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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1212-1217,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3346

Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram

S
S. Banerjee
K
K. Batabyal
S
S.N. Joardar
D
D.P. Isore
S
S. Dey
I
I. Samanta
T
T.K. Samanta
1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
Cite article:- Banerjee S., Batabyal K., Joardar S.N., Isore D.P., Dey S., Samanta I., Samanta T.K. (2017). Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1212-1217. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3346.

ABSTRACT

Sub-clinical Mastitis is one of the major problems in India which is among the largest milk producing countries in the world, hampering national economy. Among 422 bovine milk samples screened from different cattle farms of West Bengal with history of infection and drop in milk yield by on-spot bromothymol blue (BTB) test, 371 samples were considered for collection and secondary screening by somatic cell count study. The collected milk samples showed significantly high average SCC value of 3.26-4.88 lakh cells/ml of milk which was indicative of infection. Samples (23, 6.53%) were found to be positive for Pseudomonas sp. showing distinct bluish-green pigmentation on cetrimide agar, typical results on morphological and in biochemical characterization. Presence of 19 (5.39%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were confirmed by fluorescent technique for detection of characteristic blue-green fluorescence by the pigment pyoverdin. PCR of these positive isolates revealed that 11 isolates were positive for toxA and 6 isolates for exoS genes with 2 isolates possessing both the genes. In Mice pathogenicity test, highest fatality (100%) was shown by the isolates with both the genes followed by isolates with toxA (66.67%) and exoS (41.67%) respectively with successful re-isolation of P. aeruginosa from the dead mice. Post-mortem examination of the dead mice showed marked haemorrhages on liver, blackish discoloration of intestines and haemorrhages on lungs. Antibiogram revealed that the isolates were highly sensitive to drugs like amikacin (89.47%), imipenem (84.21%), meropenem (78.95%) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (84.21%) but resistant to tetracycline (68.42%), piperacillin (63.16%), oxacillin (52.63%), mecilinam (47.37%) and others.

REFERENCES

  1. Badr, R.I., Nagdy, M. El., Sabagh, A. El. and Din, A.B. El. (2008). Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Exotoxin A as A Virulence Factor In Burn Wound Infections. Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol., 17(1): 125-132.
  2. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherrris, J.C. and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45(4): 493–496.
  3. Brenner, D.J., McWhorter, A.C., Knutson, J.K. and Steigerwalt, A.G. (1982). Escherichia vulneris: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol., 15: 1133–1140. 
  4. Carter, G.R. and Wise, D.J. (2004). Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 6th edn., pp. 125-126, Iowa State Press.
  5. Chakrabarti, A. (2007). A textbook of Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 4th edn., pp. 477-480, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 
  6. Cheng, D.R., Zhu, S.Y., Yin, Z.H., Ding, W.W., Mu, Z.X., Su, Z.R. and Sun., H.C. (2010). Prevalence of bacterial infection responsible for bovine mastitis. African J. Microbiol. Res., 4(11): 1110-1116.
  7. Dacheux, D., Toussaint, B., Richard, M., Brochier, G., Croize J. and Attree, I. (2000). Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates induce rapid, type III secretion-dependent, but ExoU-independent, oncosis of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Infect. Immun., 68: 2916–2924.
  8. Erasmo, A.A., Crisostomo, A.C., Yan, L.N., Hong, Y.S., Lee, K.U. and Lo, C.M. (2004). Randomized comparison of piperacillin/    tazobactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of patients with intra-abdominal infections. Asian J. Surg., 27(3): 227-235.
  9. Fatima, A., Naqvi, S.B., Khaliq, S.A., Perveen, S. and Jabeen, S. (2012). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of lower respiratory tract infections. SpringerPlus 1, 70: 1-4 [http://    www.springerplus.com/content/1/1/70].
  10. Feltman, H., Schulert, G., Khan, S., Jain, M., Peterson, L. and Hauser, A.R. (2001). Prevalence of type III secretion genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol., 147: 2659–2669.
  11. Gaby, W.L. and Logan, C. (1961). Pathogenicity of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for mice. J. Bacteriol., 82(1): 149–150.
  12. Heleili, N., Ayachi, A., Melizi, M., Kassah, A.L. and Mamache, B. (2012). Prevalence of Sub-clinical Bovine Mastitis and the In-vitro Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates in Batna Governorate, East of Algeria. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2(6): 576-582.
  13. Hill, D., Rose, B., Pajkos, A., Robinson, M., Bye, P., Bell, S., Elkins, M., Thompson, B., Macleod, C., Aaron, S.D. and Harbour, C. (2005). Antibiotic susceptabilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates derived from patients with cystic fibrosis under aerobic, anaerobic and biofilm conditions. J. Clin. Microbiol., 43(10): 5085-5090.
  14. Hirakata, Y., Furuya, N., Tateda, K., Kaku, M. and Yamaguchi, K. (1993). In-vivo production of exotoxin A and its role in endogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in mice. Infect. Immun., 61: 2468-2473.
  15. Hirakata, Y., Furuya, N., Tateda, K., Matsumoto, T. and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). The influence of exo-enzyme S and proteases on endogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in mice. J. Med. Microbiol., 43: 258-261.
  16. Iglewski, B.H., Sadoff, J., Bjorn, M.J. and Maxwell, E.S. (1978). Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S: An adenosine diphosphate ribosyl-transferase distinct from toxin A (ADP-ribose/NAD+/bacterial exoenzymes/elongation factors 1 and 2/diphtheria toxin). Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 75(7): 3211-3215.
  17. Iglewski, B.H., Thompson, M.R. and Woods, D.E. (1981). The role of newly discovered Exotoxin S (S toxin) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. In: Annual Report, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701, 56 pages.
  18. Jander, G., Rahme, L.G. and Ausubel, F.M. (2000). Positive Correlation between Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mutants in Mice and Insects. J. Bacteriol., 182(13): 3843-3845.
  19. Javiya, J.A., Ghatak, S.B., Patel, K.R. and Patel, J.A. (2008). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. Indian J. Pharmacol., 40(5): 230-234.
  20. Kobayashi, F. (1971). Experimental Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice. Japan J. Microbiol., 15(4): 295-300.
  21. Lanotte, P., Watt, S., Mereghetti, L., Dartiguelongue, N., Rastegar-Lari, A., Goudeau, A. and Quentin, R. (2004). Genetic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients compared with those of isolates from other origins. J. Med. Microbiol., 53: 73–81.
  22. Lau, G.W., Ran, H., Kong, F., Hasett, D.J. and Mavrodi, D. (2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyocyanin is Critical for Lung Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun., 72(7): 4275–4278.
  23. Markman, B., Fall-Persson, M., Salenstedt, C.R. (1982). Immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The effects of serotype and virulence in mouse protection tests. J. Biol. Standard., 10(4): 319-328. 
  24. Miyazaki, S., Matsumoto, T., Tateda, K., Ohno, A. and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Role of exotoxin A in inducing severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice. J. Med. Microbiol., 43(3): 169-175.
  25. Narayanan, S. (2013). Pseudomonas, In: Veterinary Microbiology, 3rd edn., edited by Scott McVey, D., Kennedy, M., Chengappa, M.M., pp. 148-150, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  26. Nikbin, V.S., Aslani, M.M., Sharafi, Z., Hashemipour, M., Shahcheraghi, F. and Ebrahimipour, G.H. (2012). Molecular identification and detection of virulence genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different infectious origins. Iranian J. Microbiol., 4(3): 118-123.
  27. Patel, J.V., Bhingaradia, B.V., Patel, B.B., Patel, S.B., Patel, P.B. and Vahora, S.P. (2012). Study on Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates Recovered from Crossbred Cows of Anand District of Gujarat. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 65(6): 467-471.
  28. Pathmanathan, S.G., Samat, N.A. and Mohamed, R. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Malaysian hospital. Malays. J. Med. Sci., 16(2): 27-32.
  29. Pavlovskis, O.R. and Shackelford, A.H. (1974). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin in Mice: Localization and Effect on Protein Synthesis. Infect Immun., 9(3): 540–546.
  30. Pavlovskis, O.R. and Wretlind, B. (1982). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Toxins. Med. Microbiol., 1: 97-128.
  31. Pierre, M., Husson, M.O., Le Berre, R., Desseyn, J.L., Galabert, C., Beghin, L., Beermann, C., Dagenais, A., Berthiaume, Y., Cardinaud, B., Barbry, P., Gottrand, F. and Guery, B.P. (2007). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve host response in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 292: L1422–L1431.
  32. Pillar, C.M. and Hobden, J.A. (2002): Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A and Keratitis in Mice. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 43(5): 1437-1443.
  33. Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Fitz Patrick, E.S., Fanning, S. and Hartigan, P.J. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Diseases, 2nd edn, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 287-290.
  34. Samanta, I. (2013). Chapter 10: Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, In: Veterinary Bacteriology, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi - 110088. pp. 209-223
  35. Seshadri, S. and Chhatbar, C. (2009). Multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Insights into the molecular mechanisms. African J. Microbiol. Res., 3(5): 195-199.
  36. Sharma, S., Kaur, R., Yadav, V., Harjai, K. and Joshi, K. (2004), Contribution of Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Acute and Chronic Renal Infection. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57: 119-120.
  37. Singh R., Sharma, N., Soodan, J.S. and Sudhan, N.A. (2005). Etiology and sensitivity of bacterial isolates from sub-clinical mastitis in cattle from Jammu region. SKUAST J. Res., 4(2): 223-224.
  38. Sivanmaliappan, T.S. and Sevanan, M. (2011). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers. Intl. J. Microbiol., Article ID 605195, 4 pages.
  39. Song,K.P., Chan, T.K., Ji, Z.L. and Wong, S.W. (2000). Rapid identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from ocular isolates by PCR using exotoxin A-specific primers. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 14: 199–204.
  40. Viswakarma, P. (2008). Studies on prevalence, diagnosis, therapy and control of mastitis in buffaloes. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Indra Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
  41. Yahr, T.L., Hovey, A.K., Kulich, S.M. and Frank, D.W. (1995). Transcriptional analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S structural gene. J. Bacteriol., 177: 1169-1178. 
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1212-1217,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3346

    Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram

    S
    S. Banerjee
    K
    K. Batabyal
    S
    S.N. Joardar
    D
    D.P. Isore
    S
    S. Dey
    I
    I. Samanta
    T
    T.K. Samanta
    1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
    Cite article:- Banerjee S., Batabyal K., Joardar S.N., Isore D.P., Dey S., Samanta I., Samanta T.K. (2017). Mice pathology study of toxA and exoS genes bearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from bovine Sub-clinical mastitis in West Bengal with their Antibiogram. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1212-1217. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3346.

    ABSTRACT

    Sub-clinical Mastitis is one of the major problems in India which is among the largest milk producing countries in the world, hampering national economy. Among 422 bovine milk samples screened from different cattle farms of West Bengal with history of infection and drop in milk yield by on-spot bromothymol blue (BTB) test, 371 samples were considered for collection and secondary screening by somatic cell count study. The collected milk samples showed significantly high average SCC value of 3.26-4.88 lakh cells/ml of milk which was indicative of infection. Samples (23, 6.53%) were found to be positive for Pseudomonas sp. showing distinct bluish-green pigmentation on cetrimide agar, typical results on morphological and in biochemical characterization. Presence of 19 (5.39%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were confirmed by fluorescent technique for detection of characteristic blue-green fluorescence by the pigment pyoverdin. PCR of these positive isolates revealed that 11 isolates were positive for toxA and 6 isolates for exoS genes with 2 isolates possessing both the genes. In Mice pathogenicity test, highest fatality (100%) was shown by the isolates with both the genes followed by isolates with toxA (66.67%) and exoS (41.67%) respectively with successful re-isolation of P. aeruginosa from the dead mice. Post-mortem examination of the dead mice showed marked haemorrhages on liver, blackish discoloration of intestines and haemorrhages on lungs. Antibiogram revealed that the isolates were highly sensitive to drugs like amikacin (89.47%), imipenem (84.21%), meropenem (78.95%) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (84.21%) but resistant to tetracycline (68.42%), piperacillin (63.16%), oxacillin (52.63%), mecilinam (47.37%) and others.

    REFERENCES

    1. Badr, R.I., Nagdy, M. El., Sabagh, A. El. and Din, A.B. El. (2008). Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Exotoxin A as A Virulence Factor In Burn Wound Infections. Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol., 17(1): 125-132.
    2. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherrris, J.C. and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45(4): 493–496.
    3. Brenner, D.J., McWhorter, A.C., Knutson, J.K. and Steigerwalt, A.G. (1982). Escherichia vulneris: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol., 15: 1133–1140. 
    4. Carter, G.R. and Wise, D.J. (2004). Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 6th edn., pp. 125-126, Iowa State Press.
    5. Chakrabarti, A. (2007). A textbook of Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 4th edn., pp. 477-480, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 
    6. Cheng, D.R., Zhu, S.Y., Yin, Z.H., Ding, W.W., Mu, Z.X., Su, Z.R. and Sun., H.C. (2010). Prevalence of bacterial infection responsible for bovine mastitis. African J. Microbiol. Res., 4(11): 1110-1116.
    7. Dacheux, D., Toussaint, B., Richard, M., Brochier, G., Croize J. and Attree, I. (2000). Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates induce rapid, type III secretion-dependent, but ExoU-independent, oncosis of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Infect. Immun., 68: 2916–2924.
    8. Erasmo, A.A., Crisostomo, A.C., Yan, L.N., Hong, Y.S., Lee, K.U. and Lo, C.M. (2004). Randomized comparison of piperacillin/    tazobactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of patients with intra-abdominal infections. Asian J. Surg., 27(3): 227-235.
    9. Fatima, A., Naqvi, S.B., Khaliq, S.A., Perveen, S. and Jabeen, S. (2012). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of lower respiratory tract infections. SpringerPlus 1, 70: 1-4 [http://    www.springerplus.com/content/1/1/70].
    10. Feltman, H., Schulert, G., Khan, S., Jain, M., Peterson, L. and Hauser, A.R. (2001). Prevalence of type III secretion genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol., 147: 2659–2669.
    11. Gaby, W.L. and Logan, C. (1961). Pathogenicity of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for mice. J. Bacteriol., 82(1): 149–150.
    12. Heleili, N., Ayachi, A., Melizi, M., Kassah, A.L. and Mamache, B. (2012). Prevalence of Sub-clinical Bovine Mastitis and the In-vitro Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates in Batna Governorate, East of Algeria. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2(6): 576-582.
    13. Hill, D., Rose, B., Pajkos, A., Robinson, M., Bye, P., Bell, S., Elkins, M., Thompson, B., Macleod, C., Aaron, S.D. and Harbour, C. (2005). Antibiotic susceptabilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates derived from patients with cystic fibrosis under aerobic, anaerobic and biofilm conditions. J. Clin. Microbiol., 43(10): 5085-5090.
    14. Hirakata, Y., Furuya, N., Tateda, K., Kaku, M. and Yamaguchi, K. (1993). In-vivo production of exotoxin A and its role in endogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in mice. Infect. Immun., 61: 2468-2473.
    15. Hirakata, Y., Furuya, N., Tateda, K., Matsumoto, T. and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). The influence of exo-enzyme S and proteases on endogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in mice. J. Med. Microbiol., 43: 258-261.
    16. Iglewski, B.H., Sadoff, J., Bjorn, M.J. and Maxwell, E.S. (1978). Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S: An adenosine diphosphate ribosyl-transferase distinct from toxin A (ADP-ribose/NAD+/bacterial exoenzymes/elongation factors 1 and 2/diphtheria toxin). Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 75(7): 3211-3215.
    17. Iglewski, B.H., Thompson, M.R. and Woods, D.E. (1981). The role of newly discovered Exotoxin S (S toxin) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. In: Annual Report, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701, 56 pages.
    18. Jander, G., Rahme, L.G. and Ausubel, F.M. (2000). Positive Correlation between Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mutants in Mice and Insects. J. Bacteriol., 182(13): 3843-3845.
    19. Javiya, J.A., Ghatak, S.B., Patel, K.R. and Patel, J.A. (2008). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. Indian J. Pharmacol., 40(5): 230-234.
    20. Kobayashi, F. (1971). Experimental Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice. Japan J. Microbiol., 15(4): 295-300.
    21. Lanotte, P., Watt, S., Mereghetti, L., Dartiguelongue, N., Rastegar-Lari, A., Goudeau, A. and Quentin, R. (2004). Genetic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients compared with those of isolates from other origins. J. Med. Microbiol., 53: 73–81.
    22. Lau, G.W., Ran, H., Kong, F., Hasett, D.J. and Mavrodi, D. (2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyocyanin is Critical for Lung Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun., 72(7): 4275–4278.
    23. Markman, B., Fall-Persson, M., Salenstedt, C.R. (1982). Immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The effects of serotype and virulence in mouse protection tests. J. Biol. Standard., 10(4): 319-328. 
    24. Miyazaki, S., Matsumoto, T., Tateda, K., Ohno, A. and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Role of exotoxin A in inducing severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice. J. Med. Microbiol., 43(3): 169-175.
    25. Narayanan, S. (2013). Pseudomonas, In: Veterinary Microbiology, 3rd edn., edited by Scott McVey, D., Kennedy, M., Chengappa, M.M., pp. 148-150, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    26. Nikbin, V.S., Aslani, M.M., Sharafi, Z., Hashemipour, M., Shahcheraghi, F. and Ebrahimipour, G.H. (2012). Molecular identification and detection of virulence genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different infectious origins. Iranian J. Microbiol., 4(3): 118-123.
    27. Patel, J.V., Bhingaradia, B.V., Patel, B.B., Patel, S.B., Patel, P.B. and Vahora, S.P. (2012). Study on Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates Recovered from Crossbred Cows of Anand District of Gujarat. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 65(6): 467-471.
    28. Pathmanathan, S.G., Samat, N.A. and Mohamed, R. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Malaysian hospital. Malays. J. Med. Sci., 16(2): 27-32.
    29. Pavlovskis, O.R. and Shackelford, A.H. (1974). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin in Mice: Localization and Effect on Protein Synthesis. Infect Immun., 9(3): 540–546.
    30. Pavlovskis, O.R. and Wretlind, B. (1982). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Toxins. Med. Microbiol., 1: 97-128.
    31. Pierre, M., Husson, M.O., Le Berre, R., Desseyn, J.L., Galabert, C., Beghin, L., Beermann, C., Dagenais, A., Berthiaume, Y., Cardinaud, B., Barbry, P., Gottrand, F. and Guery, B.P. (2007). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve host response in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 292: L1422–L1431.
    32. Pillar, C.M. and Hobden, J.A. (2002): Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A and Keratitis in Mice. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 43(5): 1437-1443.
    33. Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Fitz Patrick, E.S., Fanning, S. and Hartigan, P.J. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Diseases, 2nd edn, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 287-290.
    34. Samanta, I. (2013). Chapter 10: Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, In: Veterinary Bacteriology, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi - 110088. pp. 209-223
    35. Seshadri, S. and Chhatbar, C. (2009). Multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Insights into the molecular mechanisms. African J. Microbiol. Res., 3(5): 195-199.
    36. Sharma, S., Kaur, R., Yadav, V., Harjai, K. and Joshi, K. (2004), Contribution of Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Acute and Chronic Renal Infection. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57: 119-120.
    37. Singh R., Sharma, N., Soodan, J.S. and Sudhan, N.A. (2005). Etiology and sensitivity of bacterial isolates from sub-clinical mastitis in cattle from Jammu region. SKUAST J. Res., 4(2): 223-224.
    38. Sivanmaliappan, T.S. and Sevanan, M. (2011). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers. Intl. J. Microbiol., Article ID 605195, 4 pages.
    39. Song,K.P., Chan, T.K., Ji, Z.L. and Wong, S.W. (2000). Rapid identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from ocular isolates by PCR using exotoxin A-specific primers. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 14: 199–204.
    40. Viswakarma, P. (2008). Studies on prevalence, diagnosis, therapy and control of mastitis in buffaloes. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Indra Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
    41. Yahr, T.L., Hovey, A.K., Kulich, S.M. and Frank, D.W. (1995). Transcriptional analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S structural gene. J. Bacteriol., 177: 1169-1178. 
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