<div style="text-align:justify">Adulteration in dairy products is not only serious trouble to mortal health but also causes profitable losses. Ghee, the most precious fat, is vented at a high price over other fats and oil. Unethical vendors take advantage of this by mixing ghee with inexpensive fats or oils. Adulteration of ghee could be estimated through its physical-chemical constants such as Butyro-Refractometer reading, Reichert-Meissl value, Polenske value, Iodine value, saponification value, which are time-consuming, Therefore, researchers nowadays adopted novel techniques. The addition of coconut oil in ghee is detected using Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and chemometrics. Analysis of the adulteration in cow ghee with soybean oil by olfactory machine system, electronic nose (E-nose) tool is used as a rapid technique. Analysis of adulteration in cow ghee with vanaspati by using an image analysis technique called particle analysis and colour measurement and a rapid and accessible protocol based on &beta;-sitosterol using Reversed-phase thin layer chromatography (RP-TLC) is developed to check the purity of milk fat. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) based chromogenic assay is a rapid method that has been used to identify the presence of palm oil in ghee.</div>

Innovation Techniques to Assess Adulterated Ghee: A Review

<div>Background: Cashew apple is a rich source of essential nutrients, including vitamin C, natural sugars (fructose and sucrose), dietary fiber, flavonoids, carotenoids, total polyphenols, volatile compounds, flavanols, amino acids and vital minerals such as potassium, magnesium, sodium and iron. These components contribute to strong immunity, antioxidant activity, proper nerve and heart function and the maintenance of healthy skin and overall bodily health. Although highly perishable, the cashew apple possesses a rich phytochemical profile. Considering this, the present study aims to identify its bioactive compounds to explore its therapeutic potential. 
 
Methods: The study evaluated various drying methods, including sun drying, solar drying, cabinet drying, microwave drying and freeze drying, to determine the best technique for retaining the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of cashew apple products. Freeze drying was found to be the most preferred method. The freeze-dried cashew apple samples were then analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with methanol, ethanol and acetone as solvents to identify the bioactive compounds present.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the drying techniques, freeze drying was found to preserve the highest nutritional value and sensory quality. GC-MS analysis revealed (Z)-3-(pentadec-8-en-1-yl) phenol as the dominant compound, known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. &beta;-Sitosterol, which aids in cholesterol reduction and cardiovascular support, was also identified. Siloxane compounds and glyceraldehyde, contributing to metabolic function and product stability, were detected primarily in ethanol and acetone extracts. Methanol and acetone were the most effective solvents for extracting a broad spectrum of phytochemicals.</div>

GC-MS based Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Freeze-dried Cashew Apple

<div style="text-align:justify">Oat (Avena sativa) belongs to the grass (Poaceae) family. It has been recognized as a healthful and nutritious cereal containing high concentration of soluble fiber compounds such as &beta;-glucan, which are beneficial for digestive system and preventive against colon rectal cancer help to maintain an optimal weight due to high fiber content. It also contains antioxidants, vitamins, phenolic acids sterols and phytic acid which has essential role in our body functioning. The key cholesterol lowering ingredient in oats is soluble fiber. &beta;-glucans, the most important cereal non-starch. &beta;-glucan, is abundant in oat kernels and exhibits a high viscosity at relatively low concentrations. Viscosity is an important rheological property of &beta;-glucan and is associated with beneficial physiologic responses that mediate appetite regulation. Oats were traditionally eaten as porridge with salt or sugar were added recent modern product innovation has created an array of oat products (Oat breads, oat cakes and oats milk etc.). Oats are used as an additive in Cereal breakfast, baked goods, oat milk and oat powder is incorporated in many Dairy products like (low-fat ice creams, yoghurts, cheese and other fermented drinks). It is stated that 3 g/day oat &beta;-glucan reduced the total and LDL cholesterol by five to ten per cent.</div>

Oats as a Functional Food

<div>Background: Collective evidence of polymorphic &beta;-casein and associated health problems has led to the concern about milk consumption and cow breeding policies worldwide. This association has also engrossed the interest of dairy scientist and industry in evaluation of &beta; casein genotype distribution. With increasing proportion of exotic and crossbred cows in India it is worth while to screen cattle for A1A2 &beta; casein and enhance indigenous cow breeds. 
 
Methods: The present study intended to identify &beta; casein genotypes in pure Indian Gir cows and crossbred Holstein and jersey cows from three local dairy farms. We analysed &beta; casein genotypes by PCR-RFLP method in total 95 cows during the period of 2017-2019.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the indigenous Gir cows had fixed A2 allele whereas crossbred Jersey and Holstein Frisian both had A1A2 as the most common genotype (frequency: 0.473 and 0.6 respectively) followed by A2A2 (Frequency 0.368 and 0.333 respectively) and A1A1 (Frequency 0.158 and 0.066 respectively). The results show that in this study group Gir, a native Indian breed has fixed A2 &beta; casein variant whereas crossbred Jersey and Holstein Frisian have A1A2 as a most common genotype. Screening of cattle for &acirc; casein genotypes is vital to monitor the frequency of A1 beta casein in native Indian cow breeds.</div>

Identification of &beta; Casein Genotypes in Indian Gir and Crossbred Exotic Cows from Mumbai Dairy Farms

<div>Background: Dexmedetomidine has been reported to induce anti-apoptotic effects and metastatic progression in lung cancer. In the current investigation, the effect of &beta;-Caryophyllene on dexmedetomidine induced cell proliferation and apoptosis of lung cancer cells and tumor growth in mice was studied.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A549 cell line was cultured with either dexmedetomidine alone or together with &beta;-Caryophyllene for 24 h and analysed for cell proliferation with MTT assay. ELISA based kit was used to determine apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Western blotting was used to determine expression levels of target proteins. The induction of experimental lung tumor in rat model was achieved through the injection of A549 tumor cells subcutaneously into the middle left side of the mice after anesthetization with pentobarbital (35 mg/kg) at 2.8 &times; 106 cells in 400 &mu;l of PBS. 
 
Result: We found that &beta;-Caryophyllene exerts the anti-proliferative effects on A549 cells. Furthermore, &beta;-Caryophyllene significantly prevents apoptotic cell death and causes up-regulation of PGC-1&alpha; and TFAM compared to dexmedetomidine treated cells. We observed that &beta;-Caryophyllene suppressed tumor development in mice significantly compared to dexmedetomidine treated group without changing body weight.</div>

Dexmedetomidine Associated Lung Cancer Proliferation and Tumor Growth is Prevented by &beta;-Caryophyllene: Role of AMPK Activation and PGC-1&alpha;/TFAM Over Expression

<div>Background: Hind quarter weakness (HQW) is the loss of bilateral motor function of the rear limbs due to dysfunction of neural or muscular system. Animals are mostly presented with focal or generalized pain, varying degrees of paresis, paralysis and inability to urinate. Serum &beta;- endorphin is an endogenous hormone released during stressful and painful events and functions almost exclusively in an inhibitory fashion. Moreover, electrical stimulation has been demonstrated to release endorphins at low frequencies. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted to investigate the possible participation of endogenous opioid i.e. Serum &beta; - endorphins and oxidative stress parameters in pain modulation and its variation in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness subjected to ultrasound therapy and shortwave diathermy. Dogs were treated using therapeutic ultrasound (group I, n=6) and shortwave diathermy (group II, n=6) in combination with supportive drug therapy continued regularly for one week. Blood was collected on day 0, 3rd and 7th for oxidative stress estimation and regularly from the day of presentation till 7th day of treatment for serum &beta;-endorphin estimation. 
 
Result: LPO values decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from day 0 to 3 in group I and from day 0 to 7 in group II. SOD values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease between day 0 and 7 in group II cases. A continuous progressive increasing trend in GSH was noticed which was significant (P&lt;0.05) from day 3 to 7 in both groups. CAT values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 0 to 7 in group II and non-significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in group I. Serum &beta;-endorphin values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 4th to 6th in group I and between day 0, 1st, 3rd and 5th in group II. The variation in values throughout the treatment was suggestive of reduction in stress response and indicates improvement in dogs suffering from HQW.&nbsp;</div>

Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum &beta;-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness

<div>Background:&nbsp;Selecting an appropriate extraction technique and optimization of extraction conditions must be done to improve the efficiency and productivity of natural colorant. 
 
Methods: Flesh and peels of four different raw materials viz., beetroot, carrot, pomegranate and grape were extracted independently using 100% ethyl alcohol using cold solvent extraction method adopting 1: 1 and 1: 2 w/v solid to solvent ratio for 24 and 48 hrs, forming 8 treatments replicated thrice in three factorial CRD. The collected extracts were evaporated at 60oC; per cent yield and pigment content were calculated. 
 
Result: Extract yield and pigment content were significantly influenced by raw material, solid to solvent ratio and duration of extraction. Extract yield was higher in flesh of carrot and beetroot as well as in peels of grape and pomegranate. Anthocyanin content in grape and pomegranate and betalain content in beetroot were high in peel where as &beta;-carotene content was higher in carrot flesh extract. Per cent yield and pigment content increased with increased duration of extraction and solid to solvent ratio. Requirement of more solvent and longer extraction time are the drawback of conventional extraction methods and there is a growing demand for non-conventional techniques to enhance yield and maintain pigment stability.</div>

​Standardization of Cold Solvent Extraction Parameters for Natural Red Pigments

<div>Background:&nbsp;Indigofera tinctoria plays the role of a natural dye source that produces indigo color and contains the secondary metabolite indican which is highly responsive to light intensity. This study aims to examine the critical period for the formation of the secondary metabolite indican on light intensity. 
 
Methods: The method used was a completely randomized block design with a split-plot design. The study consisted of 2 treatment factors, namely: length of shade (main plot) and light intensity (subplot). The length of shade included 5 levels, namely early growth phase (up to 1 month after planting), mid-growth phase (up to 2 months after planting), maximum growth phase (up to 3 months after planting), 1 month before harvest and 2 months before harvest. Light intensity had 3 levels, namely 50% light intensity (38,464.3 lux), 25% (19,232.15 lux) and 10% (7,692.86 lux). 
 
Result: The combination of duration of shade and light intensity affected the growth, yield and content of secondary metabolites (indican) in Indigofera tinctoria. The highest number of leaves, plant fresh weight and biomass was found in the combination of shade in the early growth phase (up to 1 month after planting) with 50% light intensity. The highest indican production was found in the mid-growth shading (up to 2 months after planting) with 10% light intensity, which was 843.33 ppm. The critical period of shade to increase indican production along with the number of leaves was the mid-growth phase (up to 2 months after planting).</div>

The Critical Period of Production of the Secondary Metabolite Indican in (Indigofera tinctoria L.) on Light Intensity

<div>Background: Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to develop many efficient mechanisms to neutralize them and it has become difficult to control the virulent strains of S. aureus from causing staphylococcal diseases in animals and humans. Mostly Staphylococcal strains have become resistant to methicillin, &beta;-lactamase and ESBL activity and sometime to vancomycin also. The present study investigated the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of all the 62 S. aureus isolates for sensitivity towards methicillin, b-lactamase, ESBL production and vancomycin. 
 
Methods: The isolates were obtained by conventional microbiological methods, confirmed genotypically by 23S rRNA ribotyping and Maldi-Tof MS. Methicillin resistance activity among S. aureus isolates was detected by culturing them on MeReSa Agar. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase activity among S. aureus isolates was detected by the combined disc method. 
 
Result: On MeReSa agar, 53(85.48%) isolates were detected as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), but none of the isolates from any source or place of sampling was detected positive by the methicillin disk method. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) activity was exhibited by 51 (82.25%) isolates with 100% (maximum) isolates from human pus showing activity and 66.66% (least activity) was seen in isolates from unprocessed meat. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin.</div>

Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Different Sources for Methicillin, Vancomycin, &beta;-lactamase and ESBL Production

<div>Background: The present study investigated the polymorphism in &beta;-lactoglobulin and &alpha;-lactalbumin genes in native Malabari and Attappady black breeds in comparison with Saanen Malabari crossbred goats. The polymorphisms in these proteins and their coding genes were reported to be associated with various dairy traits in ruminants. 
 
Methods: Polymorphism detection was carried out by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Chi-square analysis was performed to analyse the status of each population. Association of &beta;-lactoglobulin with dairy traits was performed with univariate analysis of variation. Sanger&rsquo;s sequencing of 426 bp fragment of caprine &beta;-LG gene was performed commercially and sequences were compared with those of other breeds of various geographical areas. 
 
Result: It was proved that all three populations under study observed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to b-lactoglobulin locus. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationship of &beta;-lactoglobulin with peak milk yield in Malabari population studied. Sequence analysis of exon 7 and 3&#39;&nbsp;flanking region revealed a novel SNP at (C to A transversion) at 7062 position in the native breeds under study. Phylogenetic tree construction and analysis revealed the native Malabari and Attappady black to different clades. The caprine&nbsp;&alpha;-LA gene appeared to be monomorphic in all the three population under study. Genetic selection utilizing the association of &beta;-lactoglobulin with peak yield could be used to improve the genetic makeup of goats for high production potential.</div>

Innovation Techniques to Assess Adulterated Ghee: A Review

GC-MS based Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Freeze-dried Cashew Apple

Oats as a Functional Food

Identification of β Casein Genotypes in Indian Gir and Crossbred Exotic Cows from Mumbai Dairy Farms

Dexmedetomidine Associated Lung Cancer Proliferation and Tumor Growth is Prevented by β-Caryophyllene: Role of AMPK Activation and PGC-1α/TFAM Over Expression

Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum β-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness

Standardization of Cold Solvent Extraction Parameters for Natural Red Pigments

The Critical Period of Production of the Secondary Metabolite Indican in (Indigofera tinctoria L.) on Light Intensity

Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Different Sources for Methicillin, Vancomycin, β-lactamase and ESBL Production

Whey Protein Genetic Polymorphism and Dairy Traits in Goats of South India