses

<div>Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is a highly contagious disease of dogs of less than two years age group characterized by vomiting, haemorrhagic foul smelling diarrhoea, high grade pyrexia, dehydration and followed by death. The disease is caused by Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) and its variants, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c. Environmental and host determinants are playing an important role in the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Limited numbers of research studies have been were conducted on the role of the determinants associated with the disease occurrence. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the influence of host and environmental determinants associated with the incidence of CPVE in dogs. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: Retrospective data on the incidence of CPVE in Namakkal region, Tamil Nadu was collected (2017-2019) from Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC and RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and had been subjected to temporal and spatial &nbsp;clustering and regression analysis. One hundred and twenty three faecal samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs of CPVE and subjected to PCR using H primer of CPV. Cross-sectional study was used to investigate the relationship between the disease and hypothesized causal factors. Relative risk, odds ratio were used to determine the causal association. Weather data was collected for the period from 2017-2019 from Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Control Laboratory (AFAQAL), VC and RI, Namakkal to assess the relationship of disease occurrence with the environmental determinants. Multiple linear regression model was developed for prediction of CPVE by correlation of environmental determinants with the occurrence of CPVE.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Temporal analysis revealed endemic pattern of CPVE started last week of April, peaks in June and ends in August and second peak was noticed at November month. Higher incidences (&gt;70%) were noticed in males and less than 6 months age group dogs. Polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of CPV infection in dogs revealed the positivity of 70.73%. Analysis of risk factors associated with CPVE revealed that vaccination, roaming of dogs, maternal vaccination and early weaning having positive statistical association with the incidence of CPVE. Multiple linear regression model revealed that relative humidity is positively associated with the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Vaccination of dogs against CPV and administration of boosters at regular intervals, weaning of dogs after 45 days of age are used as primary strategies for prevention of CPVE.</div>

<div>Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis</div>

<div>Background: Mango is one of the most important fruits in the world. The superior position of mango is due to its very wide and variety utilization and because of that, the main goal of all mango breeding programs is to obtain new inbred and hybrids that will outperform the existing hybrids concerning&nbsp;many traits for efficient selection of fruit yield, like the most important economic traits,&nbsp;regarding its on the great influence the environmental factors, has a complex mode of inheritance and low heritable is necessary to know the relation between fruit yield and other traits which are influencing on fruit yield. The current study aimed to verify the variability and correlation between the traits in fruit yield, to practice indirect selection.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this field investigation during&nbsp;2018-19,&nbsp;Forty diverse clones&nbsp;(vegetative propagate) of mango cv. Langra were selected on Fruit Research Station (Farm), Imalia, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)&nbsp;to determine the genotypic correlation along with their direct and indirect effects through path coefficient analysis in mango as to estimate the contribution of most important characters towards yield. 
 
Result: Yield was positively and significantly correlated with panicle length (0.38**), length of leaves (0.22*). The residual effect of path analysis was -0.06 revealed higher genetic variability and also proved a lower per cent of environmental influence on the selected characters of mango clones of Langra. Higher positive direct effects on yield were exhibited by the length of leaves, the width of leaves, flower shoot length, number of panicles, number of flowers, and fruit drop %. In combination with correlation coefficient and path analysis, it was found that the length of leaves gave a significant positive correlation coefficient with yield and also produce a high positive direct effect.</div>

​Estimation of Yield and Yield-related Traits among Seedling Colnes of Mango [Mangifera indica (L.) Cv. Langra] using Correlation and Path Coefficient

<div style="text-align: justify;">he aims were to identify the body weight of the several age groups in Norduz lambs and its correlations between these traits were to determine the best non-linear growth curve models for the growth performance of the Norduz sheep breed. A total of 91 male and female of Norduz lambs were evaluated under extensive system conditions. The least square means for weights at birth and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195 and 210 days of age periods were 4.51&plusmn;0.56, 9.28&plusmn;0.25, 11.14&plusmn;0.29, 14.99&plusmn;0.37, 18.21&plusmn;0.43, 22.54&plusmn;0.54, 22.33&plusmn;0.25, 23.59&plusmn;0.54, 25.58&plusmn;0.55, 28.07&plusmn;0.58, 29.45&plusmn;0.60, 29.98&plusmn;0.84, 32.44&plusmn;0.61, 32.03&plusmn;0.59 and 31.45&plusmn;0.57 kg, respectively. There were differences in favor of lambs of four-year old dams at 15 days of age and also lambs born single at 90 days of age for the body weight. The effect of weight of dam at birth, 30, 45, 60 days of age was significant (P&lt; 0.05-P&lt;0.01) and the birth weight in lambs importantly effected the weights at 15, 30, and 45 days of age. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;All correlations between the body weights of several age periods were significant as statistical (P&lt;0.01). As for the growth models, distinguished models were compared using the coefficient of determination and mean square error for both sexes. As a result, we concluded that von Bertalanffy model were the best model in comparison with the other models for biological growth curves in Norduz male and female lambs.</div>

Determining the Relationship between SPAD Values and Common Bean Seed (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Yield by Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis Method by using Different Organic Fertilizer

Determination of Correlation and Path Coefficient for Seed Yield and it's Contributing Characters in Soybean Germplasm

Genetic Variability, Correlation Coefficient and Path Coefficient Analysis among Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Germplasm for Seed Oil Yield Related Traits in Uttarakhand, India

Correlation Coefficients and Path Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Desi Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)

Construction of Selection Indices by using Different Economic Coefficients in Indian Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]

Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses

Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis

Estimation of Yield and Yield-related Traits among Seedling Colnes of Mango [Mangifera indica (L.) Cv. Langra] using Correlation and Path Coefficient

Effects of some factors on growth of lambs and the determination of growth curve models