Background: In this study, boron which is an important element in many fields such as defense industry, energy, food and cleaning in the world, was studied. It is also an important plant nutritional element. However, like other important elements, it has some effects on plants and the environment. T&uuml;rkiye has 76% of the world&cent;s boron reserves. In this study, proline applications were tried to determine the toxic effect of boron in soybeans, which is a strategic product and to reduce the damage. 
 
Methods:This study was carried out to determine the effects of boron (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm) and proline (0, 10 and 20 ppm) applications on plant growth parameters and biochemical properties in soybean (Glycine max L.). The study was carried out in the fully controlled climate room of our faculty&#39;s field crops.This trial was carried out according to the randomized plots experimental design in a factorial arrangement with 4 replications. 
 
Result: In the research, after the applications, soybean plant height (22.7-33.3 cm), root length (26.2-38.7 cm), stem fresh weight (1.77-3.20 g), stem dry weight (0.59-0.71 g), root fresh weight (1.43-2.72 g), root dry weight (0.15-0.24 g), leaf area index (10.4-11.1 cm2), ion leakage in leaf tissues (20.4- 24.9%), nitrogen balance index (47.3-92.2 dx), anthocyanin (0.04-0.08 dx). flavonoid (34.9-55.6 dx) and chlorophyll (22.5-42.4 mg cm-2) were examined. In the results of working; Boron applications first increased and then decreased the values of plant height, root length, stem fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight in soybean plants. There was a direct decrease in leaf area index, NBI and total chlorophyll values. Other parameters followed a fluctuating course. It has been determined that boron applications increase flavonoid and anthocyanin values. In this study, it was determined that proline applications had a positive and regulatory effect on root length, stem fresh weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, nitrogen balance index and flavonoid values against boron toxicity.

Effect of Foliar Boron and Proline Applications on Physiological and Biochemical Properties in Soybean (Glycine max L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Boron (B) is one of the important essential plant micronutrient elements and plays a significant role in physiological and biochemical processes in the legumes and brassica crops. Some of the alkaline calcareous soils are B deficient soils. Root of the crop acts as zone of nutrient absorbing. On its growth and functioning, uptake of any nutrient takes place. A greenhouse experiment with green gram crop was designed to study the effect of B application on root in some alkaline calcareous loam textured soils for two years. Three soils with percent calcium carbonate content 0.75 (S I), 2.1 (S II) and 4.56 (S III) were collected from different sites of Ludhiana and Bhatinda districts, Punjab, India. The treatments comprised of four levels of soil applied B viz. 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 mg B kg-1 and two levels of foliar applied B viz. 0.1 and 0.2 percent borax solution with common control. Soil applied B had more influence on root mean dry matter yield than foliar applied B. Among all soil applied B, 0.5 mg kg-1 was best treatment. Soil applied B was more uptake by root as compared to foliar applied B. Among all three calcareous soils, Soil I with lower calcium carbonate was best soil in respect of root mean yield in comparison to Soil III with higher calcareous soils. At grand growth stage, the optimum yield (0.895 mg pot-1) was obtained when root B concentration was 10.6 mg kg-1 and the soil applied B level was 0.84 mg kg-1 while at maturity stage, the optimum yield (1.28 mg pot-1) was obtained when root B concentration was 10.6 mg kg-1 and the soil applied B level was 0.87 mg kg-1.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Influence of Boron Application on Root Growth of Green Gram in Loam Textured Soils</div>

Ca-B interactions in crop plants are essential in crop productivity, quality and stress-tolerance in a variety of agro-climatic conditions. This review discusses the complex processes behind Ca-B nutrition in plants, both at the molecular interaction level and in the field. Calcium ionically bridges with the pectin compounds at the cellular level and boron forms borate crosslinking with rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). The resulting B-RG-II complex that involves two molecules of boric acid and two Ca2+&nbsp;ions is important to retain the cell wall integrity. The effect of these nutrients during the plant development is synergistic and when there is deficiency of boron, it leads to increased cytosolic Ca2+&nbsp;and also calcium-regulated gene expression. Physicochemical properties of soil play a great role in Ca-B dynamics. Boron adsorption on clay minerals is enhanced as pH rises reaching a peak of about pH 9.0 in alkaline environment. The arable land of the world is estimated at around 50% of the global land, with 50% of this area being acid in nature making the availability of the two nutrients to be limited and thus requires strategic interventions. Optimised Ca-B nutrition leads to significant increases in yield of major crops. This can only be achieved through combined methods of soil testing, precise fertilisation and environmental concerns to facilitate good management. Nutrient management strategies are being transformed with the new technologies such as genomics, metabolomics, precision agriculture, mycorrhizal associations and machine learning algorithms. New areas of research should be directed towards new decision support systems, molecular level interventions, sustainable boron recovery of waste streams and mycorrhizal-mediated nutrient interactions. 
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Calcium-boron Interactions in Plant Nutrition: From Molecular Mechanisms to Agricultural Applications: A Review

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: A well-managed manure is a valuable resource in providing nutrients for crop production. Farmers usually follow manual manure application practices which involves lot of drudgery and physical stress to pulverize as well as to apply in field. Also traditional practices results in a reduced field capacity along with higher cost of application. So there is a need to create a medium between the farmers and manure application practices by introducing manure pulverizers and applicators. Hence a study was undertaken to analyze the economic impact of a tractor powered manure pulverizer cum applicator over traditional practices. 
 
Methods: A manure pulverizer cum applicator helps in managing the manure by simultaneous pulverization and application in the field as basal application. On the other hand traditional practices involve manual dumping, clearing of lumps and spreading them in the field which require more than 3 labours to cover an acre in a day. Cost incurred with both manual and mechanical practices were calculated in terms of rupees per hour and rupees per hectare of operation. 
 
Result: The actual field capacity and efficiency of manure pulverizer cum applicator was observed to be 0.311 ha h-1 and 86.5% at a forward speed of 2.0 km/h-1. The cost of manure pulverizer cum applicator alone was Rs. 64,000. Cost of operation of manure pulverizer cum applicator as an attachment to tractor was found to be 1943.5 Rs ha-1. Cost of manual manure application followed by manure pulverization was noted as 4662.2 Rs ha-1. Saving in cost of operation was more than Rs. 2700 with tractor operated manure pulverizer cum applicator over manual application practices. The benefit-cost ratio of the developed machine was 1.4:1.</div>

Economic Analysis of Tractor Powered Manure Pulverizer cum Applicator over Traditional Manure Application Practices

<div>Background: Time of pre-emergence herbicide application is an important factor that decides the efficiency of herbicide. If the pre-emergence herbicide is not applied at appropriate time, it may cause ineffective weed control or toxicity to crops. With this background, a field experiment was conducted at TNAU, Madurai to optimize the time of pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen application for effective weed management in irrigated blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Treatments were application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 and oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg ha-1 on 1, 2, 3, 4 days after sowing, weed free check and unweeded check.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Results of the study revealed that oxyfluorfen gave maximum weed control efficiency as compared to pendimethalin, but toxicity to the crop was observed when oxyfluorfen was sprayed after 2 days of sowing. Yield and economics were achieved higher with application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS, which was on par with application of 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS due to lesser toxicity. Application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen didn&rsquo;t leave any herbicide residue after harvest. Hence, application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS can be recommended for effective weed management in irrigated balckgram.</div>

<div>Optimizing the Application Time of Pre-emergence Herbicide Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Application for Effective Weed Management in Irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and Its Residue Persistence</div>

Background: Rice-vegetable is one of the remunerative and profitable cropping system in Odisha to be grown in kharif and rabi season respectively. From GPS based soil survey and analysis by AICRP on Micronutrient, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, it was observed that boron deficiency was widespread in soils of Odisha (8-79%) and is a major constraint in light texture sandy loam soils under vegetable production. Growing of a shallow rooted crop like rice as direct crop followed by a deep-rooted vegetable crop can utilize leached Boron efficiently from subsoil thereby benefitting both rice and vegetable. Farmers in coastal Odisha generally grow knol-khol after rice and apply B frequently to both rice and knol-khol. Boron is one of the essential micronutrients required for the normal growth of knol-khol and plays an important role in yield of quality knobs. Till now no proper method and dose of boron is standardized for long term rice based vegetable cropping system regarding whether application of small dose every year is suitable or bulk quantity once or application in alternate years. &nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at E bock of Central Research Station, under AICRP on Micronutrient, O.U.A.T, Bhubaneswar to standardize the dose and frequency of boron application for rice-knol khol cropping system where boron is applied to first crop and knol-khol gets residual boron. In the present investigation residual effect of different graded doses of boron and its frequency of application on growth, yield, quality, post-harvest shelf life and economics of knol-khol for the year 2018-19 was studied. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and four different doses of boron (0.5 kg ha-1, 1.0 kg ha-1, 1.5 kg ha-1 and 2.0 kg ha-1) at three different frequencies (application of boron once, alternate year and every year) were applied. 
 
Result: The maximum values of growth attributing parameters were recorded with residual effect of boron @ 1.5 kg ha-1 in every year application. Highest yield and yield attributing characters such as diameter of knob (8.70 cm), length of knob (6.53 cm) and total knob yield (224.72 q ha-1) were recorded with residual effect of boron @ 1.5 kg ha-1 in every year application. Highest B: C ratio of (2.27) was observed with residual effect of boron applied @ 1.5 kg ha-1 in every year application.

Residual Effect of Boron on Yield, Yield Parameters and Economics of Knol-Khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) in Coastal Regions of Odisha

<div>Background: Manures (FYM, vermicompost, edible oil cakes etc.) are important resources which provide nutrients that could reduce bagged fertilizer costs and improves the crop growth and performance. A well-managed manure is a valuable resource in providing nutrients for crop production. As manure dries, nutrients not only get concentrated on a weight basis, but also on a volume basis due to structural changes. Compared to fresh manure, it is easier to handle and transport because of decreased volume and weight. Hence, it is necessary to pulverize the manure when it is applied to the land. 
 
Methods: Various research works previously carried out on manure pulverizers and applicators have been considered in the study to come up with an idea of developing a tractor powered manure pulverizer cum applicator. Studies concluded the importance of manure pulverization, effect of wind, angle of repose and coefficient of friction in the designing and development of manure dispensing equipment. 
 
Result: Manure pulverizer integrated with tractor PTO along with an applicator was designed and developed. The machine consists of KAU manure pulverizer, feed chute, blower, frame and hitch, gearbox and extension shaft. Power to the gearbox was drawn from the tractor PTO. Dried manure was continuously fed through the feeding chute and rotating blade helps in pulverizing the manure until it achieves a size smaller than the sieve. The pulverized manure reaches the blower unit by means of a chute and gets discharged through the flexible pipes. Maximum field capacity was noted at a traveling speed of 3.0 km h-1. A larger application rate of 1387.1 kg ha-1 for cow dung, 1624.4 kg ha-1 for goat faecal pellets and 1618.6 kg ha-1 for neem cake was noted at an engine rpm of 2500, forward speed of 2 km h-1 with a field capacity of 0.31 ha h-1.</div>

Manure Pulverizers and Applicators: A Review

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of boron (B) fertilizer application on the growth, forage yield, quality and nutritive element content of legume forage crops. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted during season of 2023-24 at the Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Research and Experiment Land, T&uuml;rkiye. In the study, narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) (NV), forage pea [Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir.] (FP), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) (BC) and Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (PC) species were examined. Treatments included five pureboron concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg ha-1) applied on before sowing. Boron experiments were set up separately for each legume species. 
 
Result: Boron treatments increased legume forage crops species productivity relative to the control. When plant growth characteristics, forage yield and quality parameters were evaluated together, it was concluded that 1 kg ha-1&nbsp;B application for NV and PC, 2 kg ha-1&nbsp;B application for FP and BC were the most effective doses.

Effect of Boron on Growth, Forage Yield and Quality of Some Legume Forage Crops

The Kole lands a unique wetland ecosystem of Kerala, is located 0.5-1.0m below mean sea level. An experiment was conducted in College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala to study the influence of secondary and micronutrients viz. calcium, magnesium and boron on nutrient uptake and yield of rice in Kole lands. Six treatments including the soil test based nutrient application, package of practices recommendation (POPR) of Kerala Agricultural University for rice, combinations of the POPR with magnesium, calcium silicate, boron and absolute control were applied in the crop in a randomized block design with three replications. Higher uptake of nutrients especially primary and micronutrients were noticed by boron and calcium silicate application and lower uptake of Fe and Mn, thereby resulted in higher grain yields of 7.67 t/ha and 7.18 t/ha respectively and straw yield was higher by application of magnesium. Correlation analysis revealed that total uptake of boron, calcium and magnesium had positive and significant correlation with yield whereas negative correlation existed between Fe uptake and yield.

Effect of calcium, magnesium and boron on nutrient uptake and&nbsp;yield of rice in Kole lands of Kerala

Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L) is a fragrant medicinal herb belonged to the Lamiaceae family, cultivated as a important economic and ornamental plant. Its leaves are used as a spice in cooking as well as for food preservation. The plant has considerable nutritional and medicinal values. This study was carried out in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Province, Iraq, to explore how to improve the chemical and bioactive components of basil. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of soil inoculation with&nbsp;Pseudomonas&nbsp;bacteria and foliar application of nano-boron as a sustainable agricultural practice to improve the plant quality and its secondary metabolites. 
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Methods: The experiment with three replications, was designed as a factorial trial within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Two main factors were studied. The first factor was the soil inoculation with the&nbsp;Pseudomonas&nbsp;bacteria at four different concentrations of control, 25, 125 and 200 mg/mL. The second factor involved the foliar application of nano-boron, also at four concentrations of control, 80, 150 and 250 mg/L. The study assessed the effects of these treatments on some chemical parameters, comprising nitrogen and carbohydrates and on important bioactive compounds in basil, such as linalool, camphor and pinene. 
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Result: The application of nano-boron and Pseudomonas, both separately as well as in combination, showed high improvements in all measured parameters. The most favorable results were found with the highest concentration levels of both treatments. Specifically, the combined application of 200 mg/mL of&nbsp;Pseudomonas&nbsp;and 250 mg/L of nano-boron produced the highest average values. This interaction led to camphor levels of 7.83 mg/g, pinene at 0.83 mg/g, linalool at 27.84 mg/g, carbohydrates at 21.74 mg/g and nitrogen content at 1.75 mg/g. These findings highlight a robust synergistic effect between the nano-fertilizer (nano-boron) and the biofertilizer (Pseudomonas), representing their potential to improve the productivity and phytochemical content of basil.

Study the Effect of the Boron Nano and Pseudomonas on Chemical Parameters and the Active Compounds of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)