<div style="text-align: justify;">Paramphistomosis is a chronic, debilitating parasitic disease of livestock prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Globally there is a heavy reliance on anthelmintics but concerns over drug resistance encourage the search for new leads. Metalloproteinases play a significant role in the biology and life cycle of parasitic helminths. The efficacy of metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-Phenanthroline (1,10-phe) which is commonly used as a specific enzyme inhibitor in biochemical assays, was tested in vitro on Gigantocotyle explanatum tegument as a marker of anthelmintic action. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the tegumental surface exhibited considerable changes in the worms treated with the metalloenzyme inhibitor, 1,10-phe. The untreated control worms appeared normal showing smooth tegumental surface with abundant dome shaped papillae in the anterior to mid region, while their density was less around the acetabulum which serves as a hold-fast organ helping the worms to remain attached in biliary passage. The 1,10-phe produced significant tegumental damage when the liver amphistomes were in vitro exposed to this compound at 12.5 &micro;M concentration. The surface changes appeared in the form of edematous ridges with prominent furrows and erosion of the dome shaped papillae with rosette shaped deep lesions as a result of which deep parenchymatous tissues were exposed. The collapse of sensory bulbs as well as sloughing of tegument, particularly in the anterior-mid region was observed. The nature of damage could be comparable to various anthelmintics used in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of direct exposure of amphistome worms to zinc metallo-enzyme inhibitor, however, further in vivo studies are required to ascertain the anthelmintic efficacy of 1,10-phe.</div>

The anthelmintic activity of 1,10-phenanthroline, a metalloenzyme inhibitor

<div>Background: Sclerotium rolfsii is a soil borne notorious pathogen widely affecting pulses, vegetables, oil seeds, flowers and ornamentals recording high yield loss. In groundnut it causes stem rot. The current study is focused towards management of S. rolfsii using combined application of Trichoderma spp. under field condition. 
 
Methods: Twenty-five isolates of Trichoderma spp. were screened initially against the stem rot pathogen through dual culture method. The effective Trichoderma spp. again assessed by agar well diffusion method and their secondary metabolites were identified using GC-MS. 
 
Result: From the 25 isolates, T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum were inhibitory to the growth of S. rolfsii. The isolate T(SP)-20 of T. longibrachiatum showed 84.44% inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen followed by T(AR)-10 of T. asperellum (75.55%). The major compounds present in GC-MS analysis of T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum are 2-Tricosenoic acid (3.29%), Hexadecane (3.12%) and Phenol (27.18%), 2, 6, 10-Trimethyltridecane (3.44%) respectively. At field level combined application of effective T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum excelled well in reducing stem rot disease incidence (82.67%) when compared to individual species.</div>

Combined Application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T(SP)-20 and Trichoderma asperellum T(AR)-10 in the Management of Stem Rot of Groundnut

Background: The profitability of ruminant production hinges on the reliable availability of top-quality fodder. Nevertheless, a concerning issue is emerging: a substantial gap between the supply and demand of fodder. This imbalance predominantly affects small and marginal dairy farmers, who possess limited land. These farmers prioritize cash crop cultivation on their available land while dedicating only minimal space to fodder production. The rising cost of external feed supplements further intensifies the burden, affecting both milk yield and animal health. Inadequate fodder leads to nutritional deficiencies, reduced reproductive efficiency and increased susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring year-round access to diverse, nutrient-rich green fodder is, therefore, essential for improving livestock productivity and farmer income. Integrated fodder production models that maximize yield even in limited spaces can serve as a sustainable solution. Empowering farmers with low-cost, space-efficient techniques for cultivating multiple fodder types can significantly bridge the gap and support resilient dairy farming systems. 
 
Methods: In this regard, to address the prevailing fodder scarcity challenge, Bhagavatula Charitable Trust&ndash;Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BCT-KVK), Anakapalli, has been actively demonstrating a multi-cut fodder production model in a compact area of 10 cents. This model is specifically designed to enable small to medium-scale dairy farmers to access a consistent and diverse supply of green fodder throughout the year in its operational villages across the Anakapalli district. The demonstration plot incorporates a strategic mix of high-biomass-yielding grasses like Super Napier, cereal fodders (such as fodder maize and sorghum) and leguminous fodders (like cowpea and hedge lucerne) thereby ensuring a balanced nutritional profile for ruminants. In addition, tree fodders such as Subabul, Sesbania, Moringa and Glyricidia are planted around the boundaries to serve as a perennial source of green fodder and to provide essential vitamins and minerals. This integrated approach contrasts with the conventional practice of feeding carbohydrate-dominant grasses alone, which often leads to poor nutrient balance, reduced milk productivity and subclinical deficiencies. The model is designed for continuous harvesting and re-growth, ensuring sustainable fodder availability and minimizing the dependency on purchased feed resources. 
 
Result: With the multi-cut fodder production model, farmers obtained average milk yields of 2,500-3,000 litres per lactation in crossbred HF cows. The average milk fat and SNF content were consistently above 4% and 8%, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the year-round availability of nutritious green fodder, which enhanced rumen function, digestion and overall animal health. The inclusion of leguminous and tree fodders helped bridge nutrient gaps, leading to better metabolic efficiency and sustained lactation performance. Farmers also reported reduced dependency on commercial feed and improved profitability per animal due to better feed conversion efficiency and reduced health-related issues. 
&nbsp;

Empowering Small Farmers with the 10- Cent Multi-cut Fodder Model

<div style="text-align: justify;">Five pedons (P) were evaluated for their suitability to maize as alternate crop for the existing dominant rice crop at water scarce condition by variation in physiography, parent materials, and soil nutrients in Ponnaniyar basin. The pedons had the parent materials of non-calcareous gneiss with feldspar (P1), granite and feldspar intermingled (P2), weathered gneiss (P3), weathered quartz and felspatic gneiss (P4) and gneiss with lime (P5) with soil orders of Vertisol (P3, P5), Inceptisol (P1, P2) and Alfisol (P4). The soils were low, medium and high in available N, P and K status respectively. Based on the soil analytical report suitability of maize was established. Kunnatur, Eliyattur and Tiruchengodu series are moderately suitable (S2) for maize cultivation. Whereas, Manapparai and Pilamedu series are highly suitable (S1) for maize cultivation. Also, based on the soil fertility data, the map was generated using-the software Arc GIS 10.1 with the help of GPS information for future reference.</div>

Evaluation of soil site for suitability of maize and fertility mapping using gis 10.1 in ponnaniyar basin, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: This study evaluates the benefit of zero tillage over conventional tillage for cultivating field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties in rice fallow system (RFS) during winter season of 2023 at Hengbung, Manipur. The study is conducted to compare the productivity of the two varieties V1-Aman (IPF 5-19), V2-Prakash (IPFD 1-10) with tillage practices, W1-zero tillage and W2-conventional tillage. Soil analysis after harvest is recorded for studying the residual effect. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experimental design adopted is split plot design where the field pea variety, V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;is assigned in subplots and the tillage practices, W1&nbsp;and W2&nbsp;is assigned in the mainplots. The study involves four treatments (T) which are T1@V1W1, T2@V1W2, T3@ V2W1&nbsp;and T4@ V2W2 in 1hectare experimental farm at FGI, Hengbung in RFS replicated five times. The data for agronomic parameters were recorded and Soil chemical analysis for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were recorded to study the residual effect. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The recorded agronomic parameters and their residual effect on soil nutrient indicates that zero tillage demonstrated better performance over conventional tillage with both the varieties. There is significant difference between the two varieties and also the nutrient released in soil after harvest where V1&nbsp;shows better performance in yield and nutrient release over V2&nbsp;and within the same varieties the treatment T1 and T3 shows better performance. The overall findings suggest that zero tillage significantly enhances the crop output of field pea cultivation in RFS.

Residual impact of Zero Tillage and Conventional Tillage on the Productivity of Field Pea Variety Aman (IPF 5-19) and Prakash (IPFD 1-10) under Rice Fallow System

<div>Background: Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world. To meet up the increasing food demand there&rsquo;s no alternative to increase the cropping intensity through high yielding and short duration crop varieties. Currently, cropping system of Bangladesh is mostly rice based which is also the staple food. Therefore, farmers which follow rice-rice based cropping patterns are gaining less profit day by day. Contrary, intensive rice culture is depleting soil properties gradually. Thus, to preserve soil health and increase profit pulse and oil seed based cropping patterns are crucial for sustaining a cropping pattern. This study was undertaken to find out a cropping pattern with higher yield and profit in the context of Magura district. 
 
Methods: Five cropping patterns, CP1 = Transplanted Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-7)- Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-9)- Boro rice (cv. Binadhan-14); CP2 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-16)-Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP3 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17) -Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP4 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17)-&nbsp;Lentil (cv. Binamasur-8)- Sesame (cv. Binatil-3) and &nbsp;CP5 (Control) -&nbsp;Aman (cv. Shorna) &ndash; Boro (cv. Heera) - fallow were assessed to identify the most suitable and profitable pattern as well as to enhance the cropping intensity by adding a pulse or oil seed crop between two rice crops. The investigation was conducted at farmer&rsquo;s field of Magura during 2018-19. Block farming method was followed for experiment set up.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that, maximum rice equivalent yield (REY) was obtained from CP1 (14.46 t/ha) followed by CP4 (13.52 t/ha), CP3 (13.35 t/ha), CP2 (13.09 t/ha) and CP5 (11.33 t/ha) during one year crop cycle. Highest gross margin (Tk. 1,90,189) and MBCR (1.83) was obtained from the cropping pattern CP4 and the lowest gross margin (Tk. 69,271) and MBCR (1.24) was found with the pattern CP5. Based on the above results it can be suggested that, Aman rice-Lentil-Sesame pattern i.e. CP4 may be a best choice for the farmers of Magura region for the maximum utilization of their land and gaining more profit compared to the other studied cropping patterns.</div>

<div>Yield and Profitability Analysis of Pulse and Oil Seed Based Cropping Patterns against Aman- Boro- Fallow Cropping Systems in Magura</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Acute kidney injury causes an abrupt decline in renal filtration and affects animals in a similar way to humans. Diagnosis can be made based on urinalysis, serum biochemistry and various biomarkers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of vitamin D in rats induced with acute kidney injury. 
 
Methods: In the present study, group A rats were taken as healthy control, group B rats were given gentamicin @ 100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally for 8 days and were considered as disease control and group C rats were treated with Vitamin D @ 0.4 &micro;g/kg/day subcutaneously for 8 days along with intraperitoneal gentamicin injection. Reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in erythrocytes on day 0, 4 and 8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF &alpha;) and interleukin 10 (IL 10) were also estimated along with urine and serum biochemistry on day 0, 4 and 8. Kidney tissue samples were collected on day 8 for histopathological examination. 
 
Result: The mean values of GSH, catalase and SOD were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher whereas the mean value of LPO was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in group C compared to group B on day 4 and 8. On day 4 and 8, the mean value of TNF &alpha; was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower, while the mean value of IL-10 was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in rats treated with vitamin D as compared to disease control. Histopathological examination along with urine and serum biochemistry revealed protective efficacy of vitamin D in acute kidney injury. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that vitamin D is having ameliorative efficacy along with antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential in case of gentamicin induced acute kidney injury in Wistar rats. However, detailed studies are required to explore the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in clinical cases of kidney diseases.</div>

Ameliorative, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Vitamin D on Aminoglycoside Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was carried out in lowland situation at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during late rainy (kharif) season of 2013 and 2014 to study the performance of double planted late sali rice under 3 planting dates (10, 20 and 30 September) along with 3 nutrient management practices followed in second nursery (control, 20-10-10 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha and FYM @ 2 t/ha) and 2 levels of fertilizers (control and &nbsp;20-10-10 kg, P2O5, K2O/ha) applied in the main field. Sixty days (30+30 days) old seedlings of double transplanting rice variety, &lsquo;Gitesh&rsquo; was used in the experiment. Experimental results revealed that delaying the planting dates from 10 September to 30 September, the grain and straw yields and almost all the yield attributes decreased significantly and consistently upto 30 September during both the years. On an average, the decrease in grain and straw yield with every 10 days successive delay from 10 September to 30 September was 41.1 and 66.0 per cent and 13.3 and 24.4 per cent, respectively. Nutrient management followed in second nursery either through inorganic or organic source could not significantly influence the yield and yield attributes of rice. Application of fertilizer @ 20-10-10 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha in main field had not any significant response to grain yield but straw yield increased significantly over the control. The highest net returns were obtained when trans lanting was done on 10 September and fertilizers applied @ 20-10-10 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha both in second nursery and main field of rice crop.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of planting dates and nutrient management on double planted late sali rice (Oryza sativa L.) under lowland situation</div>

<div>Background: Despite the improved modern technologies to inactivate pathogens, there has been a continuous surge of food-borne diseases involving many bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria etc. Physical methods of reduction of microbial load in raw foods have been known to negatively impact the organoleptic properties of the products hence reducing their acceptability. Therefore, knowing that food may be laden with many pathogens, the biocontrol methods may be an effective alternative to chemical and physical methods of preservation for eliminating pathogens. 
 
Methods: The pathogens to be tested in the experiment were recovered from various food sources and clinical samples viz., milk, raw chicken and a faecal sample, chicken. For evaluation of inhibitory characteristics of Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum) against selected pathogenic bacteria the grown culture of pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus) was added with Lactobacillus spp. at different concentrations and incubated at 24, 36 and 48 hrs and mean CFU units were evaluated. All of the treated groups were compared with the concurrent untreated groups of respective bacteria. 
 
Result: After 24 hrs of incubation at 37&deg;C, the mean colony forming units (CFU/ml) of S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus in the cultured groups treated with 108, 107, 106, 105 and 104/ml of L. plantarum were 2.56 x 108, 2.78 x 108, 2.90 x 108, 3.03 x 108 and 39.19 x 108; 0.81 x 108, 1.09 x 108, 1.36 x 108, 1.85 x 108 and 24.62 x 108; 0.31 x 108, 0.43 x 108, 0.60 x 108, 0.69 x 108 and 7.12 x 108, respectively. Henceforth, the mean colony forming counts of all the three pathogens increased when the concentration of L. plantarum decreased.</div>

Evaluation of Efficiency and Extent of Inhibitory Characteristics of Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum) against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria

<div>Background: Information on the mechanical properties of chickpea plants and their changes with moisture content and stem diameter is highly&nbsp; needed to design agricultural equipment such as harvesters, threshers, hoppers, chutes, etc. 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted at 17.44, 15.33 and 13.13% levels of moisture content and 5-6&times;10-3, 7-8&times;10-3 and 9-10&times;10-2 m levels of stem diameter to measure properties such as cutting energy, cutting force, specific cutting energy and bending force of chickpea plant in rabi season during 2022-2023. 
 
Results: The range of cutting energy of chickpea plants was found to be 0.39 to 7.48 J for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter with blade velocity of 4.57 to 1.66 ms-1 at 13.33 to 17.44% moisture content. The cutting force of chickpea plants varied from 65 to 748 N for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter with blade velocity of 4.57 to 1.66 ms-1 at 13.33% to 17.44% moisture content. On ther other side the specific energy was found to be 0.0106 to 0.1219 J mm-2 for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter at 13.13 to 17.44% moisture content. The bending force of chickpea plants was found in the range 1.25 to 27.28 N for 6&acute;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter at 17.44 to 13.13% moisture content.</div>