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Research Article

volume 40 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1028-1037,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3838

Impact of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on maize productivity vis-à-vis C and N dynamics of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

M
M.R. Yadav
C
C.M. Parihar
S
S.L. Jat
A
A.K. Singh
R
Rakesh Kumar
R
R.K. Yadav
M
M.D. Parihar
G
G. Makarana
M
M.L. Jat
1ICAR- National Dairy Reseach Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.

  • Submitted28-01-2017|

  • Accepted04-04-2017|

  • First Online 18-09-2017|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-3838

Cite article:- Yadav M.R., Parihar C.M., Jat S.L., Singh A.K., Kumar Rakesh, Yadav R.K., Parihar M.D., Makarana G., Jat M.L. (2017). Impact of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on maize productivity vis-à-vis C and N dynamics of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Legume Research. 40(6): 1028-1037. doi: 10.18805/LR-3838.

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to evaluate long-term effect of legume intensified maize based crop rotations and contrasting tillage practices and a experiment was laid out in split plot design with three tillage practices i.e. zero tillage (ZT), permanent bed (PB) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot treatments and four legume intensified crop rotations (MWMb - maize-wheat-mungbean, MCS - maize-chickpea-Sesbania, MMuMb - maize-mustard-mungbean and MMS - maize-maize-Sesbania) as sub-plot treatments. Adoption of CA based tillage practices (ZT/PB) significantly improved maize protein yield (MPY). ZT/PB gave 7.7-14.2% higher MPY(Maize protein yield and 7.4-13.0% higher MPYA (maize protein yield for adults)  over CT. Similarly, the MPY and MPYA under legume intensified cereal based rotations were invariably higher in MCS and MWMb systems compared to MMuMb and MMS rotations.The total soil nitrogen (TSN) content increased by 15.4-17.4 and 20.32-20.91% with ZT and PB over CT in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, respectively. However, among the legume intensified rotations the maize planted under MCS and MWMb rotations registered 11.3-18.0% (0-15cm) and 8.4-11.0% (15-30cm) higher TSN over MMuMb and MMS rotation. Similarly, adoption of the CA practices (ZT/PB) resulted into significant improvement in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks compared to CT. ZT and PB among the tillage practices and MCS crop rotations among the sub-plot treatments registered higher Leaf area index (LAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) compared to other management practices. Interaction effect of tillage practices and crop rotations were significant for MPY, MPYA, TSN and SOC stocks and all these parameters were reported maximum with ZT-MCS. Thus, our study suggests that CA based crop management with legume diversified maize based rotations (MCS and MWMb) can be advocated as sustainable intensification strategy in north-western India and other similar agro-ecologies of South Asia.

REFERENCES

  1. Baker, C.J., Saxton, K.E., Ritchie, W.R., Chamen, W.C.T., Reicosky, D.C., Ribeiro, M.F.S., Justice, S.E and Hobbs, P.R., (2007). No-    tillage seeding in conservation agriculture. 2nd Edn., Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome and CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 326. 
  2. Balota, E.L., Colozzi-Filho, A., Andrade, D.S and Dick, R.P. (2003). Microbial biomass in soils under different tillage and crop rotation systems.Biology and Fertility of Soils 38:15-20.
  3. Blanco-Canqui H and Lal R. (2009). Crop residue removal impacts on soil productivity and environmental quality. Critical Review in Plant Sciences 28:139–63.
  4. Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R, Post W.M. and Owens L.B. (2006). Changes in Long-term no till corn growth and yield under different rates of stover mulch. Agronomy Journal 98: 1 128–36.
  5. Congreves, K.A., Hayes, A., Verhallen, L.L. and Van Eerd L.L. (2015). Long term impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil health at four temperate agroecosystems. Soil and Tillage Research 152:17–28.
  6. Evans, G.C. (1972). The quantitative analysis of plant growth (Vol. 1). University of California Press. 
  7. Farage, P.K., Ardö, J., Olsson, L., Rienzi, E.A., Ball, A.S. and Pretty, J.N. (2007). The potential for soil carbon sequestration in three tropical dryland farming systems of Africa and Latin America: A modelling approach. Soil and Tillage Research 94(2):457-472.
  8. Gathala, M.K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P.C., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, H.S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M.L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D.K., Sharma, S and Ladha, J.K. (2013). Optimizing intensive cereal based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 177:85–97.
  9. Gill, M.S and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2006). Crop diversification – its role towards sustainability and profitability. Indian Journal of Fertilizer 2:125–138
  10. Gomez, K.A and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Second Edn. An International Rice Research Institute Book.A Wiley-Inter-science Publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  11. Govaerts, B., Sayre, K.D., Goudeseune, B., De Corte, P., Lichter, K., Dendooven, L and Deckers, J. (2009). Conservation agriculture as a sustainable option for the central Mexican highlands. Soil and Tillage Research 103:222–30. 
  12. Halvorson, A.D., Wienhold, B.J. and Black, A.L. (2002). Tillage, nitrogen and cropping systemeffects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Science of Society of America Journal 66:906–912.
  13. Hernanz, J.L., Sánchez-Girón, V. and Navarrete, L. (2009). Soil carbon sequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop rotation with three tillage systems in semiarid conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 133(1):114-122. 
  14. ICMR-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (1981). Recommended dietary intakes for Indians, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
  15. Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis. 2nd Edn., Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 
  16. Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Tetarwal, J.P., Gupta, R. and Yadvinder, S. (2013). Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, proûtability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Research 149:291–299.
  17. Kaiser, M., Piegholdt, C., Andruschkewitsch, R., Linsler, D., Koch, H and Ludwig, B. (2014). Impact of tillage intensity on carbon and nitrogen pools in surface and sub-surface soils of three long-term field experiments. European Journal of Soil Science 65:499-509. 
  18. Kaschuk, G, Alberton, O. and Hungria, M. (2010). Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42:1–13.
  19. Mahajan, G., Singh, K and Gill, M.S. 2012. Scope for enhancing and sustaining rice productivity in Punjab (food bowl of India). African Journal of Agricultural Research 7:5611–5620 
  20. Memon, S.Q., Nadeem Amjad Mirjat, M S., Mughal, A.Q., Ibupoto, K.A., Kalwar, S.A., Mirani, A.A. and Saeed, M.A. (2014). Effect of tillage and use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield components of maize. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 27(1): 41-50.
  21. Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties pp. 539-579. 
  22. Osunbitan, J.A., Oyedele, D.J. and Adekalu, K.O. (2005). Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in south-western Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 82: 57–64.
  23. Ozpinar, S. 2006. Effects of tillage systems on weed population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 87:1–8.
  24. Parihar CM., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, B., Yadvinder, S. Pradhan, S., Pooniya, V., Dhauja, A., Chaudhary. V., Jat, M.L, Jat, R.K and Yadav, O. P. 2016a. Conservation agriculture in irrigated intensive maize-based systems of north-western India: effects on crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Research 193:104-16.
  25. Parihar, C. M., Jat, S. L., Singh, A. K., Majumdar, K., Jat, M. L., Saharawat, Y. S., Pradhan S., and Kuri, B.R. (2017). Bio-energy, biomass water-use efficiency and economics of maize-wheat-mungbean system under precision-conservation agriculture in semi-arid agro-ecosystem. Energy 119:245-256. 
  26. Parihar, C.M., Yadav M.R., Jat S.L., Singh A.K., Kumar, B., Pradhan, S., Chakraborty, D., Jat, M.L., Jat, R.K., Saharawat, Y.S. and Yadav, O. P. 2016. Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil and Tillage Research 161: 116–28.
  27. Parihar, M.D. (2014). Studies on green house gas emissions and carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture in maize based cropping systems. PhD Thesis, Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar, India.
  28. Passioura, J B. (2002). Soil conditions and plant growth. Plant Cell and Environment 25: 311–8.
  29. Pooniya, V., Shivay, Y.S., Rana, A., Nain, L and Prasanna, R. (2012). Enhancing soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of basmati rice through residue incorporation and zinc fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 41:28–37 
  30. Prasad, R. (2005). Rice–wheat cropping system. Advances in Agronomy 86: 255–339 
  31. Prasad, R., Shivay, Y.S., Kumar, D. and Sharma, S.N. (2006). Learning by doing exercise in soil fertility. A practical manual for soil fertility, Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, pp. 68. 
  32. Roscoe, R. and Buurman, P. (2003). Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research 70(2):107-119.
  33. Sharma, P., Abrol, V. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rain-fed sub-humid Inceptisols, India. European Journal of Agronomy 34(1): 46-51.
  34. Sharma, S.N and Sharma S.K. (2004). Role of crop diversiûcation and integrated nutrient management in resilience of soil fertility under rice–wheat cropping system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 50:345–352
  35. Singh, G. (2012). Agriculture diversiûcation options for climate resilient agriculture and livelihood securities. In: Proceedings of 3rd international agronomy congress on agricultural diversiûcation, climate change management and livelihoods, vol I. New Delhi, India, pp 19–21
  36. Singh, R.K., Bohra, J.S., Nath, T., Singh, Y. and Singh, K. (2011). Integrated assessment of diversiûcation of rice–wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plain. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 57:489–506
  37. Singh, V.K., Y. Singh Dwivedi, B.S., Singh, K.S., Majumdar, K., Jat, M.L., Mishra, R.P. and Rani, M., (2016). Soil physical properties, yield trends and economics after five years of conservation agriculture based rice-maize system in north-western India. Soil and Tillage Research 155:133–148 
  38. Singh, Y., Singh, B. and Timsina, J. (2005). Crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-    based cropping systems in the tropics. Advances in Agronomy 85:269-407. 
  39. Thomas, G.A., Dalal, R.C and Standley, J. (2007). No-till effects on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil and Tillage Research 94:295–304.
  40. Watson, D.J. (1958). The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf-area index. Annals of Botany 22(1):37-54. 
  41. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, D., Pooniya, V., Parihar, M.D., Saveipune, D., Parmar, H. and Jat M L. (2016). Effect of long-term tillage and diversified crop rotations on nutrient uptake, profitability and energetics of maize (Zea mays) in north-western India.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86(6):743–9.
  42. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Kumar, R., Meena, R.K., Verma, A.P., Yadav, R.K., Ram H., Yadav, T., Singh M., Jat, S.L. and Sharma A. (2016a). Performance of maize under conservation tillage. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 8(39):1802-1805.
  43. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, R., Yadav, R.K., Kuri, B.R., Parihar, M.D., Yadav, B., Verma, A.P. and Jat, M.L., (2017). Long term effect of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on productivity and profitability of maize vis-a-vis soil fertility in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Legume Research: An International Journal, 40(2).
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    Research Article

    volume 40 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1028-1037,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3838

    Impact of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on maize productivity vis-à-vis C and N dynamics of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

    M
    M.R. Yadav
    C
    C.M. Parihar
    S
    S.L. Jat
    A
    A.K. Singh
    R
    Rakesh Kumar
    R
    R.K. Yadav
    M
    M.D. Parihar
    G
    G. Makarana
    M
    M.L. Jat
    1ICAR- National Dairy Reseach Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.

    • Submitted28-01-2017|

    • Accepted04-04-2017|

    • First Online 18-09-2017|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-3838

    Cite article:- Yadav M.R., Parihar C.M., Jat S.L., Singh A.K., Kumar Rakesh, Yadav R.K., Parihar M.D., Makarana G., Jat M.L. (2017). Impact of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on maize productivity vis-à-vis C and N dynamics of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Legume Research. 40(6): 1028-1037. doi: 10.18805/LR-3838.

    ABSTRACT

    The study was conducted to evaluate long-term effect of legume intensified maize based crop rotations and contrasting tillage practices and a experiment was laid out in split plot design with three tillage practices i.e. zero tillage (ZT), permanent bed (PB) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot treatments and four legume intensified crop rotations (MWMb - maize-wheat-mungbean, MCS - maize-chickpea-Sesbania, MMuMb - maize-mustard-mungbean and MMS - maize-maize-Sesbania) as sub-plot treatments. Adoption of CA based tillage practices (ZT/PB) significantly improved maize protein yield (MPY). ZT/PB gave 7.7-14.2% higher MPY(Maize protein yield and 7.4-13.0% higher MPYA (maize protein yield for adults)  over CT. Similarly, the MPY and MPYA under legume intensified cereal based rotations were invariably higher in MCS and MWMb systems compared to MMuMb and MMS rotations.The total soil nitrogen (TSN) content increased by 15.4-17.4 and 20.32-20.91% with ZT and PB over CT in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, respectively. However, among the legume intensified rotations the maize planted under MCS and MWMb rotations registered 11.3-18.0% (0-15cm) and 8.4-11.0% (15-30cm) higher TSN over MMuMb and MMS rotation. Similarly, adoption of the CA practices (ZT/PB) resulted into significant improvement in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks compared to CT. ZT and PB among the tillage practices and MCS crop rotations among the sub-plot treatments registered higher Leaf area index (LAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) compared to other management practices. Interaction effect of tillage practices and crop rotations were significant for MPY, MPYA, TSN and SOC stocks and all these parameters were reported maximum with ZT-MCS. Thus, our study suggests that CA based crop management with legume diversified maize based rotations (MCS and MWMb) can be advocated as sustainable intensification strategy in north-western India and other similar agro-ecologies of South Asia.

    REFERENCES

    1. Baker, C.J., Saxton, K.E., Ritchie, W.R., Chamen, W.C.T., Reicosky, D.C., Ribeiro, M.F.S., Justice, S.E and Hobbs, P.R., (2007). No-    tillage seeding in conservation agriculture. 2nd Edn., Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome and CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 326. 
    2. Balota, E.L., Colozzi-Filho, A., Andrade, D.S and Dick, R.P. (2003). Microbial biomass in soils under different tillage and crop rotation systems.Biology and Fertility of Soils 38:15-20.
    3. Blanco-Canqui H and Lal R. (2009). Crop residue removal impacts on soil productivity and environmental quality. Critical Review in Plant Sciences 28:139–63.
    4. Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R, Post W.M. and Owens L.B. (2006). Changes in Long-term no till corn growth and yield under different rates of stover mulch. Agronomy Journal 98: 1 128–36.
    5. Congreves, K.A., Hayes, A., Verhallen, L.L. and Van Eerd L.L. (2015). Long term impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil health at four temperate agroecosystems. Soil and Tillage Research 152:17–28.
    6. Evans, G.C. (1972). The quantitative analysis of plant growth (Vol. 1). University of California Press. 
    7. Farage, P.K., Ardö, J., Olsson, L., Rienzi, E.A., Ball, A.S. and Pretty, J.N. (2007). The potential for soil carbon sequestration in three tropical dryland farming systems of Africa and Latin America: A modelling approach. Soil and Tillage Research 94(2):457-472.
    8. Gathala, M.K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P.C., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, H.S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M.L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D.K., Sharma, S and Ladha, J.K. (2013). Optimizing intensive cereal based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 177:85–97.
    9. Gill, M.S and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2006). Crop diversification – its role towards sustainability and profitability. Indian Journal of Fertilizer 2:125–138
    10. Gomez, K.A and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Second Edn. An International Rice Research Institute Book.A Wiley-Inter-science Publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
    11. Govaerts, B., Sayre, K.D., Goudeseune, B., De Corte, P., Lichter, K., Dendooven, L and Deckers, J. (2009). Conservation agriculture as a sustainable option for the central Mexican highlands. Soil and Tillage Research 103:222–30. 
    12. Halvorson, A.D., Wienhold, B.J. and Black, A.L. (2002). Tillage, nitrogen and cropping systemeffects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Science of Society of America Journal 66:906–912.
    13. Hernanz, J.L., Sánchez-Girón, V. and Navarrete, L. (2009). Soil carbon sequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop rotation with three tillage systems in semiarid conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 133(1):114-122. 
    14. ICMR-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (1981). Recommended dietary intakes for Indians, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
    15. Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis. 2nd Edn., Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 
    16. Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Tetarwal, J.P., Gupta, R. and Yadvinder, S. (2013). Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, proûtability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Research 149:291–299.
    17. Kaiser, M., Piegholdt, C., Andruschkewitsch, R., Linsler, D., Koch, H and Ludwig, B. (2014). Impact of tillage intensity on carbon and nitrogen pools in surface and sub-surface soils of three long-term field experiments. European Journal of Soil Science 65:499-509. 
    18. Kaschuk, G, Alberton, O. and Hungria, M. (2010). Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42:1–13.
    19. Mahajan, G., Singh, K and Gill, M.S. 2012. Scope for enhancing and sustaining rice productivity in Punjab (food bowl of India). African Journal of Agricultural Research 7:5611–5620 
    20. Memon, S.Q., Nadeem Amjad Mirjat, M S., Mughal, A.Q., Ibupoto, K.A., Kalwar, S.A., Mirani, A.A. and Saeed, M.A. (2014). Effect of tillage and use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield components of maize. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 27(1): 41-50.
    21. Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties pp. 539-579. 
    22. Osunbitan, J.A., Oyedele, D.J. and Adekalu, K.O. (2005). Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in south-western Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 82: 57–64.
    23. Ozpinar, S. 2006. Effects of tillage systems on weed population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 87:1–8.
    24. Parihar CM., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, B., Yadvinder, S. Pradhan, S., Pooniya, V., Dhauja, A., Chaudhary. V., Jat, M.L, Jat, R.K and Yadav, O. P. 2016a. Conservation agriculture in irrigated intensive maize-based systems of north-western India: effects on crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Research 193:104-16.
    25. Parihar, C. M., Jat, S. L., Singh, A. K., Majumdar, K., Jat, M. L., Saharawat, Y. S., Pradhan S., and Kuri, B.R. (2017). Bio-energy, biomass water-use efficiency and economics of maize-wheat-mungbean system under precision-conservation agriculture in semi-arid agro-ecosystem. Energy 119:245-256. 
    26. Parihar, C.M., Yadav M.R., Jat S.L., Singh A.K., Kumar, B., Pradhan, S., Chakraborty, D., Jat, M.L., Jat, R.K., Saharawat, Y.S. and Yadav, O. P. 2016. Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil and Tillage Research 161: 116–28.
    27. Parihar, M.D. (2014). Studies on green house gas emissions and carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture in maize based cropping systems. PhD Thesis, Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar, India.
    28. Passioura, J B. (2002). Soil conditions and plant growth. Plant Cell and Environment 25: 311–8.
    29. Pooniya, V., Shivay, Y.S., Rana, A., Nain, L and Prasanna, R. (2012). Enhancing soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of basmati rice through residue incorporation and zinc fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 41:28–37 
    30. Prasad, R. (2005). Rice–wheat cropping system. Advances in Agronomy 86: 255–339 
    31. Prasad, R., Shivay, Y.S., Kumar, D. and Sharma, S.N. (2006). Learning by doing exercise in soil fertility. A practical manual for soil fertility, Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, pp. 68. 
    32. Roscoe, R. and Buurman, P. (2003). Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research 70(2):107-119.
    33. Sharma, P., Abrol, V. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rain-fed sub-humid Inceptisols, India. European Journal of Agronomy 34(1): 46-51.
    34. Sharma, S.N and Sharma S.K. (2004). Role of crop diversiûcation and integrated nutrient management in resilience of soil fertility under rice–wheat cropping system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 50:345–352
    35. Singh, G. (2012). Agriculture diversiûcation options for climate resilient agriculture and livelihood securities. In: Proceedings of 3rd international agronomy congress on agricultural diversiûcation, climate change management and livelihoods, vol I. New Delhi, India, pp 19–21
    36. Singh, R.K., Bohra, J.S., Nath, T., Singh, Y. and Singh, K. (2011). Integrated assessment of diversiûcation of rice–wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plain. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 57:489–506
    37. Singh, V.K., Y. Singh Dwivedi, B.S., Singh, K.S., Majumdar, K., Jat, M.L., Mishra, R.P. and Rani, M., (2016). Soil physical properties, yield trends and economics after five years of conservation agriculture based rice-maize system in north-western India. Soil and Tillage Research 155:133–148 
    38. Singh, Y., Singh, B. and Timsina, J. (2005). Crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-    based cropping systems in the tropics. Advances in Agronomy 85:269-407. 
    39. Thomas, G.A., Dalal, R.C and Standley, J. (2007). No-till effects on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil and Tillage Research 94:295–304.
    40. Watson, D.J. (1958). The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf-area index. Annals of Botany 22(1):37-54. 
    41. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, D., Pooniya, V., Parihar, M.D., Saveipune, D., Parmar, H. and Jat M L. (2016). Effect of long-term tillage and diversified crop rotations on nutrient uptake, profitability and energetics of maize (Zea mays) in north-western India.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86(6):743–9.
    42. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Kumar, R., Meena, R.K., Verma, A.P., Yadav, R.K., Ram H., Yadav, T., Singh M., Jat, S.L. and Sharma A. (2016a). Performance of maize under conservation tillage. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 8(39):1802-1805.
    43. Yadav, M.R., Parihar, C.M., Jat, S.L., Singh, A.K., Kumar, R., Yadav, R.K., Kuri, B.R., Parihar, M.D., Yadav, B., Verma, A.P. and Jat, M.L., (2017). Long term effect of legume intensified crop rotations and tillage practices on productivity and profitability of maize vis-a-vis soil fertility in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Legume Research: An International Journal, 40(2).
    In this Article
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      Follow us
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