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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 41 issue 1 (february 2018) : 73-78,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3589

Changes of enzymes activities in botanical treated aged seed of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. CO 3 seeds

H
Hridya.V. Rejeendran
S
S. Lakshmi
S
S. Ambika
1Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

  • Submitted17-08-2015|

  • Accepted21-09-2016|

  • First Online 05-12-2017|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-3589

Cite article:- Rejeendran Hridya.V., Lakshmi S., Ambika S. (2017). Changes of enzymes activities in botanical treated aged seed ofsoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. CO 3 seeds. Legume Research. 41(1): 73-78. doi: 10.18805/LR-3589.

ABSTRACT

Changes occurring in seed during aging are very significant for determining seed quality, i.e. seed longevity. An experiment was conducted in Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore to standardize suitable seed dry dressing treatments, using near nano size botanicals that can alleviate the deleterious effect of accelerated ageing and to improve the enzyme activities of soybean aged seeds. Five days aged seeds were treated with 1 h ball milled fenugreek seed powder, leaf powders of ashwagandha, tea and noni @ 2 g kg-1 with 60 min. shaking and evaluated for enzyme activities and field emergence (naturally and artificially aged seeds). Among the treatments seeds treated with fenugreek seed powder has the highest dehydrogenase activity (OD 10 min-1), protein (%), oil content (%), catalase activity, peroxidase activity (OD 10 min-1) (µg H2O2 mg-1min-1) with minimum values of electrical conductivity (dSm-1), free fatty acid (%), lipid peroxidation (OD value), lipoxygenase activity (g mol s-1 mg-1). Field emergence (%) was also higher in fenugreek seed powder treated seeds (2 g kg-1 with 60 min). 

REFERENCES

  1. Ali-Khan, S. T. and Youngs, C. G. (1973). Variation in protein content of field peas. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 53: 37-41.
  2. Bailly, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res., 14(2): 93-107. 
  3. Balasevic-tubic, S., Malenneic, D., Tatic, M. and Miladinovic, J. (2005). Influence of ageing process on biochemical changes in sunflower seed. Helia, 28: 107-114.
  4. Basavarajappa, B. S., Shetty, H. S. and Prakash, H. S. (1991). Membrane deterioration and other biochemical changes, associated with accelerated ageing of soybean seeds. Seed Sci. & Technol., 19: 279-286.
  5. Beevers, L. (1968). Protein degradation and proteolytic activity in the cotyledons of germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.). Phytochem., 6: 1837-1844.
  6. Beratlief, C. and Iliescu, H. (1997). Highlights of proper sunflower seed storage. Helia, 20(26): 121-137.
  7. Bernherim, F., Bernheim, M. L. C. and Wilbur, K. M. (1948). The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipids. J. Biol. Chem., 114: 257-264.
  8. Bewley, J. D. (1986). Membrane changes in seeds as related to germination and the perturbations resulting from deterioration in storage. In: Physiology of seed deterioration (Ed: M.B. McDonald and C.J. Nelson), Crop Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pub. no. 11, Crop Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wis., p. 27-45.
  9. Bhatia, V. S., Tiwari, S. P. and Pandey, Sushil (2002). Soybean seed quality scenario in India. Seed Res., 30(2): 171-185.
  10. Bukhari, S. B., Bhanger, M. I. and Memon, S. (2008). Antioxidative activity of extracts from fenugreek seeds (Trigonellafoenum graecum). Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem., 9(2):78-83.
  11. Chandrashekar, C. and Kulkarni, V. R. (2011). Isolation, characterizations and Free radical scavenging activity of Annona squamosa leaf. J. Pharm. Res., 4(3): 610-611.
  12. Christiansen, M. K. and Moore, R. D. (1961). Temperature in vivo hydrolysis of cotton seed oil. Crop Sci., 1: 285-286.
  13. Delouche, J. C. and Baskin, C. C. (1973). Accelerated ageing techniques for predicting the relative storability of seed lots. Seed Sci. Technol., 12: 427-452.
  14. Gidrol, X., Serghini, H., Noubhani, A., Mocoquot, B. and Mazliak, P. (1989). Biochemical changes induced by accelerated aging in sunflower seeds. I. Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Pl. Physiol., 76: 591-597.
  15. Goel, A., Geol, A. K. and Sheoran, I. S. (2003). Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial ageing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. J. Pl. Physiol., 160: 1093-1100.
  16. Goel, A., Goel, A. K. and Sheoran, I. S. (2002). Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial aging in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. J Plant Physiol., 160: 1093-1100.
  17. Grabe, D. F. (1965). Prediction of relative storability of corn seed lots. Proc. Assoca. Off. Seed Anal., 55: 92-96.
  18. Halder, S. and Gupta, K. (1982). On the mechanism of sunflower seed deterioration under low and high relative humidity. Seed Sci. and Technol., 10: 267-270.
  19. Hatanaka A., Kajiwara, T. and Sekiya, J. (1987). Biosynthesis pathway for C6-aldehydes formation from linolenic acid in green leaves. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 44: 341–361.
  20. Hieldebrand, A. R., Penfield, G. T., Kring, D. A., Pilkington, M., Camargo, Z.A., Jacobsen, S. and Boynton, W. V. (1991). Chicxulub crater. A possible cretaceous- testing boundary impact crates on the yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Geology, 19: 867-871.
  21. Jatoi, S. A., Afzal, M., Nasim, S. and Anwar, R. (2001). Seed deterioration study in pea, using accelerated ageing techniques. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4(12): 1490-1494.
  22. Kalavathi, D. (1985). Studies on seed viability and vigour in soybean. M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
  23. Kapoor, N., Arya, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Amir, A. and Kumar, H. (2010). Seed deterioration in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under accelerated aging. Asian J Plant Sci.., 9(3):158-162.
  24. Kapri, B., Sengupta, A. K., De, B. K., Mandal, A. K. and Basu, R. N. (2003). Pre-storage seed invigouration treatments for improved germinability and field performance of okra (Hibiscus esculentus). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 73(5): 276-9.
  25. Kaviarasan, S., Naik, G. H., Gangabhagirathi, R., Anuradha, C. V. and Priyadarshini, K. I. (2007). In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) seeds: Food Chemistry, 103: 31-37.
  26. Kavitha , S. (2002). Seed hardening and pelleting for maximizing the productivity of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Cv. Vamban 3 under rainfed condition. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
  27. Kharlukhi, L. (1983). Physiological and biochemical changes in seeds during storage under controlled condition. Ph.D. Thesis, IARI, New Delhi.
  28. Kittock, D. L. and Law, A. G. (1968). Relationship of seed vigour to respiration and tetrazolium reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agron. J., 60: 286-288.
  29. Krishnappa, N., Narayanaswamy, S., Balakrishna, P. and Lokesh, K. (2003). Influence of storage mycoflora on seed quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties stored in different packing materials. Proc. of Nat. Workshop on Groundnut Seed Technology, Feb. 6-7, pp. 6-19.
  30. Malik and Singh. (1980). In: Plant enzymology and histoenymeology, Kalyani publishers, New Delhi. Pp.53.
  31. Mandal, A. K., De, B. K., Saha, R. and Basu, R. N. (2000). Seed invigouration treatments for improved storability field emergence and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.). Seed Sci. & Technol., 28: 349-355. 
  32. Manimekalai, C. (2006). Organic seed invigouration in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) cv. APK 1. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore.
  33. Mathews, S. and Bradnock, V. (1968). Relationship between seed exudation and field emergence in peas and french beans. Hort. Res., 8: 89-93.
  34. McDonald, M. B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. J Seed Sci Technol., 27: 177-273.
  35. McDonald, M. B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Sci. & Technol., 27: 177-237.
  36. McDonald, M. B. (2004). Orthodox seed deterioration and its repair, pp. 273-304. In: Handbook of Seed Physiology: Applications to Agriculture, Benech-Arnold, R. L. and R.A. Sanchez (Eds.). Food Products Press, New York.
  37. Mythili, M. (2012). Seed invigouration with botanicals in onion. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University. Coimbatore.
  38. Nargund, V. B., Patil, M. B. and Deshpande, V. K. (2003). Pod rot of groundnut and its impact on seed properties. In: Proceedings of National workshop on groundnut seed technology, Feb. 6-7, Pp. 164-167.
  39. Povolotskaya, K. L. and Sedenka. (1956). A method for collective determination of ascorbic, polyphenol and peroxide activities. Biochimia, 21: 133-136.
  40. Presley, J. T. (1958). Relation of protoplast permeability of cotton seed viability and predisposition of seedling diseases. Pl. Dis. Reptr., 42(7): 582.
  41. Rangaswamy, R. (2002). A text book of agricultural statistics. New Age International Ltd., India. pp. 244-433.
  42. Ravikumar, (2001). Seed storage studies in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrid TCSH 1 and its parental lines. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. 
  43. Reddy, M.J., Shetty, H.S., Fanelli, C. and Lacey. (1992). Lipid peroxidation of stored groundnut seeds in relation to water activity and storage temperature. Intl. Arachis Newslr., 11: 33-34. 
  44. Sabir-Ahamed, A. (1989). Studies on the production of quality seed and storage in soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
  45. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1995). Protein and enzymes, In: Biochemical methods for agricultural sciences, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi-Pp.33-143.
  46. Saio and Bata. (1980). Soybean quality changes during model storage studies. Cereal Chem., 57(2): 77-82.
  47. Sathish, S. and Bhaskaran, M. (2013). Seed dry dressing with botanicals to improve physiological performance of fresh and aged seeds of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). African Jouranl of Agricultural Research, 8 (29): 4049-4057.
  48. Saxena, O. P., Singh, G., Pakeeraiah, T. and Pandey, N. (1987). Seed deterioration studies in some vegetable seeds. Acta Hort., 215: 39-44. 
  49. Scialabba, A., Bellani, L. M. and Dell’Aquila, A. (2002). Effects of ageing on peroxidase activity and localization in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds. Eur. J. Histochem., 46: 351-358.
  50. Sengupta, A. K., De, B. K. and Mandal, A. K. (2005). Pre-storage seed invigouration treatments for the maintenance of vigour, viability and field performance of high vigour onion seed (Allium cepa. L.). Seed Sci. & Technol., 33(3): 753-760.
  51. Siadat, S. A., Moosavi, A. and Sharafizadeh, M. (2012). Effect of seed priming on antioxidant activity and germination characteristics of Maize seeds under different aging treatments. Research Journals of Seed Science, 5(2): 51-62.
  52. Stewart, R. R. C. and Bewley, J. D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated ageing of soybean axes. Pl. Physiol., 65: 245-248.
  53. Sun, W. Q., Davidson, P. and Chan, H. S. O. (1998). Protein stability in the amorphous carbohydrate matrix: relevance to anhydrobiosis. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1425: 245 - 254.
  54. Toppo, F.A., Akhand, R. and Pathak, A.K. (2009). Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Trigonellafoenum graecum: A review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2(4):29-38.
  55. Vick, B. A. and Zimmerman, D. C. (1987). Oxidative systems for the modification of fatty acids. In: The Biochemistry of Plants, (Ed: P.K. Stumpf, E.E. Conn) Vol. 9. Academic Press, New York, pp 53–90.
  56. Vijay, R. and Dadlani, M. (2003). Seed longevity and water absorption patterns in maize, soybean and safflower. Int. J .Pl. Physiol., pp 244-248.
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    Research Article

    volume 41 issue 1 (february 2018) : 73-78,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3589

    Changes of enzymes activities in botanical treated aged seed of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. CO 3 seeds

    H
    Hridya.V. Rejeendran
    S
    S. Lakshmi
    S
    S. Ambika
    1Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

    • Submitted17-08-2015|

    • Accepted21-09-2016|

    • First Online 05-12-2017|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-3589

    Cite article:- Rejeendran Hridya.V., Lakshmi S., Ambika S. (2017). Changes of enzymes activities in botanical treated aged seed ofsoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. CO 3 seeds. Legume Research. 41(1): 73-78. doi: 10.18805/LR-3589.

    ABSTRACT

    Changes occurring in seed during aging are very significant for determining seed quality, i.e. seed longevity. An experiment was conducted in Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore to standardize suitable seed dry dressing treatments, using near nano size botanicals that can alleviate the deleterious effect of accelerated ageing and to improve the enzyme activities of soybean aged seeds. Five days aged seeds were treated with 1 h ball milled fenugreek seed powder, leaf powders of ashwagandha, tea and noni @ 2 g kg-1 with 60 min. shaking and evaluated for enzyme activities and field emergence (naturally and artificially aged seeds). Among the treatments seeds treated with fenugreek seed powder has the highest dehydrogenase activity (OD 10 min-1), protein (%), oil content (%), catalase activity, peroxidase activity (OD 10 min-1) (µg H2O2 mg-1min-1) with minimum values of electrical conductivity (dSm-1), free fatty acid (%), lipid peroxidation (OD value), lipoxygenase activity (g mol s-1 mg-1). Field emergence (%) was also higher in fenugreek seed powder treated seeds (2 g kg-1 with 60 min). 

    REFERENCES

    1. Ali-Khan, S. T. and Youngs, C. G. (1973). Variation in protein content of field peas. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 53: 37-41.
    2. Bailly, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res., 14(2): 93-107. 
    3. Balasevic-tubic, S., Malenneic, D., Tatic, M. and Miladinovic, J. (2005). Influence of ageing process on biochemical changes in sunflower seed. Helia, 28: 107-114.
    4. Basavarajappa, B. S., Shetty, H. S. and Prakash, H. S. (1991). Membrane deterioration and other biochemical changes, associated with accelerated ageing of soybean seeds. Seed Sci. & Technol., 19: 279-286.
    5. Beevers, L. (1968). Protein degradation and proteolytic activity in the cotyledons of germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.). Phytochem., 6: 1837-1844.
    6. Beratlief, C. and Iliescu, H. (1997). Highlights of proper sunflower seed storage. Helia, 20(26): 121-137.
    7. Bernherim, F., Bernheim, M. L. C. and Wilbur, K. M. (1948). The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipids. J. Biol. Chem., 114: 257-264.
    8. Bewley, J. D. (1986). Membrane changes in seeds as related to germination and the perturbations resulting from deterioration in storage. In: Physiology of seed deterioration (Ed: M.B. McDonald and C.J. Nelson), Crop Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pub. no. 11, Crop Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wis., p. 27-45.
    9. Bhatia, V. S., Tiwari, S. P. and Pandey, Sushil (2002). Soybean seed quality scenario in India. Seed Res., 30(2): 171-185.
    10. Bukhari, S. B., Bhanger, M. I. and Memon, S. (2008). Antioxidative activity of extracts from fenugreek seeds (Trigonellafoenum graecum). Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem., 9(2):78-83.
    11. Chandrashekar, C. and Kulkarni, V. R. (2011). Isolation, characterizations and Free radical scavenging activity of Annona squamosa leaf. J. Pharm. Res., 4(3): 610-611.
    12. Christiansen, M. K. and Moore, R. D. (1961). Temperature in vivo hydrolysis of cotton seed oil. Crop Sci., 1: 285-286.
    13. Delouche, J. C. and Baskin, C. C. (1973). Accelerated ageing techniques for predicting the relative storability of seed lots. Seed Sci. Technol., 12: 427-452.
    14. Gidrol, X., Serghini, H., Noubhani, A., Mocoquot, B. and Mazliak, P. (1989). Biochemical changes induced by accelerated aging in sunflower seeds. I. Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Pl. Physiol., 76: 591-597.
    15. Goel, A., Geol, A. K. and Sheoran, I. S. (2003). Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial ageing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. J. Pl. Physiol., 160: 1093-1100.
    16. Goel, A., Goel, A. K. and Sheoran, I. S. (2002). Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial aging in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. J Plant Physiol., 160: 1093-1100.
    17. Grabe, D. F. (1965). Prediction of relative storability of corn seed lots. Proc. Assoca. Off. Seed Anal., 55: 92-96.
    18. Halder, S. and Gupta, K. (1982). On the mechanism of sunflower seed deterioration under low and high relative humidity. Seed Sci. and Technol., 10: 267-270.
    19. Hatanaka A., Kajiwara, T. and Sekiya, J. (1987). Biosynthesis pathway for C6-aldehydes formation from linolenic acid in green leaves. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 44: 341–361.
    20. Hieldebrand, A. R., Penfield, G. T., Kring, D. A., Pilkington, M., Camargo, Z.A., Jacobsen, S. and Boynton, W. V. (1991). Chicxulub crater. A possible cretaceous- testing boundary impact crates on the yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Geology, 19: 867-871.
    21. Jatoi, S. A., Afzal, M., Nasim, S. and Anwar, R. (2001). Seed deterioration study in pea, using accelerated ageing techniques. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4(12): 1490-1494.
    22. Kalavathi, D. (1985). Studies on seed viability and vigour in soybean. M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    23. Kapoor, N., Arya, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Amir, A. and Kumar, H. (2010). Seed deterioration in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under accelerated aging. Asian J Plant Sci.., 9(3):158-162.
    24. Kapri, B., Sengupta, A. K., De, B. K., Mandal, A. K. and Basu, R. N. (2003). Pre-storage seed invigouration treatments for improved germinability and field performance of okra (Hibiscus esculentus). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 73(5): 276-9.
    25. Kaviarasan, S., Naik, G. H., Gangabhagirathi, R., Anuradha, C. V. and Priyadarshini, K. I. (2007). In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) seeds: Food Chemistry, 103: 31-37.
    26. Kavitha , S. (2002). Seed hardening and pelleting for maximizing the productivity of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Cv. Vamban 3 under rainfed condition. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    27. Kharlukhi, L. (1983). Physiological and biochemical changes in seeds during storage under controlled condition. Ph.D. Thesis, IARI, New Delhi.
    28. Kittock, D. L. and Law, A. G. (1968). Relationship of seed vigour to respiration and tetrazolium reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agron. J., 60: 286-288.
    29. Krishnappa, N., Narayanaswamy, S., Balakrishna, P. and Lokesh, K. (2003). Influence of storage mycoflora on seed quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties stored in different packing materials. Proc. of Nat. Workshop on Groundnut Seed Technology, Feb. 6-7, pp. 6-19.
    30. Malik and Singh. (1980). In: Plant enzymology and histoenymeology, Kalyani publishers, New Delhi. Pp.53.
    31. Mandal, A. K., De, B. K., Saha, R. and Basu, R. N. (2000). Seed invigouration treatments for improved storability field emergence and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.). Seed Sci. & Technol., 28: 349-355. 
    32. Manimekalai, C. (2006). Organic seed invigouration in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) cv. APK 1. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore.
    33. Mathews, S. and Bradnock, V. (1968). Relationship between seed exudation and field emergence in peas and french beans. Hort. Res., 8: 89-93.
    34. McDonald, M. B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. J Seed Sci Technol., 27: 177-273.
    35. McDonald, M. B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Sci. & Technol., 27: 177-237.
    36. McDonald, M. B. (2004). Orthodox seed deterioration and its repair, pp. 273-304. In: Handbook of Seed Physiology: Applications to Agriculture, Benech-Arnold, R. L. and R.A. Sanchez (Eds.). Food Products Press, New York.
    37. Mythili, M. (2012). Seed invigouration with botanicals in onion. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University. Coimbatore.
    38. Nargund, V. B., Patil, M. B. and Deshpande, V. K. (2003). Pod rot of groundnut and its impact on seed properties. In: Proceedings of National workshop on groundnut seed technology, Feb. 6-7, Pp. 164-167.
    39. Povolotskaya, K. L. and Sedenka. (1956). A method for collective determination of ascorbic, polyphenol and peroxide activities. Biochimia, 21: 133-136.
    40. Presley, J. T. (1958). Relation of protoplast permeability of cotton seed viability and predisposition of seedling diseases. Pl. Dis. Reptr., 42(7): 582.
    41. Rangaswamy, R. (2002). A text book of agricultural statistics. New Age International Ltd., India. pp. 244-433.
    42. Ravikumar, (2001). Seed storage studies in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrid TCSH 1 and its parental lines. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. 
    43. Reddy, M.J., Shetty, H.S., Fanelli, C. and Lacey. (1992). Lipid peroxidation of stored groundnut seeds in relation to water activity and storage temperature. Intl. Arachis Newslr., 11: 33-34. 
    44. Sabir-Ahamed, A. (1989). Studies on the production of quality seed and storage in soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    45. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1995). Protein and enzymes, In: Biochemical methods for agricultural sciences, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi-Pp.33-143.
    46. Saio and Bata. (1980). Soybean quality changes during model storage studies. Cereal Chem., 57(2): 77-82.
    47. Sathish, S. and Bhaskaran, M. (2013). Seed dry dressing with botanicals to improve physiological performance of fresh and aged seeds of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). African Jouranl of Agricultural Research, 8 (29): 4049-4057.
    48. Saxena, O. P., Singh, G., Pakeeraiah, T. and Pandey, N. (1987). Seed deterioration studies in some vegetable seeds. Acta Hort., 215: 39-44. 
    49. Scialabba, A., Bellani, L. M. and Dell’Aquila, A. (2002). Effects of ageing on peroxidase activity and localization in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds. Eur. J. Histochem., 46: 351-358.
    50. Sengupta, A. K., De, B. K. and Mandal, A. K. (2005). Pre-storage seed invigouration treatments for the maintenance of vigour, viability and field performance of high vigour onion seed (Allium cepa. L.). Seed Sci. & Technol., 33(3): 753-760.
    51. Siadat, S. A., Moosavi, A. and Sharafizadeh, M. (2012). Effect of seed priming on antioxidant activity and germination characteristics of Maize seeds under different aging treatments. Research Journals of Seed Science, 5(2): 51-62.
    52. Stewart, R. R. C. and Bewley, J. D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated ageing of soybean axes. Pl. Physiol., 65: 245-248.
    53. Sun, W. Q., Davidson, P. and Chan, H. S. O. (1998). Protein stability in the amorphous carbohydrate matrix: relevance to anhydrobiosis. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1425: 245 - 254.
    54. Toppo, F.A., Akhand, R. and Pathak, A.K. (2009). Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Trigonellafoenum graecum: A review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2(4):29-38.
    55. Vick, B. A. and Zimmerman, D. C. (1987). Oxidative systems for the modification of fatty acids. In: The Biochemistry of Plants, (Ed: P.K. Stumpf, E.E. Conn) Vol. 9. Academic Press, New York, pp 53–90.
    56. Vijay, R. and Dadlani, M. (2003). Seed longevity and water absorption patterns in maize, soybean and safflower. Int. J .Pl. Physiol., pp 244-248.
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