Legume Research

  • Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu

  • Print ISSN 0250-5371

  • Online ISSN 0976-0571

  • NAAS Rating 6.80

  • SJR 0.391

  • Impact Factor 0.8 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Legume Research, volume 46 issue 4 (april 2023) : 519-524

Occurrence and Distribution of Cluster Bean Diseases in Grid Region of Madhya Pradesh

Rajni Singh Sasode1,*, Pramod Kumar Fatehpuria1, Pradyumn Singh2, Ranjeet Singh Raghav3
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior-474 002, Madhya Pradesh, India.
2Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Morena-476 001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
3Department of Soil Science, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot-485 334, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India.

  • Submitted09-08-2021|

  • Accepted14-03-2022|

  • First Online 02-05-2022|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4766

Cite article:- Sasode Singh Rajni, Fatehpuria Kumar Pramod, Singh Pradyumn, Raghav Singh Ranjeet (2023). Occurrence and Distribution of Cluster Bean Diseases in Grid Region of Madhya Pradesh . Legume Research. 46(4): 519-524. doi: 10.18805/LR-4766.

ABSTRACT

Background: Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] has a special contribution among the pulse crops and recognized as one of the important commercial crop of arid and semi-arid region. Being a leguminous crop it is a source to replenish nutrients especially nitrogen of the low fertility soils and enhances the soil fertility and also can withstand moisture stress. Various biotic and abiotic constrains in cluster bean were responsible for lowering average yield of crop as compared to its potential yield. Thus, it becomes imperative to sustain the productivity of clusterbean by gathering the information and behavior of disease distribution pattern in the zone. The current study therefore greatly emphasized to find out the occurrence and distribution pattern of diseases in major cluster bean growing areas grid region of northern Madhya Pradesh. 

Methods: An intensive survey was conducted with an objective to access the prevalence and intensity of diseases of cluster bean in sixteen village of three district of grid region of Madhya Pradesh between 2018-19 and 2019-20. 

Result: Investigation in respect of survey conducted concludes that alternaria leaf blight, dry root rot and bacterial leaf blight are the major concern diseases of cluster bean which directly affect the yield (Chand and Gandhi, 1978). Alternaria leaf blight (19.90%) and Bacterial leaf blight (11.60%) disease intensity was maximum in Gwalior district while maximum dry root rot (4.25%) incidence  was recorded in Morena district. 

INTRODUCTION

Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tertragonoloba (L.) Taub] is an important leguminous crop of Kharif season in arid and semi-arid region of India (Kumar, 2005). In India cluster bean cultivation is accounted for about 75% of global trade and 80% of total guar production in the world (Swamy and Naveena, 2015). In M.P. cluster bean is cultivated as pure crop in 75, 280 hectare and as mixed crop in 54,782 hectare area. Despite the highest total production, yield of cluster bean is very low due to many biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, alternaria leaf blight, anthracnose, dry root rot, bacterial leaf blight, YVMV (Moshe et al., 1991; Gillaspie, Pappu and Jain, 1998) are important in respect of yield reduction factors. Bacterial blight (Kaur et al., 2006, Jain and Agrawal, 2011), Alternaria leaf spot and Powdery mildew are the important diseases that threaten guar production areas were it is grown (Shivanna and Shetty, 1988a,b; Undersander et al., 1991; Mathur and Sinha, 1993; Lodha et al., 2002; Deore et al., 2004; Jaiman and Jain, 2004; Saharan and Saharan, 2004; Jatav and Mathur, 2005; Singh et al., 2005; Wijesekara, et al., 2005; Mohamed et al., 2006; Purkayastha, et al., 2006 and Awurum and Uwajimgba, 2013). Tolerant varieties with developed inbuilt resistance are the best alternative against these disease to prevent the crop from heavy economical yield losses. Lodha (1984) reported that GAUG63 had some tolerance to powdery mildew. Whereas HG75, G102 and G225 were sources of bacterial leaf blight resistance (Kumar 2005, Sharma et al., 1999). Resistance to blight and leaf spot were reported to governed by recessive or dominant genes respectively (Singh et al., 1995, Vig, 1965). These diseases have become more important in recent years due to drastic climatic change make the crop more susceptible. A comprehensive survey of cluster bean diseases in gird region of Northern Madhya Pradesh was conducted in 2018-19 and 2019-2020. The objectives of the survey were to find out the occurrence and distribution of cluster bean diseases and also, to assess the level of resistance and susceptibility of the cultivators grown in farmers field.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cultivator field survey was carried out in major cluster bean growing districts of Madhya Pradesh, namely, Morena, Gwalior and  Shivpuri. To find out the intensity of alternaria blight, bacterial leaf blight and incidence of dry root rot disease of cluster bean.
 
Area surveyed
 
Survey was conducted between July and October 2018-19 to 2019-20 in the three major cluster bean growing districts grid region of Northern Madhya Pradesh (Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri). The villages in each district were selected randomly.  A total of five fields covering sixteen villages were surveyed.
 
Data analysis
 
Three (1x1m) quadret were randomly selected in each field in the entire three district surveyed and infected plants were counted in each quadret. Based on infected and total number of plants disease incidence was calculated. Disease incidence of individual fields was used for calculating the mean incidence of each district and the district average was used to calculate the mean incidence of the northern state of M.P. These averages indicate relative prevalence of cluster bean diseases in the surveyed areas. Data recorded were averaged to obtained mean of the respective diseases. The weather data of Gwalior district is also collected from the metrological department (Fig 1 and 2).

Fig 1: Metrological data during kharif 2018.



​

Fig 2: Metrological data during kharif -2019.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the area surveyed, 80 farmers fields were inspected from all field visited the plants showing symptoms characteristics of cluster bean disease were observed and recorded (Plate 2). During Kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20 it was observed that alternaria leaf blight, dry root rot and bacterial leaf blight on cluster bean were important diseases in these three district of Northern M.P. Three major cluster bean growing districts of M.P. viz., Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri were surveyed to find out the status of cluster bean in grid region of Madhya Pradesh. The data summarized (Table 1 and Plate 1) reveals that the disease has become a major biotic constraint in the cultivation of cluster bean particularly in Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri districts.

Plate 1: Major cluster bean growing areas of Northern Madhya Pradesh.



Plate 2: Survey and Symptoms Diagnosis of Cluster bean diseases.



Table 1: Survey and monitoring of arid legume in gwalior, Morena and shivpuri district of northern M.P. during kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20.



Intensity of foliar diseases (Alternaria leaf blight, bacterial leaf blight)
 
During the year 2018-19 the disease intensity of alternaria leaf blight in Gwalior district was in the range of 16.00% (shakhani) to 23.00% (Raichura). In Morena district it was in ranged from 4.00% (Arahakapura) to 10.00% (Kailaras). In Shivpuri it was in the range of 0.00% (Khadi) to 4.00% (Aadoli). The pressure of disease in 2019-20 was low as compared to 2018-19.

The two years mean data also summarized in (Table 1) which reveal that in Gwalior district the maximum intensity of alternaria leaf blight was recorded in Masoriya block (24.00%) followed by Raichura (22.50%), Basodi (21.50%) and Kadaiya (17.00%), while the minimum disease intensity was recorded in shakhani village (14.50%). In Morena district the maximum disease intensity was recorded in Kailaras (9.50%) followed by Noorabaad, Mitawaligoan (7.00%), (7.00%), Arahakpura (6.00%) and Padawali (5.50%), whileminimum disease intensity was recorded in Joura block (5.00%) of the district. In Shivpuri district the maximum disease intensity was recorded in Aadoli (4.50%) followed by Mohana (4.00%), Dhumapura (3.00%) and Khadi (0.50 %), while karyawati village are free from Alternaria leaf blight that is (0.00%) of the district.

In the year 2018-19 the intensity of Alternaria leaf blight in Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri was 20.60%, 6.83% and 2.00% respectively. While, in 2019-20 the disease observed in Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri district was 19.20%, 6.50% and 2.60% respectively. As per the two year mean data presented in (Table 1) reveals that the maximum disease intensity was recorded in Gwalior (19.90%) followed by Morena (6.60%), while minimum disease intensity was recorded in Shivpuri district which is 2.30%. 

In the year 2018-19 the disease intensity of bacterial leaf blight disease in Gwalior district was in the range of 12.00% (Raichura) to 26.00% (Basodi). In Morena district it was in ranged from 4.00% (Kailaras) to 12.00% (Noorabaad). In Shivpuri it was in the range of 0.00% (Khadi) to 7.00% (Karyawati). The pressure of disease in 2019-20 was low as compared to 2018-19.

The two years mean data also summarized in (Table 1) which reveal that in Gwalior district the maximum disease intensity of bacterial leaf blight was recorded in Basodi block (17.50%) followed by Kadaiya (11.50%), Masoriya (10.00%) and Shakhani (10.50%), while the minimum disease intensity was recorded in Raichura village (9.00%) (Fig 3). In Morena district the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Noorabaad, Kailaras (8.50%) followed by Arahakpura (6.00%), Mitawaligoan (5.00%) and Padawali, Joura (4.00%) respectively, while the minimum disease intensity was recorded in Kailaras village (3.50%) (Fig 4). In Shivpuri district the maximum disease intensity was recorded in Aadoli and Karyawati (6.00%) followed by Dhumapura (4.50%) and Mohana (3.50 %), while the minimum disease incidence was recorded in khadi village (0.50%) of Shivpuri district (Fig 5). During 2018-19 the incidence of bacterial leaf blight in Gwalior (16.80%) followed by Morena (7.17%) and Shivpuri was 4.80%. While, in 2019-20 the disease was observed in Gwalior district 6.40%, Morena 3.16%, while in Shivpuri intensity was 4.80%. The two year mean data represented in (Table 1) revealed that the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Gwalior (11.60%) followed byShivpuri (10.25%), while in minimum disease intensity was recorded in Morena district is 5.16%.

Fig 3: Prevalence of foliar and soil borne diseases of cluster bean in Gwalior districts.



​

Fig 4: Prevalence of foliar and soil borne diseases of cluster bean in Morena districts.



​

Fig 5: Prevalence of foliar and soil borne diseases of cluster bean in Shivpuri districts.


 
Incidence of soil borne disease (Dry root rot)
 
Dry root rot incidence in 2018-19 at Gwalior district was in the range of 3.00% (Raichura) to 7.00% (Shakhani). In Morena district it was in ranged from 3.00% (Arahakapura) to 7.00% (Kailaras). In Shivpuri it was in the range of 2.00% (Mohana) to 6.00% (Dhumapura). The pressure of disease in 2019-20 was low as compared to 2018-19. Also, the two years mean data summarized in (Table 1) reveals that in Gwalior district the maximum disease incidence of dry root rot was recorded in Shakhani block (6.00%) followed by Masoriya (5.00%), Basodi (4.00%) and kadaiya (3.50%), while the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Raichura village (2.00%) (Fig 3). In Morena district the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Kailaras (6.00%) followed by Arahakpura, Padawali (4.50%) and Noorabaad, Mitawaligoan, Joura (3.50%) respectively (Fig 4).  In Shivpuri district the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Dhumapura (5.00%) followed by Khadi (4.50%), Aadoli (3.50%) and karyawati (2.50%), while the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Mohana village (1.50%) of Shivpuri district (Fig 5). As per survey data recorded in 2018-19 the incidence of dry root rot in Gwalior, Morena and Shivpuri was 4.20%, 5.00% and 3.80% respectively. While in 2019-20 it was observed that in Gwalior district the mean diseases intensity was 4.00% followed by Morena 3.50%, while in Shivpuri it was 3.00%. The two year mean data presented in (Table 1) reveals that the maximum disease incidence was in Morena (4.20%) followed by Gwalior (4.10%), while minimum disease incidence was recorded in Shivpuri district is 3.40%.

The comprehensive study through survey was the first to check out the relative importance of fungal and bacterial diseases of cluster bean in grid region of Northern M.P. Based on survey results alternaria leaf blight, intensity was ranked 1st out of the other two cluster bean disease. Thus alternaria leaf blight was found to be a relatively major disease of cluster bean in Northern M.P. During the survey results of the present study indicated that alternaria blight, dry root rot and bacterial leaf blight were restricted in local cultivars. There are several possibilities to explain the low prevalence and incidence of DRR in all cluster bean growing areas irrespective of cluster bean cultivars during the survey, including resistance, atmospheric conditions for disease infection and development and the use of seed treatment with fungicides. Widespread distribution of DRR, Alternariablight and Bacterial leaf blight in all cluster bean cultivars observed which were grown by the farmers and it is a matter of concern also. Average disease intensity of Alternaria blight and bacterial blight varied from 2.30%-19.90% and 5.16%-11.60% and disease incidence of DRR varied from 3.40%-4.25% on all the cultivars grown by the farmers. The random moisture stress and higher temperature in northern M.P. Probably predisposed the cluster bean crop to favourable condition for DRR development. Pande et al., (2010).  Research done on R. bataticola showed that temperature and moister stress are important factor for its infection Pande et al., (2004), Akram (2008).

CONCLUSION

The distribution and intensity of Alternaria blight, bacterial blight, incidence of soil borne disease of cluster bean varied in each district. These diseases are emerging as a potential threat to cluster bean production. Multiple disease resistant lines against, Alternaria leaf blight, Bacterial blight and DRR need to develop with combined resistance against these diseases. The detailed analysis of the factors responsible for wide spread emergence of the diseases need further investigations.

Conflict of interest

None

REFERENCES


  1. Akram, M. Iqbal, A. Rauf and R. Aleem, (2008). Detection of resistant sources for collar rot disease in chickpea germplasm, Pakistani Journal of Botany. 40(5): 2211-2215.

  2. Awurum A.N. and Uwajimgba J. (2013). Varietal screening and comparative toxicity of some plant extracts for control of Fusarium wilt of ground nut (Arachis hypogea L.). Continental J. Agricultural Science. 7(1): 11-16.

  3. Deore P.B., Sawant D.M. and Ilhe B.M. (2004). Comparative efficacy of Trichoderma spp. for the control of powdery mildew of cluster bean. Indian Journal Agric. Res. 38(3): 212-216.

  4. Gillaspie, A.G., Pappu, H.R. and Jain, R.K. (1998). Characteristics of a latent potyvirus seed borne in guar and of guar sterile virus. APS Journal. 82(7): 765-770.

  5. Jain, R. and Agrawal, K. (2011). Incidence and seed transmission of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Cyamopsidis in cluster bean. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 7(1): 197-205.

  6. Jatav, R.S. and Mathur, K. (2005). Bio-agents and neem based seed treatment for management of root- rot complex in cluster bean. Indian Phytopath. 58(2): 235-236.

  7. Jaiman, R.K. and Jain, S.C. (2004). Macrophomina phaseolina in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds and its control. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34(3): 833-835.

  8. Kumar, S., Upadhyay, J.P. and Kumar, Sanjeev. (2005). Evaluation of plant extract for control of Alternaria Leaf spot of Vicia  faba. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 13(1): 213-269.

  9. Lodha S., Sharma S.K. and Agarwal R.K. (2002). Inactivation of Macrophomina phaseolina propagules during composting and effect of composts on dry root rot severity and on seed yield of clusterbean. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 108(3): 253-261.

  10. Lodha, S. (1984). Varietal resistance and evaluation of seed dressers against bacterial blight of guar (C. tetragonoloba). Indian Phytopathol. 137: 438-440.

  11. Mohamed, I.A.I., Bauiomy, M.A.M. and Ibrahim, A.S.A. (2006). Efficacy of different natural products as safe management of guar damping-off disease in Egypt. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. 34(1): 1-15.

  12. Mathur, S.B. and Sinha, S. (1993). Role of manuring in control of root rot of guar (Cyamopsis psoralioides DC.) and wilt of gram (Cicer arietinum L.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Mycopathologia. 40(2): 155-159.

  13. Moshe, B.H., Rey, M.E.C., Sibra, M., Gernett, H.M. and Beck B. (1991). A new green sterile disease of guar in South Africa. Plant Dis.75 (6): 638-643.

  14. Pande, S., Desai, S. and M. Sharma, (2010). Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Crop Diseases: Current Status and Future Research Needs, National Symposium on Climate Change and Rainfed Agriculture, Hyderabad. 18-20 February 2010, pp: 55-59. 

  15. Purkayastha, S., Kaur, B., Dilbaghi, N. and Chaudhury, A. (2006). Evaluation of cluster bean genotypes for resistance to charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, using different host inoculation methods. Journal of Crop Improvement. 15(1): 67-79.

  16. Pande, G.K. Kishore and Rao, J.N. (2004). Evaluation of Chickpea Lines for Resistance to Dry Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola, ICPN, No. 11: 2004, p. 37.

  17. Swamy, Dhananjaya, P.S. and Naveena, K.P. (2015). An analysis of production performance and yield variability of guar (Cluster bean) in India. J. Prog. Agric. 6: 1. 

  18. Singh, R., Chandil, R. and Tripathi, A.K. (2005). Seed mycoflora of cluster bean and control by seed treatment. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 13(1): 163-166.

  19. Saharan, M.S. and Saharan, G.S. (2004). Influence of weather factors on the incidence of Alternaria blight of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] on varieties with different susceptibilities. Crop Protection. 23(12): 1223-1227.

  20. Sharma, B.S., Bhatnagar, K. and Cheema, H.A. (1999). Fungal management of stem blight disease of cowpea induced by Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 29: 276.

  21. Singh, J.V., Lodhi, G.P. and Singh, V.P. (1995).Varietal improvement in guar. Farm Dig. 5: 23.

  22. Shivanna M.B. and Shetty H.S. (1988a). Seed-borne nature and transmission of Colletorichum dematium in cluster bean. Seed Res. 16(1): 102-104.

  23. Shivanna M.B. and Shetty H.S. (1988b). Infection and establishment of Colletotrichum damatium in cluster bean seedlings. Pl. Dis. Res. 3(1): 79-81.

  24. Undersander D.J., Putnam D.H., Kaminski A.R., Kelling K.A., Doll J.D., Oplinger E.S. and Gunsolus J.L. (1991). Guar- Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin Cooperative or Extension Service, Department of Agronomy, Madison, WI 53706.

  25. Vig, B.K. (1965). Effect of a reciprocal translocation on cytomorphology of guar. Sci. Cult. 31: 531-533.

  26. Wijesekara R.H.T., Aggarwal R. and Agarwal D.K. (2005). Morphological and molecular characterization of five Colletotrichum species from India. Indian Phytopathology. 58 (4): 448-453.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)