Background: The present investigation was designed to investigate the protective effect of a natural product to control Anthelmintic in earthworm Eisenia fetida. We investigated the effectiveness of dried Artemisia monosperma leaves as an anthelmintic. 
 
Methods: Five groups (50, 100, 200 and mg/mL) of the AMLE extract were utilized in this study. Negative and positive controls consisted of distilled water and mebendazole (10 mg/ml). Five worms that were around the same size were placed to each Petri plate along with the test solution (20 mL) of the extract. Artemisia monosperma leaves methanolic extract was prepared and evaluated its ability in vitro as anthelmintic activity against earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The ABTS, FRPA and DPPH techniques were used to calculate the antioxidant activity. Also, the phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract was performed on GC-MS equipment. 
 
Result: Fourteen different biomolecules are predicted using GC-MS spectrum. Also, the AMLE had a greater percentage value of ABTS, FRPA and DPPH radical inhibition (94.5&plusmn;0.03 trolox/gFW, 0.8&plusmn;0.005 &micro;mol/ gFW and 92.6&plusmn;0.3%) respectively. Moreover, IC50 of AMLE was obtained at 20.5&plusmn;0.9 &micro;g/mL for the A549 and 24.3&plusmn;0.9 &micro;g/mL for MCF-7 cell lines. In comparison to AMLE, Mebendazole (10 mg/mL) produced paralysis and earthworm death by 13.91&plusmn;0.007 and 18.2&plusmn;0.980 min, respectively, while, AMLE (200 mg/mL) showed 3.860&plusmn;0.320 and 5.464&plusmn;0.422 min, respectively. The treated worms&rsquo; surface architecture also had noticeable abnormalities, according to the histological study. The result of present study revealed that AMLE leaves can serve as a good natural source of potent antioxidants and anthelminthiasis medicines. Which promotes the conduct of numerous in vivo researches to discover an efficient treatment.

Anthelmintic Activity of Artemisia monosperma Methanol Extracts against Eisenia fetida in vitro Study

Background: Traditional medicine has long utilized medicinal plants that contain a rich source of biologically active phytochemicals. Many of these have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can reduce the risk of many diseases. Numerous animals are afflicted by the disease coccidiosis, which causes significant economic losses. Drug abuse and overuse have led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria spp.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study, Artemisia monosperma leaf methanolic extract (AMLE) was prepared and tested in vitro as an anticoccidial using the oocyst of Eimeria papillata. 
 
Result: Fifteen different functional groups were present in AMLE using infrared spectroscopy. Also, quantitative results showed phenolics and flavonoids 39.7&plusmn;0.3 and 33.4&plusmn;0.2 (mg TAE/g DW) respectively in AMLE. Moreover, at 96 h, significant inhibition of process sporulation for E. papillata oocyst was observed when exposed to AMLE (300 mg/mL) and formalin 5%, while amprolium, DettolTM and phenol showed different levels of inhibition. Our results showed that AMLE has anticoccidial activity, which promotes the conduct of numerous in vivo research to discover an efficient treatment.

In vitro Study: Efficacy of Artemisia monosperma Leaves Extract on Eimeria papillata

The current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Artemisia absinthium on in-vitro digestibility and rumen parameters of small ruminants. Initially chemical analysis of Artemisia Absinium was carried out along with other feed ingredients. The complete feed for small ruminants was fortified with Artemisia absinthium @ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%, and was subjected to in-vitro analysis to determine their DM, OM, and NDF digestibility. The levels were also evaluated for various rumen parameters like pH, Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), Total nitrogen, nitrogen fractions (NH3-N, TCA- ppt. N, NPN). Significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in in-vitro digestibility was reported at the 4% fortification level of Artemisia absinthium. The studies on rumen parameters revealed that the differences in rumen pH and NPN values were statistically non-significant (P&gt;0.05) among different fortification levels. However significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were observed in TVFA, total nitrogen and TCA ppt. nitrogen was significantly higher in 4% fortification level. Ammonia nitrogen was found significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in 3 and 4% fortification levels.

In-vitro effect of Artemisia absinthium (Titween) on digestibility and rumen parameters of small ruminants

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study was carried to evaluate the effects of feeding phytogenic feed additive, Artemisia absinthiumon nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, utilization and performance of sheep. Ten male adult Bakerwal sheep were randomly divided into control group (T0) and treatment group (T1). The complete ration for T1 was fortified with herb Artemisia absinthium@ 4%. Significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were observed in DM intake, OM intake, average daily gainand digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and EE. However, non-significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were recorded in digestibility coefficients of NFE, NDF, ADF and HC. Significant increase in % DCP and % TDN were recorded in T1 group as compared to T0 group. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance were comparable between two groups and were positive in both groups. &nbsp;Among haemato-biochemical parameters blood glucose, Hb, PCV and total serum proteins, differed non-significantly (P&pound;0.05) between the groups, both before and after experimental feeding, except the BUN which was found significantly (P&pound;0.05) higher in herb supplemented group.</div>

Effect of Artemisia Absinthium(Titween) on nutrient intake, digestibility, nutrient balance and blood biochemical of sheep

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effects of feeding imidacloprid were assessed in the liver of Japanese quails and studied the effect of feed mix of Butea monosperma on ameliorating effect against the imidacloprid toxicity. The serum biochemical assay revealed significant increase in AST, ALT and GGT in imidacloprid treated birds. Histologically, the liver showed sinusoidal dilatation, bile duct hyperplasia and periportal necrosis. Ultra thin sections of liver revealed numerous fat globules, condensed hepatocytes and mitochondria with granular cytoplasm. It was observed that co-treatment with Butea monosperma moderately restored the imidacloprid induced changes.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Effect of Butea monosperma feeding in ameliorating the toxicity of imidacloprid in liver in Japanese quails</div>

Background: One of the key tasks of livestock development is to reduce the amount of feed needed for raising and fattening cattle, as well as increase the efficiency of feed use. A possible solution to these problems are plant-based feed additives containing various phytochemical compounds, both individually and together with metallic trace elements, to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The aim of the study was to assess the effect on the microbiota of the cattle rumen of the vegetable feed components Artemisiae absinthil (bitter plant A. absinthium) and CoCl2 (cobalt II chloride). 
 
Methods: Study the effect of the herb Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) and CoCl2 (cobalt II chloride) on the microbiome of cattle rumen. The studies were conducted on a cannula animal model, Bos taurus (Kazakh white-headed cattle), after feeding an experimental feed additive, A. absinthium, either alone or in combination with CoCl2. The experiment was carried out in four repetitions using a 4 &times; 4 Latin square. Animals in the I experimental group were additionally given A. absinthium at a dose of 2.0 g/kg of dry matter (DM); in the II experimental group, A. absinthium at a dose of 2.0 g/kgDM with additional CoCl2 (1.5 mg/kgDM); and in the III experimental group, only CoCl2 (1.5 mg/kgDM). The contents of the scar were collected for further analysis, which was performed by high-performance sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene ampicons. 
 
Result: There was difference in the microbiome of the rumen of cattle between the control and experimental groups, both at the level of the phylum&rsquo;s and at the genus level. The dominant phylum in all groups were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. A study of the microbiome of the rumen revealed groups of microorganisms capable of producing carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyms) and destroying structural hydrocarbons. In the group using A. absinthium, a symbiotic link was established for the genus Akkermansia and the unclassified Bacteroidales linear regression (R2 = 0.93, p = 0.0435) and for the unclassified Ruminococcaceae and the genus Akkermansia (R2 = 0.75, p = 0.05).

Effect of Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) and Cobalt Supplementation on Rumen Bacterial Community in Cattle

Background: Need for fodder in semi arid conditions prompted us to investigate nutritional of some resilience forage in Algerian rangelands. The study purpose is to evaluate nutritional attributes value of Artemisia herba alba Asso, Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata. The study area is located at the northeastern of Algeria at Tebessa province. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Nutrient composition value, fiber composition and in vitro digestibility were determined by the method of the AOAC (1990). In vitro digestibility was determined by the enzymatic pepsin-cellulase method and the nutritional performance parameters were calculated according to the INRA 2018 system. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Nutritional composition analysis results revealed a significant level of organic matter contents; it varies from 74% to 91%, while the total nitrogenous matter was more than 14% DM, the higher level is recorded by Atriplex halimus with 17%. Results of fiber contents mention a significant values, the lower level is recorded by Atriplex halimus (NDF 54% DM; ADF 24%DM and ADL 10%DM). However a significant level of digestible dry matter and digestible organic matter were assessed for all spicies, Atriplex halimus is significantly higher with 60% D.cell&nbsp; DM&nbsp;and 50.5% D.cell&nbsp;OM compared with Artemisia herba alba Asso and Salsola vermiculata.&nbsp; These findings suggest that these spices could constitute a favorable nutritional value for livestock. And it can guarantee the sustainability of breeding.

Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Artemisia herba alba Asso, Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata in Algeria Steppe Rangelands

<div>Background: This study investigated the in vitro activities of naphthoquinones and artemisinin contained in the extracts obtained from Arnebia densiflora and Artemisia annua plants against peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with Theileria annulata schizonts. For this purpose, the n-hexane extract of A. densiflora and the petroleum ether and methanol extracts of A. annua were obtained. 
 
Methods: Non-infected and infected cells were cultivated and 2&times;106 cells were seeded in each well in 0.5 ml of RPMI 1640 medium. The n-hexane extract of A. densiflora was tested six times at concentrations of 125, 62.5, 15.625, 7.8125 and 3.9062 mg/ml. A. annua petroleum ether and methanol extracts were also tested six times at 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625, 7.8125, 3.9062, and 1.9531 mg/ml concentrations on PBMCs. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences between control and experimental groups. 
 
Result: The A. densiflora extract killed both non-infected and infected cells at significant levels (P&lt;0.05) compared to the control group at all tested concentrations. A. annua methanol extract had no adverse effect on non-infected cells and the effect on infected cells was insufficient, with the only observed significant effect at a concentration of 125 &micro;g/ml. The A. annua petroleum ether extract had no adverse effect on non-infected cells and killed infected cells at significant levels (P&lt;0.05) at concentrations of 15.625 &micro;g/ml and above at 24 hours. At 48 hours, all infected cells were killed at a concentration of 62.5 &micro;g/ml. In conclusion, A. annua petroleum ether extract can be used in future in vivo studies for Theileriosis at these effective concentrations.</div>

In vitro Effect of Arnebia densiflora and Artemisia annua Plant Extracts against&nbsp;Theileria annulata Schizonts

<div>Background: This study aims to extract essential oils from Artemisia herba alba and Eucalyptus camaldolensis plants and evaluate their effectiveness as eco-friendly natural fumigants against larvae and adults of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The current study was conducted under laboratory conditions for the period from 2023-4 to 2023-8 in the Plant Protection Laboratory in the Diyala Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. Different concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 &micro;L-1 air for exposure period of 24, 48 and 72 hours. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Larval mortality rates reached 100% at concentrations of 8 and 10 &micro;L L-1 air for Eucalyptus and Artemisia, respectively. The mortality rate increases with increasing concentration in adults, where the highest killing rate was recorded at 8.10 &micro;L L-1 air, reaching 90% and 100% for Artemisia, while it reached 96.6% and 100% for Eucalyptus, respectively. Mortality rates were high throughout the duration of the first exposure and these rates increased as the exposure period increased to 48 hours and 72 hours, with the next highest killing rates for concentrations of 6, 8 and 10 &micro;L L-1 air for Artemisia and Eucalyptus oils. There was no significant difference with pesticide treatment. This indicates the possibility of using essential oils in the applied field to manage pest populations in store products.</div>

Toxicity of Two Plant Essential Oils as Eco-friendly Fumigants against the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum

Background: The aim of the study is to use eco-friendly materials to combat the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum&nbsp; by taking advantage of the resources found in nature by extracting volatile oils from Eucalyptus globulus and Artemisia vulgaris in combating this pest. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The current study was carried out at the Directorate of Diyala Agriculture&rsquo;s plant protection laboratory during April 2023 to evaluate the essential oils, which included Eucalyptus globulusand Artemisia vulgariswith three concentrations of 5, 15 and 25&micro;L L-1&nbsp;air,at three time 12 hour, 24 hour, 48 hour, against larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum, under laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the mortality rate for both larvae and adults Tribolium castaneum. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The essential oils of Eucalyptus and Artemisia with a concentration of 25&micro;L L-1&nbsp;air, recorded the highest mortality (100%, 46.66%) after 48 hours, exposure time against the larvae respectively. While the percentage against of adults recorded (100%, 90%) after 48 hours. For Eucalyptus and Artemisia, respectively. It was observed that there was a direct proportion between the duration of exposure and mortality rates, with the highest mortality rates reaching 55.23 and 63.81 after 48 hours for both larvae and adults, respectively. The same thing applies to the relationship between the rate of effect of concentrations and mortality rates. As the concentration increases, deaths increase. Noting that there were no significant differences between the volatile oils and the insecticide treatment Deltamethrin 10%EC. This confirms the reliability of essential oils extracted from plants in the applied field of pest management in store products.