Legume Research

  • Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu

  • Print ISSN 0250-5371

  • Online ISSN 0976-0571

  • NAAS Rating 6.80

  • SJR 0.391

  • Impact Factor 0.8 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 11 (november 2021) : 1322-1327

Influence of Foliar Application of Nutrient on Growth, Yield, Economics, Soil Nutritional Status and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean

S.A. Jaybhay1,*, Philips Varghese1, S.P. Taware1
1Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411 004, Maharashtra, India.

  • Submitted20-08-2019|

  • Accepted08-11-2019|

  • First Online 17-02-2020|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4218

Cite article:- Jaybhay S.A., Varghese Philips, Taware S.P. (2021). Influence of Foliar Application of Nutrient on Growth, Yield, Economics, Soil Nutritional Status and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean . Legume Research. 44(11): 1322-1327. doi: 10.18805/LR-4218.

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at an experimental farm of MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India to study the influence of foliar application of nutrient on growth, yield, economics, soil nutritional status and nutrient uptake of soybean crop. An experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprising of three replications and nine treatments. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was applied as basal application to all treatments. Seven treatments consisted of different doses of nutrients as foliar application at pod initiation stage. Water spray at pod initiation stage and RDF alone were treated as control. The results revealed that, growth attributes, nodulation and its weight, morpho-physiological parameters, yield and its attributes, nutritional parameters and economics significantly differed by various foliar nutrition treatments except control and RDF + water spray. RDF + Urea 2% (3098 kg ha-1) gave significantly higher seed yield over control (2704 kg ha-1) and RDF + water spray (2686 kg ha-1) but was at par with RDF + DAP 2% (3050 kg ha-1), RDF + MOP 0.5% (2992 kg ha-1) and RDF + Molybdenum 0.5% (2955 kg ha-1). The increase in seed yield with foliar application of 2% Urea along with RDF was 14.57% over control and 15.34% over RDF + water spray. Higher net returns (Rs. 49,006/- ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.23:1) was obtained in treatment RDF + Urea 2% followed by RDF + DAP 2% foliar spray. Availability of N, P and K was significantly higher with treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar spray over control and RDF + water spray. N and P uptake by soybean plants was significantly higher in treatment RDF + 2% Urea over RDF + water spray and RDF alone (control).

INTRODUCTION

The wonder crop ’Soybean’ [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is a leguminous crop and belongs to family leguminosae with sub-family papillionaceae. It is a unique pulse cum oilseed with about 38-40 per cent protein content and 18-20 per cent oil. Thus it is a major source of edible oil and high protein feed and food supplement in the world (Imliwati et al., 2016). Soybean is cultivated in an estimated area of 11.39 million ha in India with an annual production of 13.79 million tonnes of grain and productivity of 1219 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2017). Soybean is grown mainly as kharif season rainfed crop and to increase the economic competitiveness of soybean, the management of moisture stress is essential at critical stages of crop growth. Water stress is the most critical threat under the present changing climatic scenario, as it is an important constraint to crop production and productivity. Water stress hampers important physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the plants leading to reduction in growth and yield. Plant growth depends on cell division, cell enlargement and differentiation involving genetic, physiological and morphological processes and their interactions which are effected by water deficit. Water deficit decreased the dry matter partitioning to leaves, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in soybean (Itoh and Kumura, 1986). The most important constraint on soybean cultivation is the deficit of soil moisture during flowering to pod filling stage of crop. The cultivation of soybean crop is more risky due to climate change, insufficient and erratic distribution of rainfall (Hefny, 2011). Plants under water stress can avoid the harmful effect of drought through several ways among them stomatal closure, leaf rolling, osmotic adjustments, reductions and consequently decrease in cellular expansion, alteration of various essential physiological and biochemical processes that can affect growth and productivity (Farouk and Amany, 2012).
 
        
Sekhon et al., (2005) noticed an increased seed and biomass yield of soybean to the range of 4.4 to 68.3 per cent and 17 to 122 per cent respectively, under wheat straw mulching in different cropping seasons due to increased leaf area index, chlorophyll content and number of pods per plant. Mulching with organic materials aims to cover soil form a physical barrier to limit soil water evaporation, control weeds, maintain a good soil structure and protect crops from soil contamination. Mulching increased soil moisture and decreased the weed growth and there by enhanced yield in soybean (Abdukadirova et al., 2016).
        
The evapo-transpiration loss-minimization is required to obtain good yields in rainfed conditions. Soybean crop is grown under rainfed condition and due to erratic monsoon the crop suffers from moisture stress during its growth stage.  To avoid this problem, efficient, conservation and utilisation of rain water is must. The suitable agronomic practices need to be developed to conserve and utilize rain water efficiently.  Use of mulches and anti-transpirants can enable us to overcome the period of low rain fall and drought condition. Hence, certain anti-transpirants and mulch are needed to be tested for their effectiveness. Muhammad Hamayun et al., (2010) reported that the influence of anti-transpiration agents, MgCO3, Na2CO3 and glycerol at four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %) in prolonging vase life of Monstera deliciosa cut leaves. At present anti - transpirants and mulches are not in use though the crop suffers frequent dry spells.  Hence, there is an urgency to recommend suitable anti - transpirants and use of mulches in soybean crop to enhance the yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental site
 
Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2016 and 2017 at research farm of MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra (India). The experimental site is situated at 18o14’ N latitude, 75o21’ E longitude and at an altitude of 548.6 m from mean sea level. Total rainfall received during kharif 2016 and 2017 from June to October (crop growth period) was 390.1 mm and 595.7 mm respectively. Soil of the experimental plot belongs to the order vertisols with slight alkaline pH 7.4.
 
Experimental design and treatment details
 
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and each replication consisted of nine treatments viz., T1: RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 20:80:20 NPK kg ha-1) + Water spray, T2: RDF + Urea 2% spray, T3: RDF + Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) 2% spray, T4: RDF + Muriate of potash (MOP) 0.5% spray, T5: RDF + 19:19:19 (NPK) 2% spray, T6: RDF + Molybdenum (Mo) 0.1% spray, T7: RDF + Boron 0.5% spray, T8: RDF + Zinc chillated 0.5 spray and T9: RDF only (control). The RDF: 20 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O ha-1 was supplied through di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP) and muriate of potash (MOP), respectively, at the time of sowing as basal application. Foliar spray of nutrient was done as per the treatments at pod initiation stage (42 days after sowing) using knapsack sprayer.
 
Sowing and crop management
 
Seeds of recently released soybean variety ‘DSb 21’ were sown on 15th July of 2016 and 2017 with a gross plots of size 3.6 × 6 m and net plot 2.7 × 5 m with 45 cm row to row and 5 cm spacing between the plants. Good crop condition was maintained by keeping weed free condition following a pre-emergence spray of diclosulam 84% WDG @ 32 gm a.i. ha-1 within 48 hours from sowing and a hand weeding at 30 days after sowing. Protective irrigations were given in case of water stress due to absence of rains during seedling, flowering and pod filling stage. Insect-pests were kept under check by installing the pheromone traps (10 traps ha-1) and a spray of Trizophos 40 EC @ 0.8 l ha-1 at 25 days after sowing (DAS). After maturity the crop was harvested manually.
 
Collection of data on growth, yield and its components
 
The data on plant height (cm), number of branches per plant,number of internodes per plant and number of pods per-plant were recorded at the time of harvest whereas, the data on seed index [100 seed weight (g), biological yield (kg ha-1), seed yield (kg ha-1)] were recorded after harvest. Data on number of root nodules per plant and nodule dry weight were recorded at 50% flowering stage. Harvest index (%) was determined by dividing the seed yield with biological yield and multiplying it with 100. The crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated using standard formula, given by Watson (1947) and Williams (1946).
 
CGR= W2 - W1 / t2 - t1
 
RGR= (Log10 W2 - Log10 W1) / (t2 - t1)
 
Where,
W2 and W1 are plant dry weight per plant at time period (t2) and (t1) respectively.
       
Data on physiological trait viz., chlorophyll index using Chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) and crop morphological trait derived from remote sensing like normalized vegetative index (using NDVI FieldScout CM 1000) were recorded at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Economics of the treatments was calculated in terms of net returns by multiplying the seed yield of soybean (kg ha-1) with prevailing market price (Rs. kg-1) minus cost of cultivation of soybean (Rs. ha-1). Benefit: cost ratio was computed by dividing the gross returns (Rs. ha-1) with cost of cultivation (Rs. ha-1). Representative soil samples from each plot according to treatment were collected before sowing and after harvest of crop. Available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content of soil samples were determined as per alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956), Olsen’s method (Olsen et al., 1954), flame photometric method (Jackson, 1967) and Walkley and Black’s wet oxidation method (as described by Jackson, 1973). After harvest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and stover were also determined for determination of nutrient uptake by soybean crop. Data were analysed using standard variance techniques given by Gomez and Gomez, 1984.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect on growth attributes
 
Data presented in Table 1, reveals that RDF supplemented by foliar application of nutrients at pod initiation stage showed significant effect on growth attributes except number of branches per plant, dry matter production per plant at 30 DAS, crop growth and relative growth rate. Plant height (57.63 cm) and number of internodes per plant (11.67) at the time of harvest were significantly higher in treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar application at the time of pod initiation over control (49.75 cm and 10.67) and was observed at par with application of RDF along with 2% DAP (55.37 cm and 11.55) and 0.5% MOP (54.27 cm and 11.40). Dry matter produced per plant at 45 and 60 DAS was significantly high in treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar application over control and RDF + water spray at pod initiation stage. Crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not significantly different due to various treatments of foliar application of nutrients on soybean crop. In earlier studies it was observed that foliar fertilization treatments significantly increased plant height (Banasode and Math, 2018), dry matter per plant and number of internodes per plant (Odeleye et al., 2007). Increased plant height and internodes per plant might be due to application of nutrients at later stages which increased the availability of nutrients for plant growth and development and better utilization of applied major nutrients in addition to biological nitrogen fixation. These results are in agreement with findings of Sharifi et al., (2018) who reported that foliar application of water soluble fertilizer along with RDF on growth of Soybean at pod filling stage resulted in increased plant height. Similarly, dry matter production per plant at 45 and 60 DAS was significantly high in treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar application at pod initiation stage over control and RDF + water spray. This could be due to foliar application of urea resulted in ready availability of amide through leaf cuticles and stomata, meeting the need of nitrogen required for vegetative growth (Kalpande et al., 2010). The crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not significantly affected due to different treatments studied.

Table 1: Effect of foliar nutrition on growth attributing parameters of soybean.


 
Effect on nodulation and its dry weight
 
Number of root nodules per plant and their dry weight at 50% flowering stage were observed to be significantly superior in treatment RDF + Urea 2% (46.67 nos., 230 mg) foliar application over control (37.33 nos., 160 mg) and RDF + water spray (37 nos., 160 mg) and was found at par with RDF + 2% DAP (46.17 nos., 220 mg) foliar application (Table 2). Increased nodulation and its dry weight might be due to supply of the required nutrients easily and rapidly to soybean plants (Meena et al., 2017). Similarly, Parmar et al., (1999) also suggested that the foliar application of nutrient helps in spreading of root system and gives more site for rhizobia infection and increase their proliferation in rhizosphere, helps in forming more effective nodules and increase in their dry weight.
 

Table 2: Effect of foliar nutrition on nodulation and morpho-physiological parameters of soybean.


 
Effect on morpho-physiological parameters
 
The effect of foliar application of nutrients on morpho-physiological parameters of soybean was studied and the data presented in Table 2. The results revealed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was significantly higher with treatment RDF + 2% Urea over control and RDF + water spray and was followed by RDF + 2% DAP and RDF + 0.5% MOP spray at pod initiation stage. The chlorophyll index (SPAD value) was significantly affected due to different foliar nutrition treatments. Chlorophyll index (SPAD value) was significantly high in treatment RDF + 2% Urea over control and RDF + water spray and was followed by RDF + 2% DAP and RDF + 0.5% MOP foliar spray at pod initiation stage. The higher values for NDVI and SPAD might be due to better ground cover by crop resulting from optimum N supply through foliar application of 2% Urea and biological nitrogen fixation. NDVI represents amount of green biomass containing chlorophyll (Prince et al., 2016). Similarly, higher the NDVI value, larger the degree of vegetation coverage and better the crop condition (Huang et al., 2014).
 
Effect on yield and its attributes
 
Foliar application of nutrients to soybean crop resulted in significant increase in yield and its attributes viz., pods per plant, seed yield per plant and yield per hectare. The data pertaining to yield and its attributes presented in Table 3 revealed that number of pods per plant were significantly higher in treatment RDF + 2% Urea (63.73) foliar application over control (54.70) and RDF + water spray (53.80) and was followed by DAP 2%, MOP 0.5%, molybdenum 0.1% and zinc chillated 0.5% along with RDF. Foliar application of 2% Urea along with RDF gave significantly higher number of pods per plant over control and RDF + water spray. Ultimately, increase in pod number resulted into higher seed yield of soybean. Application of RDF + 2% urea (3098 kg ha-1) at pod initiation stage gave significantly higher soybean seed yield than control (2704 kg ha-1) and RDF + water spray (2686 kg ha-1) and was at par with RDF + 2% DAP (3050 kg ha-1), RDF + MOP 0.5% (2992 kg ha-1) and RDF + Molybdenum 0.1% (2955 kg ha-1) foliar spray at pod initiation stage. Increase in seed yield with application of RDF + 2% Urea along with RDF was 14.57% over control and 15.34% on RDF + water spray. Oko et al., (2003) reported that foliar application of urea at R2-R3 growth stage increased soybean grain yield between 6 and 68% compared to control. Similarly, Vinothkumar et al., (2013) and Eman et al., (2014) reported that the increase in seed yield due to foliar application of nutrients might be due to enhanced uptake of nutrients by soybean and by effective translocation of nutrients from sink to reproductive area of crop. The straw yield, seed index and harvest index were non-significantly affected due to foliar application of nutrients.
 

Table 3: Influence of foliar application of nutrients on yield, its attributes and economics of foliar application of nutrients to soybean.


 
Economics of study
 
From the data on economics of different treatments in Table 3 shows that, net returns (Rs. 49,006/- ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.23) were significantly higher with RDF + Urea 2% followed by RDF + DAP 2% foliar spray at pod initiation owing to higher yield than the rest of the treatments. Least net returns and benefit cost ratio was observed with RDF + water spray (Rs. 37,271/- ha-1 and 1.93) and control (Rs. 38,032/- ha-1 and 1.96). The increase in the yield due to foliar application of 2% Urea along with RDF showed 28.85% and 31.48% increase in net returns over control and water spray, respectively.
 
Effect on soil nutritional status and nutrient uptake by plants
 
Data on available nutrients in soil before sowing and after harvest of crop given in the Table 4 revealed that, the values for organic carbon content and available nitrogen in soil were non-significantly different whereas, the values for phosphorus and potassium was significantly differed, this might be due to the initial richness of soil in available nutrients. Foliar application of nutrients along with RDF had significant effect on availability of nutrients in soil after harvest of the crop. Organic carbon content of the soil after harvest was significantly high in RDF + 2% Urea and was followed by RDF + 2% DAP foliar application at pod initiation stage during 2017, while the trend was different during 2016. Variation might be due to the inconsistency in values of organic carbon content in soil during the first year of testing. Available nutrients in the soil after harvest during kharif 2016 were significantly high with RDF + 2% Urea and RDF + 2% DAP over the rest of treatments studied whereas, the trend was different. During kharif 2017 availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was significantly higher under the treatment RDF + 2% Urea foliar spray at pod initiation stage over control and RDF + water spray, while it was statistically similar to RDF + 2% DAP foliar application. Available soil nitrogen might be high due to the high activity of root nodules which helped the atmospheric nitrogen fixation, ultimately resulted in increase in nitrogen status of soil. Similarly, maximum phosphorus and potassium content of soil might have resulted due to its fixation into the soil and also shading of leaves and senescence of root nodules helped in increase in phosphorus and potassium content. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by soybean plants was observed to be significantly affected due to the different foliar nutrition treatments (Table 5). Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by soybean crop was found significantly higher in the treatment RDF + 2% Urea and RDF + 2% DAP foliar spray at the time of pod initiation over RDF + water spray and control for the years under study and the values for both the treatments were observed at par. These results were in the conformity with the findings of Jyothi et al., (2013) who reported that 2% Urea foliar spray at pod development stage along with soil application of NPK fertilizer was found more beneficial to improve soybean productivity than application of NPK alone. RDF along with foliar application of 2% Urea recorded higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake; it might be due to response of soybean crop to the foliar applied macro and micro nutrients and it is helpful to absorb other nutrients in balanced manner. Similar, results were also reported by Mitra et al., (1987).
 

Table 4: Effect of foliar nutrition on soil nutritional status.


 

Table 5: Effect of foliar nutrition on uptake of nutrients by soybean crop.

CONCLUSION

The results of the experiments revealed that application of recommended dose of fertilizers as basal dose along with supplementation of nutrients through foliar application at important growth and developmental stage i.e. pod initiation can help to boost the yield of soybean. Soil application of RDF (NPK) along with foliar application of 2% Urea at pod initiation stage of soybean resulted in better growth, nodulation, yield and enhanced soil nutritional status and nutrient uptake by soybean crop. Increased soybean yield due to soil applied RDF (NPK) supplemented by foliar application of 2% Urea resulted higher monetary gain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are grateful to ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore (MP), India and to Director, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune (MS), India for providing facilities.

REFERENCES


  1. Banasode, C. and Math, K.K. (2018). Effect of foliar fertilization of water soluble fertilizers on growth and economics of soybean in a Vertisol. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 7(2): 2391-2393.

  2. Chunmei, Gu., Pan, H., Sun, Z. and Qin, G. (2010). Effect of soybean variety on anti-nutritional factors content and growth performance and nutrients metabolism in rat. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11 (3): 1048-1056. 

  3. Eman, A., Latif, M.A. and Haggan, E.L. (2014). Effect of micro nutrients foliar application on yield and quality traits of soybean cultivars. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci. 7 (11): 908-914.

  4. Fageria, N.K., Barbosa, F.M.P., Moreira, A. and Guimaraes, C.M. (2009). Foliar fertilization of crop plants. J. Plant Nutri. 32(6): 1044-1064. 

  5. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research (2nd Edn.). John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 680.

  6. Huang, Y., Liu, X., Shen, Y. and Jin, J. (2014). Assessment of agricultural drought indicators impact on soybean crop yield: A case study in Iowa, USA. Proc. Third International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics, Beijing: PP 1-6.

  7. Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi: P. 205.

  8. Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India (Pvt.) Limited, New Delhi, India.

  9. Jyothi, N.C., Ravichandra, K. and Sudhakar, B.K. (2013). Effect of foliar supplementation of nitrogen and zinc on soybean (Glycine max. L.) yield, quality and nutrient uptake. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev. 28: 46-48. 

  10. Kalpande, V.G., Durge, D.V. and Thorat, A.W. (2010). Effect of foliar application of chemical fertilizers on growth parameters of soybean. Ann. Plant Physio. 24(1): 8-12. 

  11. Liu, K. (2000). Expanding soybean food utilization. Food Tech. 54: 46-58.

  12. Meena, D., Chandra, B., Anil, S., Choudhary, S. and Sirazuddin. (2017). Effect of foliar application of nutrients on nodulation, yield attributes, yields and quality parameters of Urdbean (Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper. The Bioscan 12(1): 411-414.

  13. Meena, D.S., Narolia, R.S., Chaman Jadon and Baldev Ram. (2018). Impact of foliar spray of nutrients on yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). Soy. Res. 16 (1&2): 57-62.

  14. Mitra, R., Pawar, S.E. and Bhatia, C.R. (1987). Effect of Foliar Spray of Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) for Yield Maximization in Blackgram. International Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand 16-20. AVRDC (Tropical Vegetable Information Service).

  15. Odeleye, F.O., Odeleye, O.M.O. and Animashaun, M.O. (2007). Effects of nutrient foliar spray on soybean growth and yield (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in south west Nigeria. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj. Napoca. 35: 22-32.

  16. Oko, B.F.D., Eneji, A.E., Binang, W., Irshad, M., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T. and Endo, T. (2003). Effect of foliar application of urea on reproductive abscission and grain yield of Soybean. J. Plant Nutri. 26: 1223-1234.

  17. Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Wantanable, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with Sodium bicarbonate. United State Department of Agriculture CIRC., Washinton, D.C.: 939.

  18. Parmar, K.D., Sharma, T.R., Sani, J.P. and Sharma, V. (1999). Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to nitrogen and phosphorus in cold desert area of Himachal Predesh. Indian J. Agron. 39 (4): 578-580.

  19. Prince, S.J., Murphy, M., Mutava, R.N., Zhang, Z., Nguyen, N., Kim, Y.H. and Nguyen, H.T. (2016). Evaluation of high yielding soybean germplasm under water limitation. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 58: 475-491.

  20. Sharifi, S.K., Lalitha, B.S., Qasimullah, R., Prajwal Kumar, G.K. and Manjanagouda, S.S. (2018). Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci. 6(5): 766-770. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6731.

  21. SOPA-The Soybean Processors Association of India (2017). All India state wise Soybean area, production and productivity. 

  22. Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Curr. Sci. 25: 259.

  23. Vinothkumar, C., Vaiyapuri, K., Amanullah, M.M. and Gopalaswamy, G. (2013). Influence of foliar spray of nutrients on yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) J. Biol. Sci. 13 (6): 563-565.

  24. Watson, D.J. (1947). Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops I. Variation in NAR and LAR between species and varieties and within and between years. Ann. Bot. (London) 11: 41-46.

  25. Williams, R.F. (1946). The physiology of plant growth with special reference to the concept of net assimilation rate. Ann. Bot. 10: 41-72.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)