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Research Article

volume 54 issue 6 (december 2020) : 708-715,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5430

Effects of Root-Knot Nematode Inoculums Densities on Morphological and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Horse Gram Germplasm

T
Thomas Cheeran Amal
P
Palanisamy Karthika
V
Venkatachalam Balamurugan
G
Govindan Shanmugam
S
Subramaniam Selvakumar
P
Palanisamy Sundararaj
K
Krishnan Vasanth
1Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Amal Cheeran Thomas, Karthika Palanisamy, Balamurugan Venkatachalam, Shanmugam Govindan, Selvakumar Subramaniam, Sundararaj Palanisamy, Vasanth Krishnan (2020). Effects of Root-Knot Nematode Inoculums Densities on Morphological and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Horse Gram Germplasm. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(6): 708-715. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5430.

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita; RKN) are important constraints on agricultural crops worldwide. Horse gram is a vulnerable pulse crop from the agriculture revolution exceptionally in southern India. This study intended to assess the resistance of four Horse gram accessions IC-1536, IC-1572, IC-1451 and IC-1115 selected from 100 accessions based on the morphological and biochemical scrutiny. Individual seedlings were transferred in the clay pots packed with sterile soil and inoculated with three doses (25, 50 and 100) of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. All nematode inoculums densities influenced the shoot length of plants, flowering and yield. The level of amino acid, proline, protein, total phenol and flavonoids contents were increased while carbohydrate and starch contents were decreased in all the varieties compared to the 15th day after inoculation. It is pointed out that M. incognita has not only impaired the plant growth but also biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll pigments, primary and secondary metabolites.

REFERENCES

  1. Abbasi, M.W., Ahmed, N., Zaki, M.J., Shaukat, S.S. (2008). Effect of Barleria acanthoides Vahl. on root-knot nematode infection and growth of infected okra and brinjal plants. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40: 2193-2198.
  2. Ahmed, N., Abbasi, M.W., Shaukat, S.S., Zaki, M.J. (2009). Physiological changes in leaves of mungbean plants infected with Meloidogyne javanica. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 48: 262-268.
  3. Ali, S.S. (2009). Estimation of unavoidable yield losses in certain rabi pulse crops due to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Trends in Biosciences. 2: 48-49.
  4. Ali, S.S., Naimuddin, A.M., Ali, M. (2010). Nematode infestation in pulse crops. In: Nematode Infestations, Part I: Field Crops. [Khan MR, Jairajpuri MS (eds)] The National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad. India, pp 325.
  5. Ansari, T., Asif, M., Siddiqui, M.A. (2018). Resistance screening of lentil cultivars against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal. 11: 9-18.
  6. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplast poly- -phenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
  7. Bajaj, K.L., Arora, Y.K., Mahajan, R. (1983). Biochemical differences in tomato cultivars resistant and susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita. Revue Nérnatol. 6: 143-154.
  8. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
  9. Bozbuga, R., Yildiz Dasgan, H., Akhoundnejad, Y., Imren, M., Toktay H., Kasapoglu, E.B. (2015). Identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes having resistance against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Legume Research-An International Journal. 38: 669-674.
  10. Bridge, J., Coene, D.L., Kwoseh, C.K. (2005). Nematode parasite of tropical root and tuber crops. In: [Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds)] Plant parasitic nematodes in tropical and subtropical agriculture. Oxfordshire:CABI Publishing pp 221-258.
  11. Epstein, E. (1972). Defence mechanism of L. proline against Longidorus, Nematologica. 18: 555-562.
  12. Fortnum, B.A., Kasperbauer, M.J., Decoteau, D.R. (2000). Effect of mulch surface color on root-knot of tomato grown in simulated planting beds. Journal of Nematology. 32:101-    109.
  13. Gautam, S.K. and Poddar, A.N. (2014). Study on protein and sugar content in Meloidogyne incognita infested roots of bitter gourd. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 3: 470-478.
  14. Giebel, J. (1974). Biochemical mechanisms of plant resistance to nematodes: a review. Journal of Nematology. 6: 175-184.
  15. Hodge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. (1962). Determination of reducing sugars and carbohydrates. In: [Whistler RL, Wolfrom ML (eds)] Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, 380-394.
  16. Hussey, R.S. and Barker, K.R.A. (1973). Comparison of methods for collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter. 57: 1025-1028.
  17. Hussey, R.S. and Williamson, V.M. (1997). Physiological and molecular aspects of nematode parasitism. In: [Barker KR, Pederson GA, Windham GL (eds)] Plant and Nematode Interactions Madison WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy pp 87-108.
  18. Khan, H.U., Mukhtar, T., Ahmad, R. (2005). Geographical distribution of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology. 23: 133-140.
  19. Kirk, J.T. and Allen, R.L. (1965). Dependence of chloroplast pigment synthesis on protein synthesis effect of actidione. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 21: 523-530.
  20. Kosuge, T. (1969). The role of phenolics in host response to infection. The Annual Review of Phytopathology. 7: 195-222.
  21. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 265-275.
  22. Melakeberhan, H., Brooke, R.C., Webster, J.M. (1986). Relationship between physiological response of french beans of different age to Meloidogyne incognita and subsequent yield loss. Plant Pathology. 35: 203-213.
  23. Mohanty, K.C. and Pradhan, A.K. (1989). Quantitative estimation of free amino acids and amides in resistant and susceptible green gram varieties inoculated with root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Jjournal of Nematology. 19: 74-76.
  24. Mohiddin, F.A. and Khan, M.R. (2019). Efficacy of newly developed biopesticides for the management of wilt disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Legume Research-An International Journal. 42: 550-556.
  25. Mukhtar, T., Arooj, M., Ashfaq, M., Gulzar, A. (2017). Resistance evaluation and host status of selected green gram germplasm against Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection. 92: 198-202.
  26. Nayak, D.K. (2015). Effects of nematode infection on contents of phenolic substances as influenced by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in susceptible and resistant brinjal cultivars. Agricultural Science Digest. 35: 163-164.
  27. Neelam, R. and Sahai, J. (1988). Effect of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth, pigment content and biomass of Sesamum indicum L. Journal of Environmental Biology. 9: 45-50.
  28. Pandey, R.K., Nayak, D.K., Lepcha, R., Kumar, R.K. (2016). Biochemical changes in susceptible and resistant black gram cultivars induced by root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Agricultural Science Digest. 36: 326-328.
  29. Sassers, J.N. and Freckman, D.W. (1987). A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society. In: Vistas on Nematology: a commemoration of the anniversary of the society of nematologists. Society of nematologists, [Lakeland FL, Veech JA, Dickerson DW (eds)] Hyattsville, MD: Society of Nematologists pp 7-14.
  30. Siddhuraju, P. and Becker, K. (2003). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 2144-2155.
  31. Swain, B.N. and Prasad, J.S. (1988). Chlorophyll content in rice as influenced by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola infection. Current Science. 57: 895-896.
  32. Wani, A.A. and Anis, M. (2001). Gamma rays induced bold seeded high yielding mutant in chickpea. Mutation Breeding Newsletter. 45: 20-21.
  33. Williamson, V.M. (1998). Root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and their potential for future use. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 36: 277-293.
  34. Yasuma, A. and Ichikawa, T. (1953). Ninhydrin-Schiff and alloxan-    Schiff staining; a new histochemical staining method for protein. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 41: 296-299.
  35. Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry. 64: 555-    559.
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Indian Journal of Agricultural Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 6 (december 2020) : 708-715,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5430

    Effects of Root-Knot Nematode Inoculums Densities on Morphological and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Horse Gram Germplasm

    T
    Thomas Cheeran Amal
    P
    Palanisamy Karthika
    V
    Venkatachalam Balamurugan
    G
    Govindan Shanmugam
    S
    Subramaniam Selvakumar
    P
    Palanisamy Sundararaj
    K
    Krishnan Vasanth
    1Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Cite article:- Amal Cheeran Thomas, Karthika Palanisamy, Balamurugan Venkatachalam, Shanmugam Govindan, Selvakumar Subramaniam, Sundararaj Palanisamy, Vasanth Krishnan (2020). Effects of Root-Knot Nematode Inoculums Densities on Morphological and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Horse Gram Germplasm. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(6): 708-715. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5430.

    ABSTRACT

    Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita; RKN) are important constraints on agricultural crops worldwide. Horse gram is a vulnerable pulse crop from the agriculture revolution exceptionally in southern India. This study intended to assess the resistance of four Horse gram accessions IC-1536, IC-1572, IC-1451 and IC-1115 selected from 100 accessions based on the morphological and biochemical scrutiny. Individual seedlings were transferred in the clay pots packed with sterile soil and inoculated with three doses (25, 50 and 100) of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. All nematode inoculums densities influenced the shoot length of plants, flowering and yield. The level of amino acid, proline, protein, total phenol and flavonoids contents were increased while carbohydrate and starch contents were decreased in all the varieties compared to the 15th day after inoculation. It is pointed out that M. incognita has not only impaired the plant growth but also biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll pigments, primary and secondary metabolites.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abbasi, M.W., Ahmed, N., Zaki, M.J., Shaukat, S.S. (2008). Effect of Barleria acanthoides Vahl. on root-knot nematode infection and growth of infected okra and brinjal plants. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40: 2193-2198.
    2. Ahmed, N., Abbasi, M.W., Shaukat, S.S., Zaki, M.J. (2009). Physiological changes in leaves of mungbean plants infected with Meloidogyne javanica. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 48: 262-268.
    3. Ali, S.S. (2009). Estimation of unavoidable yield losses in certain rabi pulse crops due to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Trends in Biosciences. 2: 48-49.
    4. Ali, S.S., Naimuddin, A.M., Ali, M. (2010). Nematode infestation in pulse crops. In: Nematode Infestations, Part I: Field Crops. [Khan MR, Jairajpuri MS (eds)] The National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad. India, pp 325.
    5. Ansari, T., Asif, M., Siddiqui, M.A. (2018). Resistance screening of lentil cultivars against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal. 11: 9-18.
    6. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplast poly- -phenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
    7. Bajaj, K.L., Arora, Y.K., Mahajan, R. (1983). Biochemical differences in tomato cultivars resistant and susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita. Revue Nérnatol. 6: 143-154.
    8. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
    9. Bozbuga, R., Yildiz Dasgan, H., Akhoundnejad, Y., Imren, M., Toktay H., Kasapoglu, E.B. (2015). Identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes having resistance against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Legume Research-An International Journal. 38: 669-674.
    10. Bridge, J., Coene, D.L., Kwoseh, C.K. (2005). Nematode parasite of tropical root and tuber crops. In: [Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds)] Plant parasitic nematodes in tropical and subtropical agriculture. Oxfordshire:CABI Publishing pp 221-258.
    11. Epstein, E. (1972). Defence mechanism of L. proline against Longidorus, Nematologica. 18: 555-562.
    12. Fortnum, B.A., Kasperbauer, M.J., Decoteau, D.R. (2000). Effect of mulch surface color on root-knot of tomato grown in simulated planting beds. Journal of Nematology. 32:101-    109.
    13. Gautam, S.K. and Poddar, A.N. (2014). Study on protein and sugar content in Meloidogyne incognita infested roots of bitter gourd. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 3: 470-478.
    14. Giebel, J. (1974). Biochemical mechanisms of plant resistance to nematodes: a review. Journal of Nematology. 6: 175-184.
    15. Hodge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. (1962). Determination of reducing sugars and carbohydrates. In: [Whistler RL, Wolfrom ML (eds)] Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, 380-394.
    16. Hussey, R.S. and Barker, K.R.A. (1973). Comparison of methods for collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter. 57: 1025-1028.
    17. Hussey, R.S. and Williamson, V.M. (1997). Physiological and molecular aspects of nematode parasitism. In: [Barker KR, Pederson GA, Windham GL (eds)] Plant and Nematode Interactions Madison WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy pp 87-108.
    18. Khan, H.U., Mukhtar, T., Ahmad, R. (2005). Geographical distribution of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology. 23: 133-140.
    19. Kirk, J.T. and Allen, R.L. (1965). Dependence of chloroplast pigment synthesis on protein synthesis effect of actidione. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 21: 523-530.
    20. Kosuge, T. (1969). The role of phenolics in host response to infection. The Annual Review of Phytopathology. 7: 195-222.
    21. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 265-275.
    22. Melakeberhan, H., Brooke, R.C., Webster, J.M. (1986). Relationship between physiological response of french beans of different age to Meloidogyne incognita and subsequent yield loss. Plant Pathology. 35: 203-213.
    23. Mohanty, K.C. and Pradhan, A.K. (1989). Quantitative estimation of free amino acids and amides in resistant and susceptible green gram varieties inoculated with root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Jjournal of Nematology. 19: 74-76.
    24. Mohiddin, F.A. and Khan, M.R. (2019). Efficacy of newly developed biopesticides for the management of wilt disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Legume Research-An International Journal. 42: 550-556.
    25. Mukhtar, T., Arooj, M., Ashfaq, M., Gulzar, A. (2017). Resistance evaluation and host status of selected green gram germplasm against Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection. 92: 198-202.
    26. Nayak, D.K. (2015). Effects of nematode infection on contents of phenolic substances as influenced by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in susceptible and resistant brinjal cultivars. Agricultural Science Digest. 35: 163-164.
    27. Neelam, R. and Sahai, J. (1988). Effect of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth, pigment content and biomass of Sesamum indicum L. Journal of Environmental Biology. 9: 45-50.
    28. Pandey, R.K., Nayak, D.K., Lepcha, R., Kumar, R.K. (2016). Biochemical changes in susceptible and resistant black gram cultivars induced by root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Agricultural Science Digest. 36: 326-328.
    29. Sassers, J.N. and Freckman, D.W. (1987). A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society. In: Vistas on Nematology: a commemoration of the anniversary of the society of nematologists. Society of nematologists, [Lakeland FL, Veech JA, Dickerson DW (eds)] Hyattsville, MD: Society of Nematologists pp 7-14.
    30. Siddhuraju, P. and Becker, K. (2003). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 2144-2155.
    31. Swain, B.N. and Prasad, J.S. (1988). Chlorophyll content in rice as influenced by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola infection. Current Science. 57: 895-896.
    32. Wani, A.A. and Anis, M. (2001). Gamma rays induced bold seeded high yielding mutant in chickpea. Mutation Breeding Newsletter. 45: 20-21.
    33. Williamson, V.M. (1998). Root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and their potential for future use. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 36: 277-293.
    34. Yasuma, A. and Ichikawa, T. (1953). Ninhydrin-Schiff and alloxan-    Schiff staining; a new histochemical staining method for protein. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 41: 296-299.
    35. Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry. 64: 555-    559.
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