<div>Background: Repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) associated with sub-clinical uterine infection (UI) remains to be a major reproductive problem faced by Indian farmers. Present study documents its diagnosis, prevalent etiological agents, antibiogram pattern and efficacy of the treatment at field level.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Seventy-eight RBS affected bovines were selected. The cervical mucous (CM) was collected for study of its characteristics, white-side test, endometrial cytology, microbial examination and antibiogram. The treatment protocol was developed and the animals&rsquo; response to the treatment was assessed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The overall incidence of RBS was found to be 12.9% and the cases associated with uterine infection (RBS/UI+ve) and without uterine infection (RBS/UI-ve) were 44.87% and 55.13%, respectively. The mean scores of CM character, odour, pH and number of polymorphonuclear cells in RBS/UI +ve were 2.09&plusmn;1.39, 1.14&plusmn;0.12, 8.49&plusmn;0.08 and 12.46&plusmn;0.96, respectively, and differed significantly (P&lt;0.05) from RBS/UI-ve cases. The microbial examination revealed the presence of gram negative bacilli, Trueperella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and yeast infection. Antibiogram studies recorded the response of Tetracyclin as best (48.57%) followed by Cephalexin (22.86%), Chloramphenicol (20.0%) and Streptomycin (8.57%). The RBS/UI+ve cases were treated individually, on one-to-one basis, obeying antibiogram. The infection appeared to be considerably controlled and overall success rate was observed in the form of confirmed pregnancy in 71.43% cases. Thus, it was concluded that prompt diagnosis using endometrial cytology and antibiogram guided therapeutic approach may aid for effective management of RBS/UI +ve cases, under field conditions.&nbsp;</div>

Cytological, Bacteriological and Antibiogram Studies for the Management of Uterine Infection in Repeat Breeder Bovines

Background: Escherichia coli cause mammary gland inflammation in dairy cows with striking local and sometimes severe systemic clinical symptoms. This disease affects many high producing cows in dairy herds and may cause several cases of death per year in the most severe cases. The present study was planned to evaluate the antibiogram and virulence factors of the isolated bacteria responsible for mastitis.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study, 300 milk samples were collected and subjected to identify clinical mastitis (based on clinical symptoms) and sub clinical mastitis (using California mastitis test). E. coli was isolated and identified from mastitis positive samples and further tested for antibiogram and virulence factors such as haemolysis, biofilm formation and fimH and pap genes presence. 
 
Result: Out of 300 milk samples collected, 121 (40.33%) were positive for mastitis. E. coli was isolated from only 30 (24.79%) out of 121 mastitis positive samples. On Serotyping for somatic antigen, 13 E. coli isolates belonged to somatic serogroup O83, 2 to O157 and one each to O8, O20, O49, O119, O128 and O145. The highest sensitivity of E. coli isolates was recorded for ciprofloxacin, followed by gentamicin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, amikacin, cefixime, trimethoprim, ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, kanamycin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid and amoxycillin in the decreasing order. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was recorded in 96.66% of isolates.&nbsp;Out of 30 E. coli isolates, 46.66% were haemolytic and 40.0% positive for Congo red dye binding. Biofilm production was shown by 76.66% isolates. Molecular characterization revealed presence of fimH gene in 9 isolates, but pap gene was not detected in any of the strain. It may be concluded that E. coli is an emerging environmental mastitogen in cows and isolation of MDR strains with virulence factors is of serious concern.

Antibiogram, Haemolysis and Biofilm Properties of Escherichia coli from Bovine Mastitis

<div>Background: Proteus mirabilis is one of the organisms which is often associated with urinary tract infections of humans as well as animals. As a member of Enterobacteriaceae family, the level of antimicrobial resistance tend to pose a significant public health risk. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study antibiogram profiles, multidrug resistance P. mirabilis isolates and detection of &beta;-lactamase activity in them. 
 
Methods: A total of 175 P. mirabilis isolates from different sources were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity/ resistant test by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL production was done phenotypically by Phenotypic Screening Test and Phenotypic Confirmation Test as recommended by CLSI guidelines and genotypically using multiplex PCR assay to detect different classes of &beta;-lactamase genes. This study was carried out from March 2017 to August 2018 in and around areas of Krishna District Andhra Pradesh. 
 
Result: Out of 175 P. mirabilis isolates screened, antibiogram revealed highest sensitivity towards gentamicin (76.57%), followed by ampicillin (64.57%), kanamycin (61.14%), amikacin (60.57%) and streptomycin (43.42%). Higher resistance was observed for erythromycin (71.42%), nalidixic acid (62.85%), ciprofloxacin (62.85%), tetracycline (60%), polymyxin-B (60%), cefoxitin (49.14%) and amikacin (36%). &beta;-lactamase genes were detected in a total of 23 isolates (13.14%). Prevalence rates of &beta;-lactamase genes among different samples was 23.6%, 11.1%, 10.8% and 42.8% from chicken, pork, poultry cloacal swabs and human urine samples, respectively with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (69.56%) followed by blaOXA (26.08%), blaAmpC gene FOX (13.04%), blaCTX-M group I (4.34%), blaSHV (4.34%) and blaAmpC gene CIT (4.34%) among all the tested P. mirabilis isolates.</div>

<div>A Study on Antibiogram and Beta-lactam Resistance of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Animals and Humans in Andhra Pradesh, India</div>

<div>Background: Mastitis is one of the most devastating conditions for the dairy farms because of its alarming impact on production. Khulna is one of the dairy intensive regions of Bangladesh but comprehensive epidemiological studies regarding prevalence and risk factors of sub-clinical mastitis with antibiogram of the causative bacteria are scant. Therefore, an epidemiological study was conducted in Khulna district to investigate the prevalence and risk factor of sub-clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows with antibiogram of the causative bacteria.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Five dairy farms were selected and a total of 400 quarter milk samples of 100 dairy cows were subjected to California Mastitis Test to detect sub-clinical mastitis. Antibiogram study was performed to determine sensitivity and resistant pattern of the isolated bacteria.&nbsp; 
 
Results: An overall cow level prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis were recorded as 28%. Risk factors like type of breed, body condition score, milk yield, grass feeding, udder washing before milking, drying of the udder after washing, production system, dry cow therapy, stimuli before milking and milking techniques were statistically significant for the occurrence of sub-clinical mastitis. Antibiogram study revealed that most of the isolated 33.03% E. coli and 16.96% Staphylococcus sp. were sensitive to amoxicillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sub-clinical Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows with Special Emphasis on Antibiogram of the Causative Bacteria in Bangladesh

Background: Multi-drug resistant bacterial strains with biofilm-forming ability are one of the significant reasons contributing to the failure of medical management and recurrence of canine pyometra. The predominant bacterial agent implicated in canine pyometra is Escherichia coli, the different strains of which can be grouped into distinct phylogroups with the same ecological niches, characteristics and tendency to cause disease. The identification of a phylogroup of an unknown strain can facilitate the&nbsp; control, prevention and treatment of infections. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The isolates of E.coli obtained from 25 clinical cases of pyometra were identified based&nbsp; on the cultural, morphological&nbsp; and biochemical characteristics. The antibiogram of the isolates were done employing Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm&nbsp; forming ability of theisolates were detected by tissue culture plate method and the presence of virulence genes among them were&nbsp; detected using a multiplex PCR. The phylogrouping of E. coli was done employing the novel quadruplex PCR method. 
 
Result: In the antibiogram, most isolates were found sensitive to Amoxycillin-clavulanate (90%), Gentamicin (80%),Tetracycline (50%) and Amikacin (50%), while 100% resistance were shown towards ceftazidime-clavulanate, enrofloxacin,ceftriaxone-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime-clavulanate. Among the E. coli isolates, strong and moderate biofilm producers showed&nbsp; resistance to a wide range of antibiotics compared to non-biofilm producers. Around 80% of the isolates belonged to the&nbsp; phylogroup B2 and all of these had the presence of fimH, sfa, and csgA genes. Among the isolates belonged to the phylogroup B2,&nbsp; 87.5% of the isolates had pap gene while none of them possessed afa gene.

Phylogrouping, Virulence Profile and Antibiogram of&nbsp; Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Canine Pyometra

<div>Background: Mastitis is a problem of dairy animals including buffaloes. Treatment failure has become a common problem and the most cited reason is antibiotic resistance. The paper presents the scenario of antibiotic resistance with special reference to multi drug resistance pattern.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Microbiological assay of mastitis affected 48 milk samples was carried out using standard protocols to establish the prevalence of mastitis caused by E. coli and S. aureus. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out against these organisms and the whole milk culture for commonly used antibiotics. The drug resistance pattern was established. 
 
Result: The overall prevalence of mastitis was 20%. The prevalence of E. coli and S. aureus was 29.17% and 54.17% respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity revealed that E.coli isolates were 100% susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, enrofloxacin and streptopenicillin followed by Ceftriaxone and sulbactum combination and streptomycin (92.86%) and ceftriaxone and methicillin (85.71%). The isolates of S. aureus were 100% sensitive to only two antibiotics gentamicin and streptopenicillin. The antibiogram of whole milk culture revealed maximum susceptibility to enrofloxacin, gentamicin and streptopeniciliin (95.83% each). Multiple drug resistance has been observed in this study.</div>

​Multidrug-resistance Pattern of Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitis Affected Buffaloes in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

<div style="text-align: justify;">Sub-clinical Mastitis is one of the major problems in India which is among the largest milk producing countries in the world, hampering national economy. Among 422 bovine milk samples screened from different cattle farms of West Bengal with history of infection and drop in milk yield by on-spot bromothymol blue (BTB) test, 371 samples were considered for collection and secondary screening by somatic cell count study. The collected milk samples showed significantly high average SCC value of 3.26-4.88 lakh cells/ml of milk which was indicative of infection. Samples (23, 6.53%) were found to be positive for Pseudomonas sp. showing distinct bluish-green pigmentation on cetrimide agar, typical results on morphological and in biochemical characterization. Presence of 19 (5.39%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were confirmed by fluorescent technique for detection of characteristic blue-green fluorescence by the pigment pyoverdin. PCR of these positive isolates revealed that 11 isolates were positive for toxA and 6 isolates for exoS genes with 2 isolates possessing both the genes. In Mice pathogenicity test, highest fatality (100%) was shown by the isolates with both the genes followed by isolates with toxA (66.67%) and exoS (41.67%) respectively with successful re-isolation of P. aeruginosa from the dead mice. Post-mortem examination of the dead mice showed marked haemorrhages on liver, blackish discoloration of intestines and haemorrhages on lungs. Antibiogram revealed that the isolates were highly sensitive to drugs like amikacin (89.47%), imipenem (84.21%), meropenem (78.95%) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (84.21%) but resistant to tetracycline (68.42%), piperacillin (63.16%), oxacillin (52.63%), mecilinam (47.37%) and others.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram</div>

Diarrhoea in canines is mainly caused by Escherichia coli which can be fatal also. To understand the depth of this infection, a study was undertaken to detect E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Southern part of West Bengal. A total of 112 canine samples were tested during May to September 2012 revealing approx 63.4% (71) samples positive for Escherichia coli. The most common serotypes were O8 (23.9%) followed by O157 (19.7%), O101 (16.9%), O26 (15.5%), O153 (12.7%) and O6 (11.3%). Among these O6, O8, O26 and O157 were highly pathogenic to mice causing almost 100% mortality within 24hrs of inoculation and were also detected to be haemolytic on sheep blood agar plates except serotype O8. These isolates were mostly sensitive to nalidixic acid (80.29%), cotrimoxazole (78.88%), ciprofloxacin (74.65%), colistin and ceftriaxone (both 71.83%) but were resistant to amikacin (97.18%), kanamycin (95.78%), cephalexin (92.96%) and enrofloxacin (84.51%).

Characterization and antibiogram of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in South Bengal, India

<div>Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is an important pathogen associated with bovine mastitis. The organism is also of public health consequences and may cause variety of infections ranging from neonatal sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis to localized infections and urinary tract infection or arthritisin adult humans. Widespread use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to development of resistance among the pathogens. So there is need for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance to ensure effective treatment. 
 
Methods: Milk samples collected from mastitis affected animals were processed for isolation of&nbsp;Streptococcus agalactiae. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Molecular characterisation was carried out by PCR to study the occurrence of resistance marker genes and virulence marker genes. RAPD was carried out to study genetic diversity among the isolates. 
 
Result: Six isolates of S. agalactiae were obtained from 182 milk samples. Highest resistance was observed against co-trimoxazole and tetracycline followed by ampicillin. tetM gene and tetO genes could be amplified in four and three isolates, respectively. None of the isolates showed amplification for ermA, ermB, mefA and mefE genes. Three isolates were positive for the five virulence genes tested (glnA, cfb, hylB, scaA and cyl). RAPD analysis demonstrated great intraspecific genetic diversity among the streptococcal isolates.</div>

Isolation, Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Group B Streptococci Isolates from Bovine Mastitis

<div>Background: Among life-threatening infections of small ruminants (sheep/goat), enterotoxaemia has vital importance. This disease is caused by certain serotype of Clostridium perfringens and commonly known as pulpy kidney or overeating infection. The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of C. perfringens in small ruminants in different zones (Kalat, Mangochar, Johan, and Gazg) of district Kalat, Balochistan.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fecal samples (n=100) were collected aseptically, from rectum of enterotoxaemia suspected animals. The samples were cultured in Reinforced Clostridial Media (RCM). Biochemically identified isolates were further confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Overall prevalence of C. perfringens was noticed 48%, with higher occurrence rate (p &lt; 0.01) in sheep (60%) than goat (36%). Among fifty samples of each specie, 30 and 18 isolates recovered from sheep and goat respectively. The area wise analysis showed that, in goats, the highest prevalence was found in Kalat (50%) followed by the Mangochar (38.46%), Johan (30.77%) and Gazg (25%). The statistical analysis revealed the significant differences (p &lt; 0.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.80-68.91) in C. perfringens prevalence in various areas of Kalat district. The results of the gender-wise prevalence of C. perfringens exhibited a numerically higher (p&gt;0.05; 95% CI 9.23-49.02) prevalence in female goats (40%) than male goats (32%). Whereas, the age-wise analysis indicated that, in &lt; 1 year age group (44.44%), the prevalence of C. perfringens was higher (p&lt;0.05; 95% CI 8.00-57.89) than &gt;1 but &lt;2 years&nbsp; (29.41%) and &sup3; 2-year (33.33%) age groups. Similarly, in sheep, the highest prevalence (p&lt;0.05) was found in Kalat (76.92%) followed by Mangochar (66.67%), Johan (58.33%) and Gazg (38.46%). The age wise and gender-wise differences (p&lt;0.05) were also observed in various age and gender groups of sheep similar to goat. Among 30 sheep isolates of C. perfringens, a highest number (28 isolates) showed resistance against amikacin, followed by amoxicillin/penicillin (25 isolates) and colistin sulphate (22 isolates); while among 18 isolates of goat 17 were found resistant against colistin sulphate and 16 were resistant against amoxicillin and amikacin. In conclusion enterotoxaemia is prevailing in small ruminants of district Kalat, Balochistan thus mass scale vaccination campaign should be carried out to prevent losses.</div>

Cytological, Bacteriological and Antibiogram Studies for the Management of Uterine Infection in Repeat Breeder Bovines

Antibiogram, Haemolysis and Biofilm Properties of Escherichia coli from Bovine Mastitis

A Study on Antibiogram and Beta-lactam Resistance of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Animals and Humans in Andhra Pradesh, India

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sub-clinical Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows with Special Emphasis on Antibiogram of the Causative Bacteria in Bangladesh

Phylogrouping, Virulence Profile and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Canine Pyometra

Multidrug-resistance Pattern of Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitis Affected Buffaloes in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram

Characterization and antibiogram of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in South Bengal, India

Isolation, Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Group B Streptococci Isolates from Bovine Mastitis

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Clostridium perfringens in Small Ruminants of District Kalat, Balochistan