<div style="text-align:justify">Background:&nbsp;Chronic exposure to stress results in immuno-suppression. The present study was carried out to explore the therapeutic benefits of vestibular stimulation on the immune system of stress-induced Wistar rats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Stress was intervened in the Wistar rats by cold water swimming method for a period of 14 days. Following stress, caloric vestibular stimulation was induced in the rats by irrigating external auditory meatus bilaterally with hot water (temperature 41oC) for 2 minutes for a period of 15 days and 30 days in respective groups. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained and serum corticosterone, Interleukin 2 (IL2), Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were analyzed using ELISA method and histopathology of brain was assessed. Brain CD4 and CD8 cells were analyzed by Immunohistochemistry. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Stress significantly increased serum corticosterone, IL2 levels and reduced IgM levels. Stress group showed increased dendritic arborization in prefrontal cortex, neuronal atrophy, nuclear pyknosis with congested blood vessels in hippocampus and mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate in hypothalamus. Brain extravascular CD4 and CD8 showed positive in stress group. Caloric vestibular stimulation effectively reduced serum corticosterone levels, histopathological changes, brain extravascular CD4 and CD8 cells and improved IgM in the present study.</div>

Vestibular Stimulation as An Interventional Approach for Cold Water Stress Induced Immunological and Histopathological Changes in Rats

<div>Neuroglobin (Ngb) was recently identified as a member of the vertebrate hemoglobin family. Several studies have been conducted on Ngb in mammals, but none have compared its expression and localization among different mammals. This review compared the distribution and localization of Ngb expression and explained the different functions of Ngb in the brains of mammals. Intel&rsquo;s integrated performance primitive (IPP) analysis was employed to obtain the expression levels in each region of the mammalian brain. Ngb is widely expressed in the adult yak brain and distributed in different areas, similar to its expression in cattle. The relative expression of the Ngb gene in the cerebral cortex (262.69 &plusmn; 9.19) was significantly higher than that in the cerebellar cortex (137.00 &plusmn; 7.29), hippocampus (1.00 &plusmn; 0.22), medulla oblongata (3.43 &plusmn; 0.76), striatum (7.65 &plusmn; 0.61) and olfactory bulb (2.14 &plusmn; 1.22). Findings in the rat brain showed low Ngb protein expression. The mouse brain showed Ngb over expression in a transgenic variant (Ngb-Tg), while in the human brain, the level of Ngb was higher in the hypothalamus, amygdala and pontine tegmental nuclei than in other parts of the brain. The expression levels, distribution and localization of Ngb differ across the brains of different mammals, so it is appropriate to explore the precise distribution and localization of Ngb before comparison or analysis in these mammals.</div>

<div>Comparative Study of the Distribution and Localization of Neuroglobin Expression in the Mammalian Brain: A Literature Review</div>

<div>Background: Organ meats are rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cow brain consumption on blood cholesterol level and possible histomorphological changes of liver, heart and kidney in Swiss albino mice.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total twenty (20) Swiss albino mice (aged 3 weeks; average weight 20-25gm) were taken and randomly divided into group A and group B. Each group consisted of ten (10) mice. The group A was fed with normal mice pellet and water. On the other hand, cow brain (2gm/kg body weight orally once daily for 28 days) was supplied to group B. After the experimental tenure, the mice of both groups were sacrificed ethically and the samples (Blood, liver, heart and kidney) were collected for investigation. 
 
Result: Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride level (TG) and low density lipoprotein level (LDL) significantly (**p&lt;0.01) increased as well as high density lipoprotein level (HDL) significantly (**p&lt;0.01) decreased in group B. In the gross observation, pale with hemorrhagic liver, fat accumulation at the base of the heart and peri renal fat deposition were found in group B of mice. Congestion and dilation in both central and portal vein, marked lymphocytic infiltration and fatty infiltration in liver, wide separation of cardiac muscle fiber in ventricular myocardium, glomerular and tubular fatty infiltration of kidney were also found in histomorphological study. Therefore, the present findings presage that cow brain consumption might have baleful effects on health.</div>

<div>Cow Brain Consumption Causes Hypercholesterolemia: An in Vivo Study</div>

<div>Background: For conservation of breeds and faster multiplication of superior germplasm in a short period, ovum pick-up- In vitro embryo production (OPU-IVEP) in combination with embryo transfer (ET) can be a viable alternative to the multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of FSH stimulation on follicular population, oocyte recovery rate and in vitro maturation of oocytes collected by ovum pick-up in Sahiwal cows. 
 
Methods: Sixteen Sahiwal cows aged 3-6 years were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in group 1 (Non-stimulated, n=8) were subjected to ovum pick-up (OPU) twice at 96h interval at random stage of estrous cycle. Animals in group 2 (FSH stimulated, n=8) were subjected to FSH prestimulation (Follitropin-V, 200 mg i/m in 3 tapering doses 100, 60, 40 mg) prior to OPU 1 and with a duration of 96 hrs interval OPU 2 performed. 
 
Result: There was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) observed between FSH stimulated and non-stimulated group in mean number of follicles available for aspiration (15.31&plusmn;1.56 and 6.88&plusmn;0.55, respectively), mean number of oocytes recovered (4.94&plusmn;0.70 and 3.25&plusmn;0.40, respectively), cumulus cell expansion rate (92.95 and 83.7% respectively) and 1st polar body extrusion rate (74.64 and 67.44%, respectively). In conclusion, 200 mg of FSH stimulation with decreasing dose prior to OPU increased the follicular population and increased more number of medium and large follicles available for aspiration. FSH pre-treatment also improved the mean number of oocyte recovery and maturation rate compared to non-stimulated group.</div>

Effect of FSH Stimulation of Ovaries on in vitro Maturation of Sahiwal Oocytes Collected by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) Method

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term supplementation with dietary lipids on growth and fatty acid composition of rabbit&rsquo;s brain. Soybean oil, fish oil, sesame oil, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid were fed to weanling rabbits for 100 days. The rabbits were decapitated and brain sample was removed, homogenized and fatty acid concentration was measured by gas chromatography. Dietary lipids had a distinct effect on growth rate only in males. Rabbits fed the fish oil diet showed the highest total w-3 fatty acids and lowest w-6/w-3 ratios. Rabbits fed the DHA diet had highest total saturated fatty acids and lowest values of total MUFA, total PUFA, total w-6, and total w-3 in females. This study shows that w-6/w-3 ratios have tremendous effect on the fatty acid composition of rabbit&rsquo;s brain. Effect of treatment was not significant among different gender except for total saturated, ARA, C20:1 and C16:0. FO, DHA and DHA+ARA groups showed the w-6/w-3 ratios within the recommended range. This study shows that fatty acid composition of brain can be modulated by dietary lipids and long-term supplementation of dietary lipids especially fish oil (FO) has very good effect on the fatty acid composition of &nbsp;rabbit&rsquo;s brain.&nbsp;

Effect of long term supplementation with dietary lipids on&nbsp;growth and fatty acid composition of rabbit&rsquo;s brain

<div style="text-align: justify;">The objective of this study was to evaluate the brain biometrical dynamics with advancement of age between sexes. One hundred fifty day-old sexed Vanaraja chicks (75 male + 75 female) were selected and distributed equally in two groups. Birds were slaughtered by cervical dislocation method at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days of age and biometrical measurements were taken. From our present study we observed brain volume had shown significant (P&lt;0.05) changes with respect to age and sex of birds. The mean length of both left and right cerebral hemispheres between male and female birds had varied significantly (P&lt;0.05). With advancement of age, hemispheric length varied significantly (P&lt;0.05). The major finding was that cerebral width significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased from 42-63 days of age and in male birds cerebellar length increased from 63 days onwards. There were age-specific changes in all the morphometrical parameters where as between sexes there were some minor variations.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Age and sex specific brain biometrical study in Vanaraja chickens</div>

<div>Background: Humic acid is a natural bio-stimulant, which has a major influence on growth and crop quality. Also, Magnetic water treatment enhances both crop productivity and quality, which leads to the efficient use of cultivated land by using water resources available for crop production. This study aims to determine the effects of magnetized water irrigation and application of humic acid with different concentrations as a bio-stimulation on tomato plants, Solanum Lycopersicon cv. Hybrid &ldquo;86&rdquo;. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during the tow growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the Agricultural Experimental Station Farm at Abies region, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt. The experiment design was split-plot with three replications. Two irrigation water treatments (magnetized and non-magnetic water) were arranged in the main plots and four concentrations of humic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) were distributed over sub-plots. 
 
Result: The results showed that irrigation with magnetized water had a positive effect on the vegetative growth traits, yield and its components and the quality of tomato fruits parameters. There was also a clear desirable effect of humic acid addition with different concentrations, as the results indicated that the use of the highest concentration of humic acid (3 g L-1) reflected the highest values for all the studied traits. The results of the interaction between irrigation with magnetized water and application of humic acid showed that the best results and the highest values for all studied characters were recorded when using magnetic water (MW) combined with 3 g L-1 of humic acid (HA), without significant differences from the interaction treatment MW combined with 2 g L-1 HA for most traits. However, the two treatments combinations MW with 2 g L-1 HA and Non-MW with 3 g L-1 HA didn&rsquo;t significant differ from each other for all studied characters at the two growing seasons. These results indicated that using the magnetic water with humic acid led to the possibility of reducing the amount of humic acid by one-third and enhances both crop productivity and quality of tomato plants. Generally, we can recommend using magnetized water irrigation with humic acid addition at concentration of 3.g L-1 or 2.g L-1 to enhance the productivity and quality of the tomato plant.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Enhancing the Productivity and Quality of Tomato using Magnetized Water and Humic Acid as Bio-stimulant Agents</div>

<div>Background: This study aimed to investigate the influences of sexual preparation on the effects of boars&rsquo; semen viability on the fertilization capacity of artificially inseminated sows. After all, boar sires more pigs than farrowed by a sow which the boar has been mated to improve reproductive parameters in response to AI. 
 
Methods: The semen viability of boars were studied during various sexual stimulations and analyzed during the study period. Sperm rich fractions were collected and separated at every level of sexual stimulation during the morning (08:30) and the afternoon (14:30) hours, respectively. Artificial insemination was performed following three levels of sexual preparations of boars (0 minutes of sexual restraint (MSR), 5 MSR and 10 MSR) before semen collection. Receptive sows were inseminated and evaluated for fertility traits using non-return rate, farrowing rate and litter size.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The non-return rate was recorded as a percentage of sows conceived after insemination over the total number of sows inseminated. The farrowing rate was recorded as a percentage of sows that farrows over the number of sows conceived and litter size as several live piglets per sow. Sexual desire was influenced by sexual preparations and significantly influenced the fertility of the artificially inseminated sows. This study is of practical significance to the animal breeder mainly because boars have greater influence than sows on the average litter size and live piglets. The study concludes that the use of at least 5 to 10 minutes of sexual restraint during the afternoon periods prior to semen collection and artificial insemination is found to be a practical method for optimizing sperm viability and fertility of sows in the intensive system.</div>

Semen Viability Properties of Sexually Stimulated Boars on the Fertilization Capacity of Artificially Inseminated Large White Sows

Background: During the last 50 years the progress of chemical technology provoked a production revolution in agriculture. Many chemicals are used for fertilizing crops, controlling pests and helping to develop a highly successful farm system. The long-term use of chemicals in agricultural production resulted in a decrease in plant resistance, plant yield and soil-yielding capacity. The negative effects of chemicals on agricultural produce and the environment are commonly known. Therefore, many scientists believe that this century is the century of biophysical methods in agriculture. One biophysical method for plant growing stimulation is laser irradiation of seeds before sowing.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The subjects of this study were three genotypes of Virginia tobacco, whose seeds were irradiated with a red laser (l=655 nm, P= 0,7 mW) with different durations (30s, 60s, 120s). The present study aimed to trace the period of seedling formation and to establish the effect of laser irradiation on the duration of the phenological growth stages. Mathematical and statistical processing methods are applied to the database of experimental data. 
 
Result: It was found that pre-sowing laser irradiation of tobacco seeds with a red laser led to an acceleration of germination. The results show that the wide application of pre-sowing laser irradiation of tobacco seeds will enable intense and more qualitative tobacco leaf production, as well as the protection of the environment.

Laser Radiation to Stimulate Tobacco Growth

<div>Background: Changes in the climate of the world coupled with the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers are causing great challenges in agricultural production systems. However, such problems could be tackled by using bio-stimulants leading to the advancement of sustainable production. Thus, the current study was conducted with the purpose of improving quality traits and fruiting potential of tomato plants using albitbr&nbsp;bio-stimulant. 
 
Methods: The study involved seven doses of the albitbr&nbsp;bio-stimulant (0.1 L ha-1, 0.5 L ha-1, 1 L ha-1, 2.5 L ha-1, 5 L ha-1, 10 L ha-1&nbsp;and 50 L ha-1) applied on four tomato cultivars (Malets, Revansh, Talisman and Fonaric) to be compared against the control (lone water). The field was designed in a randomized block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Two plants were randomly selected from each plot for data collection. 
 
Result: Results indicated that Fonaric cultivar produced the highest significant values of carotenoid pigments, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. In addition to this, the highest significant values of number of fruiting trusses per plant and number of fruits per truss were obtained from Malets cultivar. Albitbr&nbsp;bio-stimulant application resulted into significant differences on most of the parameters. Albitbr&nbsp;applied at 5 L ha-1&nbsp;produced the highest significant values of total chlorophyll (1.966 mg g-1), chlorophyll b (0.759 mg g-1), number of fruits per truss (3.812) beta carotene (2.509 mg 100 g-1) whereas the highest levels of chlorophyll a (1.263 mg g-1) and lycopene (15.45 mg 100 g-1) were obtained from 2.5 L ha-1&nbsp;and 10 L ha-1&nbsp;respectively.</div>

Vestibular Stimulation as An Interventional Approach for Cold Water Stress Induced Immunological and Histopathological Changes in Rats

Comparative Study of the Distribution and Localization of Neuroglobin Expression in the Mammalian Brain: A Literature Review

Cow Brain Consumption Causes Hypercholesterolemia: An in Vivo Study

Effect of FSH Stimulation of Ovaries on in vitro Maturation of Sahiwal Oocytes Collected by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) Method

Effect of long term supplementation with dietary lipids on growth and fatty acid composition of rabbit’s brain

Age and sex specific brain biometrical study in Vanaraja chickens

Enhancing the Productivity and Quality of Tomato using Magnetized Water and Humic Acid as Bio-stimulant Agents

Semen Viability Properties of Sexually Stimulated Boars on the Fertilization Capacity of Artificially Inseminated Large White Sows

Laser Radiation to Stimulate Tobacco Growth

Developmental and Quality Traits of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) Cultivars as Affected by Albit^br Bio-stimulant