<div style="text-align:justify">Background: This study aimed at the evaluation of the efficacy of TLR ligands (viz. Poly I:C, Lipopolysaccharide and CpG:ODN) as vaccine adjuvants in combination with a suitable carrier (oil-in-water emulsion, normal saline solution, or alum) by studying the expression profile of cytokines belonging to Th1 and Th2 biased immune systems.&nbsp; 
Methods: Whole blood was collected from 108 birds that were divided into 9 different experimental groups: 3 TLR ligands each with 3 delivery vehicles. Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL4) biased cytokines were detected by qPCR followed by ELISA. Both the results showed the highest level of IL4 (Th1 biased) with LPS and the highest level of IFNg (Th1 biased) with CpG-ODN. Uneven TLR expression was detected from day 3 onwards till day 21 but ligands and delivery vehicles administered along with NDV vaccine did not show significant influence on the immune response. 
Result: It is evident that the TLR-3, 4 and 9 expressions increase following exposure to the respective ligands. Hence, TLR ligands can be used as reliable adjuvants in NDV vaccine. The expression of the Th2 biased cytokine IL4 mRNA and Th1 biased cytokine Interferon-gamma was found to be the highest on day 3 in the LPS+NSS group and on day 21 in CpG-ODN+Alum group, respectively. The findings of the real-time PCR were supported to some by the ELISA.&nbsp;</div>

​Selecting the Best Combination of Adjuvant and the Delivery Vehicle for Optimizing the Th1 and Th2 Biased Responses of NDV Live Vaccine in Indigenous Aseel Chicken

<div>Background: The present study was designed to evaluate alterations in the immunological status of the small intestine after dietary inclusion of probiotic and zinc in pre and post-weaned piglets. 
 
Methods: For the present study, 18 healthy Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets, irrespective of sex, were divided into three different age groups [pre-weaning (20 days old, n = 3), weaning (30 days old, n = 3) and post-weaning (60 days old, n = 3)]. The piglets were weaned at 28 days of age. They were divided into control group (C) fed with basal diet and treatment group (T) fed with combined probiotic and zinc oral supplement along with the basal diet. A probiotic mixture consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum (1.25x109cfu/d for 10 days) along with zinc supplement (ZnO @ 2000 ppm/d for 10 days) administered orally to the treatment group of piglets. 
 
Result: The relative expression of TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IL-6 genes was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the treatment group of piglets as compared to the control group. However, the expression of IL-8, IL-12p40 and IL-18 genes were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) after oral administration of probiotic and zinc to the piglets.</div>

​Expression Profiling of Cytokine-related Genes in the Small Intestine of Healthy Pre and Post-weaned Piglets Administered Orally with Probiotic and Zinc

​Selecting the Best Combination of Adjuvant and the Delivery Vehicle for Optimizing the Th1 and Th2 Biased Responses of NDV Live Vaccine in Indigenous Aseel Chicken

​Expression Profiling of Cytokine-related Genes in the Small Intestine of Healthy Pre and Post-weaned Piglets Administered Orally with Probiotic and Zinc

Selecting the Best Combination of Adjuvant and the Delivery Vehicle for Optimizing the Th1 and Th2 Biased Responses of NDV Live Vaccine in Indigenous Aseel Chicken

Expression Profiling of Cytokine-related Genes in the Small Intestine of Healthy Pre and Post-weaned Piglets Administered Orally with Probiotic and Zinc