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Research Article

volume 42 issue 2 (april 2019) : 270-276,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-405

The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland

A
Agnieszka Pszczó³kowska
A
Adam Okorski
G
Gabriel Fordoñski
A
Agnieszka Faligowska
E
Ewa Kaszkowiak
J
Jacek Olszewski
A
Alina Chareñska
1Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.

  • Submitted12-01-2018|

  • Accepted09-08-2018|

  • First Online 15-11-2018|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-405

Cite article:- Pszczó³kowska Agnieszka, Okorski Adam, Fordoñski Gabriel, Faligowska Agnieszka, Kaszkowiak Ewa, Olszewski Jacek, Chareñska Alina (2018). The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland. Legume Research. 42(2): 270-276. doi: 10.18805/LR-405.

ABSTRACT

Field pea seeds (cv. Tarchalska) grown in different regions of Poland (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy) were subjected to mycological analyses. Simpson’s dominance index (DI) was used in the study to determine the abundance of each fungal species in the fungal communities isolated from seeds. PCR analyses were carried out with the use of species-specific primers for Fusarium fungi isolated from pea seeds to identify Tri genes responsible for trichothecene synthesis in the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013.Saprotrophic species predominated on pea seeds cv. Tarchalska grown in various Polish regions, whereas the isolated fungal pathogens were represented by species of the genus Fusarium and Botrytis cinerea. Genes encoding the synthesis of trichothecenes, the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, were not identified in the PCR analysis. In the group of peas grown in three Polish regions (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy), the highest level of fungal colonization was noted in the pea seeds harvested in Warmia and Mazury. 

REFERENCES

  1. Doohan, F. M., Parry, D. W., Jenkinson. P. and Nicholson P. (1998). The use of species-specific PCR-based assays to analyse Fusarium ear blight of wheat. Plant Pathol.,47: 197–205. 
  2. Edwards, S., Barrier-Guillot, B., Clasen, P.E., Hietaniemi, V. and Pettersson H. (2009). Emerging issues of HT-2 and T-2 toxins in European cereal production. World Mycotoxin J.,2(2):173-179.
  3. Edwards, S. G., Pirgozliev, S. R., Hare, M. C. and Jenkinson, P.(2001). Quantification of trichotecene-producing Fusarium species in harvested grain by competitive PCR to determine efficacies of fungicydes against Fusarium head blight of winter wheat. Appl.Environ. Microbiol.,67(4): 1575–1580. 
  4. Fernandesa, E. G., Pereirab, O. L., Cânedo da Silvaa C., Bentoa C.B.P. and Vieira de Queiroza, M.(2015). Diversity of endophytic fungi in Glycine max. Microbiol. Res.,181: 84–92
  5. Embaby, E.M., Reda, M., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Omara, H. and Mokabe, A.M. (2013). Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in some legume seeds. J. Agric. Technol., 9(1): 151-164 
  6. Gaurilèikienë, I., Supronienë, S. and Ronis, A. (2008). The impact of the biological agent biojodis on the incidence of pathogenic fungi in winter wheat and spring barley.Zemdirbyste-Agriculture,95 (3): 406.
  7. Gorfu, D. and Sangchote, S. (2005). Fungi associated with field pea seeds from Ethiopia and seed transmission of Ascochyta pinodes.Seed Sci. Technol., 33(2): 387-396.
  8. Hue, F. X., Huerre, M., Rouffault, M. A.and De Bievre C. (1999). Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J. Clin. Microbiol.,37(8): 2434–2438.
  9. Horoszkiewicz Janka, J., Jajor, E. and Korbas, M. (2013). Potential risk of infection of pathogenic fungi to legumes (Fabales). and possibilities of their control. Prog. Plant Prot.,53 (4): 762 767 (in Polish).
  10. Katkar, M., Mane, S.S., and Kadam, N. (2015). Molecular characterization races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri using RAPD and ISSR markers. Legume Research, 38 (2): 246-252.
  11. Kraft, J.M. (1994). Fusarium wilt of peas (a review). Agronomie,14: 561-567
  12. Kulik, T., Fordoñski, G., Pszczó³kowska, A., P³odzieñ, K. and £apiñski M. (2004). Development of PCR assay based on ITS2 rDNA polymorphism for the detection and differentiation of Fusarium sporotrichioides. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.,239:181-186. 
  13. Kulik, T., Pszczó³kowska, A., Fordoñski, G. and Olszewski, J. (2007). PCR approach based on the esyn1 gene for the detection of potential enniatin – producing Fusarium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol.,116:319–324. 
  14. Kulik, T., Fordoñski, G., Pszczó³kowska, A., P³odzieñ, K., and Olszewski, J.(2005).Identification of some Fusarium species from selected crop seeds using traditional method and BIO-PCR. Acta Agrobot.,59(2): 33–54 (in Polish).
  15. Kumar, M.S., Devi, R.S.J., Reddy, B.V.B., and Prasanthi, L. (2017). Morphological and cultural characterization of Colletotrichum capsici, incitant of blight of chickpea in Andhra Pradesh, India. Legume Research, 40 (3): 592-596.
  16. Leslie, J. F. and Summerell, B. A.(2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, 50014. USA. 
  17. Marcinkowska, J. (2008). Fungi occurrence on seeds of field pea.Acta Mycol.,43(2): 77–89.
  18. Mishra, P. K., Fox, R. T. V. and Culham, A. (2003). Development of a PCR-based assay for rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic Fusaria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.,218: 329-332.
  19. Nicholson, P., Simpson, D. R., Weston, G., Rezanoor, H. N., Lees, A. K., Parry, D. W. and Joyce D. (1998). Detection and quantification of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum in cereals using PCR assays. Physiol.Mol. Plant Pathol.,53: 17 - 37.
  20. Okorski, A. and Majchrzak, B. (2008). Fungi colonizing pea seeds after using of microbiological control product EM 1. Prog. Plant Prot.,48(4): 1314–1318 (in Polish).
  21. Okorski, A., Polak-Œliwiñska, M., Karpiesiuk, K., Pszczó³kowska, A. and Kozera, W. (2017). Realtime PCR: a good tootal to estimate mycotoxin contamination in pig diets. World Mycotoxin J.,10(3): 219-228.
  22. Ozgonen, H. and Gulcu, M. (2011). Determination of mycoflora of pea (Pisum sativum) seeds and the effects of Rhizobium leguminosorum on fungal pathogens of peas. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,10(33): 6235-6240.
  23. Parry, D.W. and Nicholson, P. (1996). Development of a PCR assay to detect Fusarium poae in wheat. Plant Pathol.,45: 383–391.
  24. Pszczó³kowska, A., Okorski, A., Fordoñski, G., Prusiñski, J., Faligowska, A. and Borowska M. (2017). Fungal colonization of seeds of three lupine species in different regions of Poland. Acta Agrobot.,70(2):1714. 
  25. Rathod, L.R. and Pawar, P.V. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant to control seed borne pathogen of soybean. Curr. Bot., 3: 10-12.
  26. Rohaèik, T. and Hudec K. (2007). Fungal infection of malt barley kernels in Slovak Republic. Plant Protect. Sci., 43: 86.
  27. Schilling, A.G., Möllere, M. and Geiger H.H. (1996). Polymerase Chain Reaction – Based, Assays for Species –Specific Detection of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. avenaceum. Phytopathology, 86(5): 515–523.
  28. Sharma, P. (2011). Alarming occurrence of Fusarium wilt disease in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivations of Jabalpur district in Central India revealed by an array of pathogenicity tests.Agric. Biol. J. N. Am.,2(6): 981-994. 
  29. Singh, D., Kumar, A., and Singh, A. K. (2014). Influence of planting time, planting geometry, intercropping and row direction on rust (Uromyces viciae fabae) Pers. de Bary of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research, 37 (5): 542-546, doi:10.5958/    0976-0571.2014.00673.0.
  30. Watanabe, I., Kakishima, M., Adachi, Y. and Nakajima H.(2007). Potential mycotoxin productivity of Alternaria alternata isolated from garden trees. Mycotoxins,57 (1): 3-9.
  31. Watanabe, T . (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi.504.
  32. Wilman, K., Stêpieñ, £., Fabiañska, I. and Kachlicki, P. (2014). Plant-pathogenic fungi in seeds of different pea cultivars in Poland. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol.,65:329-338. 
  33. Zhang, X., Wan,S., Hao, J., Hu, J., Yang, T. and Zong, X. (2016). Large-scale evaluation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm for cold tolerance in the field during winter in Qingdao. The Crop Journal,4:377 – 383. 
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    Research Article

    volume 42 issue 2 (april 2019) : 270-276,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-405

    The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland

    A
    Agnieszka Pszczó³kowska
    A
    Adam Okorski
    G
    Gabriel Fordoñski
    A
    Agnieszka Faligowska
    E
    Ewa Kaszkowiak
    J
    Jacek Olszewski
    A
    Alina Chareñska
    1Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.

    • Submitted12-01-2018|

    • Accepted09-08-2018|

    • First Online 15-11-2018|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-405

    Cite article:- Pszczó³kowska Agnieszka, Okorski Adam, Fordoñski Gabriel, Faligowska Agnieszka, Kaszkowiak Ewa, Olszewski Jacek, Chareñska Alina (2018). The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland. Legume Research. 42(2): 270-276. doi: 10.18805/LR-405.

    ABSTRACT

    Field pea seeds (cv. Tarchalska) grown in different regions of Poland (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy) were subjected to mycological analyses. Simpson’s dominance index (DI) was used in the study to determine the abundance of each fungal species in the fungal communities isolated from seeds. PCR analyses were carried out with the use of species-specific primers for Fusarium fungi isolated from pea seeds to identify Tri genes responsible for trichothecene synthesis in the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013.Saprotrophic species predominated on pea seeds cv. Tarchalska grown in various Polish regions, whereas the isolated fungal pathogens were represented by species of the genus Fusarium and Botrytis cinerea. Genes encoding the synthesis of trichothecenes, the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, were not identified in the PCR analysis. In the group of peas grown in three Polish regions (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy), the highest level of fungal colonization was noted in the pea seeds harvested in Warmia and Mazury. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Doohan, F. M., Parry, D. W., Jenkinson. P. and Nicholson P. (1998). The use of species-specific PCR-based assays to analyse Fusarium ear blight of wheat. Plant Pathol.,47: 197–205. 
    2. Edwards, S., Barrier-Guillot, B., Clasen, P.E., Hietaniemi, V. and Pettersson H. (2009). Emerging issues of HT-2 and T-2 toxins in European cereal production. World Mycotoxin J.,2(2):173-179.
    3. Edwards, S. G., Pirgozliev, S. R., Hare, M. C. and Jenkinson, P.(2001). Quantification of trichotecene-producing Fusarium species in harvested grain by competitive PCR to determine efficacies of fungicydes against Fusarium head blight of winter wheat. Appl.Environ. Microbiol.,67(4): 1575–1580. 
    4. Fernandesa, E. G., Pereirab, O. L., Cânedo da Silvaa C., Bentoa C.B.P. and Vieira de Queiroza, M.(2015). Diversity of endophytic fungi in Glycine max. Microbiol. Res.,181: 84–92
    5. Embaby, E.M., Reda, M., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Omara, H. and Mokabe, A.M. (2013). Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in some legume seeds. J. Agric. Technol., 9(1): 151-164 
    6. Gaurilèikienë, I., Supronienë, S. and Ronis, A. (2008). The impact of the biological agent biojodis on the incidence of pathogenic fungi in winter wheat and spring barley.Zemdirbyste-Agriculture,95 (3): 406.
    7. Gorfu, D. and Sangchote, S. (2005). Fungi associated with field pea seeds from Ethiopia and seed transmission of Ascochyta pinodes.Seed Sci. Technol., 33(2): 387-396.
    8. Hue, F. X., Huerre, M., Rouffault, M. A.and De Bievre C. (1999). Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J. Clin. Microbiol.,37(8): 2434–2438.
    9. Horoszkiewicz Janka, J., Jajor, E. and Korbas, M. (2013). Potential risk of infection of pathogenic fungi to legumes (Fabales). and possibilities of their control. Prog. Plant Prot.,53 (4): 762 767 (in Polish).
    10. Katkar, M., Mane, S.S., and Kadam, N. (2015). Molecular characterization races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri using RAPD and ISSR markers. Legume Research, 38 (2): 246-252.
    11. Kraft, J.M. (1994). Fusarium wilt of peas (a review). Agronomie,14: 561-567
    12. Kulik, T., Fordoñski, G., Pszczó³kowska, A., P³odzieñ, K. and £apiñski M. (2004). Development of PCR assay based on ITS2 rDNA polymorphism for the detection and differentiation of Fusarium sporotrichioides. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.,239:181-186. 
    13. Kulik, T., Pszczó³kowska, A., Fordoñski, G. and Olszewski, J. (2007). PCR approach based on the esyn1 gene for the detection of potential enniatin – producing Fusarium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol.,116:319–324. 
    14. Kulik, T., Fordoñski, G., Pszczó³kowska, A., P³odzieñ, K., and Olszewski, J.(2005).Identification of some Fusarium species from selected crop seeds using traditional method and BIO-PCR. Acta Agrobot.,59(2): 33–54 (in Polish).
    15. Kumar, M.S., Devi, R.S.J., Reddy, B.V.B., and Prasanthi, L. (2017). Morphological and cultural characterization of Colletotrichum capsici, incitant of blight of chickpea in Andhra Pradesh, India. Legume Research, 40 (3): 592-596.
    16. Leslie, J. F. and Summerell, B. A.(2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, 50014. USA. 
    17. Marcinkowska, J. (2008). Fungi occurrence on seeds of field pea.Acta Mycol.,43(2): 77–89.
    18. Mishra, P. K., Fox, R. T. V. and Culham, A. (2003). Development of a PCR-based assay for rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic Fusaria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.,218: 329-332.
    19. Nicholson, P., Simpson, D. R., Weston, G., Rezanoor, H. N., Lees, A. K., Parry, D. W. and Joyce D. (1998). Detection and quantification of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum in cereals using PCR assays. Physiol.Mol. Plant Pathol.,53: 17 - 37.
    20. Okorski, A. and Majchrzak, B. (2008). Fungi colonizing pea seeds after using of microbiological control product EM 1. Prog. Plant Prot.,48(4): 1314–1318 (in Polish).
    21. Okorski, A., Polak-Œliwiñska, M., Karpiesiuk, K., Pszczó³kowska, A. and Kozera, W. (2017). Realtime PCR: a good tootal to estimate mycotoxin contamination in pig diets. World Mycotoxin J.,10(3): 219-228.
    22. Ozgonen, H. and Gulcu, M. (2011). Determination of mycoflora of pea (Pisum sativum) seeds and the effects of Rhizobium leguminosorum on fungal pathogens of peas. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,10(33): 6235-6240.
    23. Parry, D.W. and Nicholson, P. (1996). Development of a PCR assay to detect Fusarium poae in wheat. Plant Pathol.,45: 383–391.
    24. Pszczó³kowska, A., Okorski, A., Fordoñski, G., Prusiñski, J., Faligowska, A. and Borowska M. (2017). Fungal colonization of seeds of three lupine species in different regions of Poland. Acta Agrobot.,70(2):1714. 
    25. Rathod, L.R. and Pawar, P.V. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant to control seed borne pathogen of soybean. Curr. Bot., 3: 10-12.
    26. Rohaèik, T. and Hudec K. (2007). Fungal infection of malt barley kernels in Slovak Republic. Plant Protect. Sci., 43: 86.
    27. Schilling, A.G., Möllere, M. and Geiger H.H. (1996). Polymerase Chain Reaction – Based, Assays for Species –Specific Detection of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. avenaceum. Phytopathology, 86(5): 515–523.
    28. Sharma, P. (2011). Alarming occurrence of Fusarium wilt disease in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivations of Jabalpur district in Central India revealed by an array of pathogenicity tests.Agric. Biol. J. N. Am.,2(6): 981-994. 
    29. Singh, D., Kumar, A., and Singh, A. K. (2014). Influence of planting time, planting geometry, intercropping and row direction on rust (Uromyces viciae fabae) Pers. de Bary of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research, 37 (5): 542-546, doi:10.5958/    0976-0571.2014.00673.0.
    30. Watanabe, I., Kakishima, M., Adachi, Y. and Nakajima H.(2007). Potential mycotoxin productivity of Alternaria alternata isolated from garden trees. Mycotoxins,57 (1): 3-9.
    31. Watanabe, T . (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi.504.
    32. Wilman, K., Stêpieñ, £., Fabiañska, I. and Kachlicki, P. (2014). Plant-pathogenic fungi in seeds of different pea cultivars in Poland. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol.,65:329-338. 
    33. Zhang, X., Wan,S., Hao, J., Hu, J., Yang, T. and Zong, X. (2016). Large-scale evaluation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm for cold tolerance in the field during winter in Qingdao. The Crop Journal,4:377 – 383. 
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