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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 42 issue 4 (august 2019) : 461-466,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-431

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in Medicago truncatula

W
Wei Ren
Y
Yingzhe Wang
A
Ankai Xu
Y
Yunge Zhao
1Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling-712 100, Shaanxi, China.

  • Submitted18-05-2018|

  • Accepted26-03-2019|

  • First Online 24-05-2019|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-431

Cite article:- Ren Wei, Wang Yingzhe, Xu Ankai, Zhao Yunge (2019). Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in Medicago truncatula. Legume Research. 42(4): 461-466. doi: 10.18805/LR-431.

ABSTRACT

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants and supplies precursors for a variety of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, lignins and stilbenes. The first draft of the full Medicago truncatula genome assembly has been released. However it is observed that, the PAL gene family from Medicago truncatula (MtPAL genes) has not been characterized in detail. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the Medicago truncatula PAL gene family is presented, including chromosomal locations, phylogenetic analyses, gene structures, three-dimensional (3D) structures and expression patterns. Six Medicago truncatula PAL genes that encode PAL proteins were identified in the Medicago truncatula genome. It was shown that MtPAL genes are distributed on four chromosomes. Dynamic expression patterns of MtPAL genes were observed in different tissues and abiotic stresses, suggesting that MtPAL genes may play important roles in the regulation of development and stress responses in Medicago truncatula.

REFERENCES

  1. Cass, C.L., Peraldi, A., Dowd, P.F., Mottiar, Y., Santoro, N., Karlen, S.D., Bukhman, Y.V., et al. (2015). Effects of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66: 4317-4335.
  2. Chen, J., He, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Joyce, D.C., Ji, Z., and Lu, W. (2008). Role of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in heat pretreatment-    induced chilling tolerance in banana fruit. Physiologia Plantarum, 132:318-328.
  3. Guo, J., and Wang, M.H. (2009). Characterization of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene ( SlPAL5 ) from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Molecular Biology Reports, 36:1579-1585.
  4. Hou, X., Shao, F., Ma, Y., and Lu, S. (2013). The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza: genome-wide characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis. Molecular Biology Reports, 40:4301-4310.
  5. Huang, J., Gu, M., Lai, Z., Fan, B., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q., Chen, Z. (2010). Functional analysis of the arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress. Plant Physiology, 153:1526-1538.
  6. Hyun, M.W., Yun, Y.H., Kim, J.Y., Kim, S.H. (2011). Fungal and plant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Mycobiology, 39:257-265.
  7. Karayilanli, E. and Ayhan, V. (2016). Investigation of feed value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at different maturity stages. Legume Research, 39:237-247.
  8. Kim, D.S. and Hwang, B.K. (2014). An important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL1) in salicylic acid-    dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65:2295-2306.
  9. Kumar, P.R., Channakeshava, B.C., Siddaraju, R. (2017). Effect dates of sowing and cutting time on seed yield and quality of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) cv. rl-88. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51:493-497.
  10. Lepelley, M., Mahesh, V., Mccarthy, J., Rigoreau, M., Crouzillat, D., Chabrillange, N., Kochko, A., Campa, C. (2012). Characterization, high-resolution mapping and differential expression of three homologous PAL genes in Coffea canephora Pierre (Rubiaceae). Planta, 236:313-326.
  11. Lin, W., Liu, A., Weng, C., Li, H., Sun, S., Song, A., Zhu, H. (2018).Cloning and characterization of a novel phenylalanine ammonia-    lyase gene from inonotus baumii. Enzyme & Microbial Technology, 112:1-7.
  12. Moawed, M.M.(2016). Evaluation of morphological and anatomical characters for discrimination and verification of some medicago sativa (l.) cultivars. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50:183-192.
  13. Raes, J., Rohde, A., Christensen, J.H., Vande P.Y., Boerjan, W.(2003). Genome-Wide characterization of the lignification toolbox in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 133:1051-1071.
  14. Shang, Q.M., Li, L., Dong, C.J. (2012). Multiple tandem duplication of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in Cucumis sativus L. Planta, 236:1093-1105.
  15. Vogt, T. (2010). Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis. Molecular Plant, 3:2-20.
  16. Xu, F., Cai, R., Cheng, S., Du, H., Wang, Y. (2008). Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-    lyase gene from Ginkgo biloba. African journal of Biotechnology, 7:721-729.
  17. Yin, S., Wang, Y., Nan, Z. (2018). Genetic diversity studies of alfalfa germplasm (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) of United States origin using microsatellite analysis. Legume Research, 41:202-207.
  18. Young, N.D., Oldroyd, G.E., Geurts, R., Cannon, S.B., Udvardi, M.K., Benedito, V.A., et al. (2011). The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature, 480:520-524. 
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    Research Article

    volume 42 issue 4 (august 2019) : 461-466,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-431

    Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in Medicago truncatula

    W
    Wei Ren
    Y
    Yingzhe Wang
    A
    Ankai Xu
    Y
    Yunge Zhao
    1Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling-712 100, Shaanxi, China.

    • Submitted18-05-2018|

    • Accepted26-03-2019|

    • First Online 24-05-2019|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-431

    Cite article:- Ren Wei, Wang Yingzhe, Xu Ankai, Zhao Yunge (2019). Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in Medicago truncatula. Legume Research. 42(4): 461-466. doi: 10.18805/LR-431.

    ABSTRACT

    Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants and supplies precursors for a variety of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, lignins and stilbenes. The first draft of the full Medicago truncatula genome assembly has been released. However it is observed that, the PAL gene family from Medicago truncatula (MtPAL genes) has not been characterized in detail. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the Medicago truncatula PAL gene family is presented, including chromosomal locations, phylogenetic analyses, gene structures, three-dimensional (3D) structures and expression patterns. Six Medicago truncatula PAL genes that encode PAL proteins were identified in the Medicago truncatula genome. It was shown that MtPAL genes are distributed on four chromosomes. Dynamic expression patterns of MtPAL genes were observed in different tissues and abiotic stresses, suggesting that MtPAL genes may play important roles in the regulation of development and stress responses in Medicago truncatula.

    REFERENCES

    1. Cass, C.L., Peraldi, A., Dowd, P.F., Mottiar, Y., Santoro, N., Karlen, S.D., Bukhman, Y.V., et al. (2015). Effects of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66: 4317-4335.
    2. Chen, J., He, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Joyce, D.C., Ji, Z., and Lu, W. (2008). Role of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in heat pretreatment-    induced chilling tolerance in banana fruit. Physiologia Plantarum, 132:318-328.
    3. Guo, J., and Wang, M.H. (2009). Characterization of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene ( SlPAL5 ) from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Molecular Biology Reports, 36:1579-1585.
    4. Hou, X., Shao, F., Ma, Y., and Lu, S. (2013). The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza: genome-wide characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis. Molecular Biology Reports, 40:4301-4310.
    5. Huang, J., Gu, M., Lai, Z., Fan, B., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q., Chen, Z. (2010). Functional analysis of the arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress. Plant Physiology, 153:1526-1538.
    6. Hyun, M.W., Yun, Y.H., Kim, J.Y., Kim, S.H. (2011). Fungal and plant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Mycobiology, 39:257-265.
    7. Karayilanli, E. and Ayhan, V. (2016). Investigation of feed value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at different maturity stages. Legume Research, 39:237-247.
    8. Kim, D.S. and Hwang, B.K. (2014). An important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL1) in salicylic acid-    dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65:2295-2306.
    9. Kumar, P.R., Channakeshava, B.C., Siddaraju, R. (2017). Effect dates of sowing and cutting time on seed yield and quality of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) cv. rl-88. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51:493-497.
    10. Lepelley, M., Mahesh, V., Mccarthy, J., Rigoreau, M., Crouzillat, D., Chabrillange, N., Kochko, A., Campa, C. (2012). Characterization, high-resolution mapping and differential expression of three homologous PAL genes in Coffea canephora Pierre (Rubiaceae). Planta, 236:313-326.
    11. Lin, W., Liu, A., Weng, C., Li, H., Sun, S., Song, A., Zhu, H. (2018).Cloning and characterization of a novel phenylalanine ammonia-    lyase gene from inonotus baumii. Enzyme & Microbial Technology, 112:1-7.
    12. Moawed, M.M.(2016). Evaluation of morphological and anatomical characters for discrimination and verification of some medicago sativa (l.) cultivars. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50:183-192.
    13. Raes, J., Rohde, A., Christensen, J.H., Vande P.Y., Boerjan, W.(2003). Genome-Wide characterization of the lignification toolbox in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 133:1051-1071.
    14. Shang, Q.M., Li, L., Dong, C.J. (2012). Multiple tandem duplication of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in Cucumis sativus L. Planta, 236:1093-1105.
    15. Vogt, T. (2010). Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis. Molecular Plant, 3:2-20.
    16. Xu, F., Cai, R., Cheng, S., Du, H., Wang, Y. (2008). Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-    lyase gene from Ginkgo biloba. African journal of Biotechnology, 7:721-729.
    17. Yin, S., Wang, Y., Nan, Z. (2018). Genetic diversity studies of alfalfa germplasm (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) of United States origin using microsatellite analysis. Legume Research, 41:202-207.
    18. Young, N.D., Oldroyd, G.E., Geurts, R., Cannon, S.B., Udvardi, M.K., Benedito, V.A., et al. (2011). The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature, 480:520-524. 
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