<div style="text-align:justify">Sodium caseinate fermented of Lactobacilli were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Out of the total 34 standard NCDC, 12 Lactobacillus cultures were selected on the basis of maximum proteolytic activity. Proteolytic property was used to study their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and contaminating organism. This Lactobacillus was assessed for probiotic attributes. Proteolytic and probiotic strains are selected for studying antimicrobial activity using caseinate fermented. Cell free supernatant of Lactobacillus was tested for antimicrobial activity. Sodium caseinate (2.5 %) was prepared for fermentation; concentrated 10 fold at 60&deg;C was tested for antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeast and mold cultures. Lb. fermentum 141 had maximum antimicrobial activity as compared to other Lactobacillus and selected for further studies. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Lb 141 fermentate (MIC) against bacterial cultures was 100 &micro;g / ml whereas 120 and 150 &micro;g / ml for mold and yeast respectively. Sodium caseinate fermentate of Lb 141 showed bactericidal and fungicidal activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Antimicrobial fermentate of Lb 141 may act as a natural preservative in milk food products against undesirable bacteria as well as yeast and molds.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Antimicrobial activity of casein fermentate of probiotic Lactobacillus spp.</div>

<div>Background: One of the most commonly cultivated plant is Moringa oleifera because it has high medicinal in South India and nutritional values. The phytochemicals in it are widely used for the rapeutic purposes. It has a high economic value because of its usefulness traditionally and has a vast number of bioactive compounds. Phenol is one of the most common antimicrobial compounds found in the seeds of M. oleifera.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study we aim to analyse Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) and to observe its antimicrobial activity. Seed extracts were prepared using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hrs. The quantification of phenolic compound was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The crude extract was characterized by HPLC and FTIR, showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR revealed the following bonds: 3280.92 cm-1 (O&ndash;H groups of phenols), 2922.16 cm-1 (C-H groups of phenols), 1544.98 cm-1 (C=O carbonyl&nbsp;group) and 1230.58 (C-O group of phenol) and 1743.65 cm-1 (C=C group of aromatic compounds). Whereas HPLC analysis of and library search confirmed peaks matches with Gallic acid standard. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore the highest Total Phenolic Compound found to be 11.85 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) was reached at 1: 5 ethanol solvent ratio and 3 days extraction time. 
 
Conclusion: This M. oleifera extract showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC&nbsp;8561), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC&nbsp;3160) and Proteus mirabilis (MTCC&nbsp;3310). The anti-microbial activity of the M. oleifera seed is due to the presence of various phytochemicals like phenols. Also it exhibits, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that proves further research is needed to elucidate other bioactive compounds over other pathogens.</div>

<div>Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity</div>

<div>Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the clinicians. Development of new alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents is the need of the hour to control the menace of AMR. Plants based products are attractive alternatives with proven efficacy but needs scientific investigation to explore their potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. The present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of the Himalayan yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 
 
Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem/bark of R. ellipticus were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. 
 
Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 19 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol fruit extract also showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus only. Highest and lowest activities were observed at 200 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations with 15 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. No antimicrobial activities by either of the extracts were observed against E. coli isolates. The MIC of R. ellipticus methanol leaf and fruit extracts against S. aureus was 0.203125 mg/mL and 0.8125 mg/mL, respectively. The methanol leaf (86.60%) and stem (85.60%) extracts of R. ellipticus showed significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus isolates, whereas methanol fruit (89.20%) extracts exhibited antibiofilm activity against E. coli isolates at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Significant antiquorum sensing (QS) activities was exhibited by the methanol leaf extract of R. ellipticus at 200 mg/mL concentration against E. coli. This is the first ever report on antibiofilm and anti QS activities of the R. ellipticus plant extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.</div>

Exploration of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of the Himalayan Yellow Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

<div>Background: Mitigation process to curb the ever increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance through development of new class of antimicrobials is slow and costly affairs. Research on alternative to conventional antimicrobials using plant based products as good source of numerous phytochemicals have potential to cope up the antimicrobial resistance. The present study was formulated on detection of in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of methanol leaf extract of Citrus maxima against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. 
 
Methods: Leaves of Citrus maxima plants were collected from the campus of College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram and processed for preparation of methanol crude extract. The plant extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Twenty well characterized biofilm producing and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from milk of mastitic cows from Mizoram were received from the cultural repository of the department. The plant extracts were subjected to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against all the bacterial isolates including&nbsp;S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by in vitro agar well diffusion method and 96 well microtiter plate methods, respectively. The MIC value of the plant extracts were determined by microdilution method. 
 
Result: In the methanol leaf extract of C. maxima alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannin and phenol and flavonoids were detected by qualitative analysis. Saponin, protein, free amino acids, steroids and carbohydrates were not detected. The free radical scavenging potential of the extract was found to be 10.66&plusmn;1.84% to 36.10&plusmn;1.98%, which was comparatively lower than ascorbic acid (83.39&plusmn;0.13% to 89.76&plusmn;0.24%). A total of 8 (40.0%), 5 (25.0%) and 7 (35.0%) strains were recorded as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producer. Maximum antibacterial activity against standard culture was observed with the zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 200 mg/mL concentration and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. Maximum antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates were recorded with 11.8&plusmn;1.13 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. The clinical isolates exhibited highest (85.94&plusmn;1.00%) biofilm inhibition at 6.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report on antibiofilm and antioxidative activities of C. maxima leaf extracts against any bacteria.</div>

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract of Citrus maxima against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

<div>Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents to control the menace of AMR is the need of the hour. Plants based products can be effectively explored as potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing agents against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. This present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of Melastoma malabathricum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 
 
Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem of M. malabathricum were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by using well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. 
 
Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli but not against S. aureus with 18 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol flower extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 14 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibitions at 200 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 12 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of M. malabathricum methanol leaf extract against E. coli was 3.125 mg/mL, whereas the MIC value of methanol flower and leaf extracts was 6.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity of M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts was recorded only against S. aureus isolates with maximum inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL concentration. Good antiquorum sensing activities was exhibited by the M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts against S. aureus isolates at 200 mg/mL concentration.</div>

<div>In vitro Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of Indian Rhododendron (Melastoma malabathricum) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus</div>

Background: As part of the valorization of Algerian medicinal flora, Juniperus phoenicea has attracted attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. The current investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial potential and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of J. phoenicea leaves. 
 
Methods: J. phoenicea&rsquo;s methanolic extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against six conventional pathogenic bacterial strains and one fungal strain using the disc-diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the agar dilution method. Antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. 
 
Result: The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract indicated the presence of many secondary metabolite categories, including tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were shown to be the most sensitive. However, no antimicrobial activity was detected against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or the fungal strain Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the solid medium dilution technique and the results ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. The DPPH scavenging capability indicated that the methanolic extract has modest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 0.82 mg/mL.

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Juniperus phoenicea Leaves

<div>Background: Olive leaves are of great interest, especially in traditional medicine. The polyphenols contained in olive leaves play an important role in this respect, as they have anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Olive leaves share phenolic compounds with other plants, but they also contain phenolic compounds belonging to the Oleaceae family.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: We report the determination of phenolic compounds in olive leaves by HPLC and the evaluation of their in vitro activity against several microorganisms that may be causal agents of human intestinal and respiratory tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium. 
 
Result: The results reveal that the olive leaves may constitute a good source of antimicrobial agents. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of five phenolic compounds: oleuropein, ascorbic acid, rutin, catechinand verbascoside and for the first time ascorbic acid. At low concentrations, olive leaf extracts showed an unusual antibacterial action, which suggests their great potential as nutraceuticals, particularly as a source of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves

Background:&nbsp;The deterioration problem of fruits and vegetables after harvesting, marketing and transportation until they reach the consumer is a significant challenge to overcome. 
 
Methods: Use secondary metabolites produced from bakery yeast as an edible coating to extend the shelf life of strawberries through the extraction of secondary metabolites from commercially available bakery yeast and determination of protein, detection of bioactive compounds, estimation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity, Then estimation of weight loss, deterioration value, soluble solids content and sensory evaluation characteristics during storage of coated strawberries. 
 
Result: The protein content of secondary metabolites produced from bakery yeast was (0.521 mg mL-1). The detection of bioactive compounds refers to the finding of glycosides, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, tannins, coumarins and flavonoids. the antioxidant activity was 86.9, 88.2 and 91.8% at 5, 10 and 20 mg mL-1, respectively and antimicrobial activity at the same concentration was 51, 62 and 69%, respectively, for Escherichia coli; 47, 52 and 58%, respectively, for Salmonella typhimurium; 64, 69 and 76%, respectively, for Bacillus cereus; and 60, 66 and 71%, respectively, for Staphylococcus aureus. The results of coating strawberries with Sm1, Sm2 and Sm3 showed that the weight loss was 4.15, 3.74 and 2.38%, respectively; the deterioration value was 3.25, 2.08 and 1.34%, respectively; and the soluble solids content was 8.5, 7.9 and 7.3oBrix, respectively, during storage at 4oC for 10 d. The sensory evaluation revealed significant differences among the treatments, as well as sensory characteristics and an interaction between treatment and day, which were strongly positively correlated with overall acceptability. The treatment Sm3 showed the best effect during storage at 4oC for 10 d. 
&nbsp;

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Bakery Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The sodium caseinate fermentated by Lactobacillus fermentum NCDC 141 showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strain Escherichia coli O157:H7 and against some &nbsp;spoilage causing microbial species Bacillus subtilis NCDC 70, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCDC 47 and Rhizopus oryzae NCDC 52 .This property of Lactobacillus fermentum NCDC 141 may have bioprotective applicability in milk based formula, which needs further exploration to confirm its potentility.

Antimicrobial activity of sodium caseinate fermentate of&nbsp;Lactobacillus fermentum NCDC 141

Avian b defensins (AvBD) are antimicrobial peptides that play a crucial role in the innate immune response in chickens. In the present study, chicken AvBD2 gene was cloned, expressed in E. coli system and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of recombinant peptide was evaluated. The entire mature peptide region of chicken AvBD2 region was amplified and cloned in pUC29 cloning vector. Further, the coding region was sub cloned in pET-28A expression vector. After transformation in E. coli cells, the peptide synthesis was induced and recombinant protein (7.7 kDa) was purified by using Ni-NTA affinity column. The recombinant chicken AvBD2 showed antibacterial activity against S. Pullorum. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of recombinant chicken AvBD2 evaluated by micro-broth dilution assay was 35 &micro;g/ ml. We also quantified the expression of AvBD2 transcript expression in day-old spleen tissue of Indian native chicken breeds (Aseel and Kadaknath) and White Leghorn. Measurable AvBD2 mRNA expression was found in the spleen of all three breeds. However, no significant difference was found in AvBD2 gene expression between native chickens and White Leghorn.

Antimicrobial activity of recombinant E. coli expressed chicken AvBD-2 and its mRNA expression in Indian native Aseel and Kadaknath chicken breeds