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Research Article

volume 54 issue 6 (december 2020) : 699-707,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-509

Influence of Foliar Applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

A
Arifa Nazeer
K
Khalid Hussain
A
Ahmad Hassain
K
Khalid Nawaz
Z
Zobia Bashir
S
Syed Saqib Ali
N
Nida Zainab
M
Muhammad Qurban
G
Ghulam Yasin
1Department of Botany, University of Gujrat (UOG), Pakistan. 
Cite article:- Nazeer Arifa, Hussain Khalid, Hassain Ahmad, Nawaz Khalid, Bashir Zobia, Ali Saqib Syed, Zainab Nida, Qurban Muhammad, Yasin Ghulam (2020). Influence of Foliar Applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(6): 699-707. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-509.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pea is the most important crop and vegetable in the world but it has low yield. There is a need to find the ways for the improvement of crop productivity. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are extensively used in many crops for enhancement of yield and quality. This study was designed to find the influence of PGRs on growth, yield and quality of pea cultivars grown in Pakistan. 

Methods: Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of various plant growth regulators (IAA, NAA and GA3) on pea during 2018-19. Four cultivars of pea i.e. Meteor, Green cross, Sultan and Dollar were used in these experiments. There were 0, 100 and 200 mmol’×L-1 levels for each hormone that were applied as foliar spray after 14 days of germination. Experiment was laid down in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. 
Results: Morphological, biochemical and yield attributes significantly increased in four cultivars of pea except variety Sultan for few parameters. Cultivar Meteor showed highly positive increasing effects on growth and yield attributes as compared to other treatments. Catalases (CAT) activities were increased and peroxidase dismutase (POD) activities were reduced. It can be concluded that reduction in POD activities helped to increase the defense mechanism of plants and high CAT activities caused better balance in plant metabolism as a result growth, yield and quality of pea were increased. All the variables including shoot length, shoot biomass, number of fruits, total seed yield, carbohydrates and protein had positive correlation with phytohormones. These outcomes might be good indicators to predict the best pea cultivars that can have positive promising response for growth, yield and quality traits under plant growth regulators (PGR).

REFERENCES


  1. Akter, R. (2010). Effect of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on growth, physiological and biochemical responses and yield attributes of maize (Zea mays L. var. Pacific 283) (Doctoral dissertation, MS Thesis. Department of Botany, University of Dhaka).

  2. Arif, M., Shah, P., Ahmad, R. (2001). Effect of auxin on different wheat varieties. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture (Pakistan). 17: 33-40.

  3. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1.

  4. Beheshti, A.R. (2010). Dry matter accumulation and remobilization in grain sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under drought stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 185-189.

  5. Bhandari, S., Sajwan, M., Bisht, N. S. (2009). Physiological effect of auxins on growth characteristics and productive potential of Verbascum Thapsus- A Medicinal Plant. Universitas Garhwal. Indian Journal of Botany Researcher Center. 1: 47-51.

  6. Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254. 

  7. Chance, B. and C.A. Maehley. (1955). Assay of catalase and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology. 2: 764-755.

  8. Deotale, R.D., Maske, V.G., Sorte, N.V., Chimurkar, B.S., Yerne, A.Z. (1998). Effect of GA3 and IAA on morphophysiological parameters of soybean. Journal of Soils Crops. 8: 91-94.

  9. Devi, M.T. and Singh, V.K. (2016). Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system. Legume Research. 40: 105-116

  10. Dimkpa, C., Weinand, T., Asch, F. (2009). Plant–rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions. Plant, Cell and Environment. 32: 1682-1694.

  11. El-Shraiy, A.M. and Hegazi, A.M. (2009). Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3-bytric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.). Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences. 3: 3514-3523.

  12. Hussain, K.H., Hussain, M., Nawaz, K.H., Majeed, A., Hayat-Bhatti, K.H. (2011). Morphochemical response of Chaksu (Cassia absus L.) to different concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 43: 1491-1493.

  13. Kalita, P., Dey, S.C., Chandra, K. (1995). Influence of foliar application of phosphorus and naphthalene acetic acid on nitrogen, drymatter accumulation and Yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek CV AAU-34). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 38: 197-202.

  14. Kaya, C., Tuna A.L., Okant, A.M. (2010). Effect of foliar applied kinetin and indole acetic acid on maize plants grown under saline conditions. Turkish Journal Agriculture and Forestry. 34: 529-538.

  15. Kelaiya, V.V., Jethwa, M.G., Patel, J.C., Sadaria, S. G. (1991). Effect of growth-regulators and their spraying schedules on groundnut. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 36: 111-113.

  16. Khalid, N., Hussain, K., Nawaz, K., Siddiqi, E.H., Khan, S.J., Shafiq, M., Lin, F. (2017). Assessment of growth, yield and nutritional values of pea (Pisum sativum L.) By foliage applications of IAA. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 49: 509-517.

  17. Khalil, S. and Mandarah, H.M. (1989). Growth and metabolic changes of cowpea plants as affected by water deficiency and indoe-3-acetic acid. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 163: 160-166.

  18. Khandaker, M.M., Azam, H.M., Rosnah, J., Tahir, D., Nashriyah, M. (2018). The Effects of Application of Exogenous IAA and GA3 on the Physiological Activities and Quality of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) var. Singa 979. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 41: 209-224.

  19. Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Najafi, F., Ranjbari, M. (2013). The effects of GA3 application on growth, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and sugars levels of cadmium stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. CH) plants. Romanian Journal of Biology Plant Biology. 58: 51-60.

  20. Krishnaveni, S., Theymoli, B., Sadasivam, S. (1984). Phenol Sulphuric acid method. Food Chemistry. 15: 229.

  21. Lee, H. S. (1990). Effects of pre-sowing seed treatments with GA3 and IAA on flowering and yield components in ground nuts. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 35: 1-9. 

  22. Macas, J., Neumann, P., Navratilova (2007). Repetitive DNA in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) genome: comprehensive characterization using 454 sequencing and comparison to soybean and Medicago truncatula. BMC Genomics. 8: 427.

  23. Malik, K.A. and Saxena, P.K. (1992). Thidiazuran induces high frequency shoot regeneration in chick pea and lentil. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19: 6731-740.

  24. Ouafi, L., Alane, F., Rahal-Bouziane, H., Abdelguerfi, A. (2016). Agro-morphological diversity within field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 11: 4039-4047.

  25. Pal, S.L. (2019). Role of plant growth regulators in floriculture: An overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8: 789-796.

  26. Patel, I. and Saxena, O.P. (1994). Screening of PGRs for seed treatment in green gram and black gram. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 37: 206-206.

  27. Pawar, Y., Varma, L.R., Verma, P., Joshi, H.N., More, S.G., Dabhi, J.S. (2016). Influences of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, flowering and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Bonneville. Legume Research. 40:117-124.

  28. Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, A. and Bajguz, A. (2014). The effect of natural and synthetic auxins on the growth, metabolite content and antioxidant response of green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae). Plant Growth Regulation. 73: 57-66.

  29. Rahman, M.H., Wajid, S.A., Ahmad, A., Khaliq, T., Malik, A.U., Awais, M., Abbas, G. (2013). Performance of Promising Lentil Cultivars at Different Nitrogen Rates under Irrigated Conditions. Science International. 25: 905-909.

  30. Rosenvasser, S., Mayak, S., Friedman, H. (2006). Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in senescence-associated gene transcript (SAG) levels during dark-induced senescence of Pelargonium cuttings and the effect of gibberellic acid. Plant Science. 170: 873-879.

  31. Seghatoleslami, M.J., Kafi, M., Majidi, E. (2008). Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on yield and water use efficiency of five proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40: 1427-1432.

  32. Sentelhas, P.C., Caetano, J.R.G., Teixeira, N.T. (1987). Effect of indole acetic acid (IAA) and foliar nitrogen on the wheat culture (Triticum aestivum L.) IAC-17 cultivar. Ecossistema (Brazil). 12: 123-128.

  33. Sharma, S., Gambhir, G., Srivastava, D.K. (2017). In vitro differentiation and plant regeneration from root and other explants of juvenile origin in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research. 40: 1020-1027.

  34. Shomeili, M., Nabipour, M., Meskarbashee, M., Memari, H.R. (2011). Effects of gibberellic acid on sugarcane plants exposed to salinity under a hydroponic system. African Journal of Plant Science. 5: 609-616.

  35. Singh, M., John, S.A., Rout, S., Patra, S.S. (2015). Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth and quality of garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel. Bioscan. 10: 381-383.

  36. Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J.H. (1986). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biological Approach. McGraw-Hill, 315-321.

  37. Synkova, H., Semoradova, S., Schnablová, R., Witters, E., Husak, M., Valcke, R. (2006). Cytokinin-induced activity of antioxidant enzymes in transgenic Pssu-ipt tobacco during plant ontogeny. Biologia Plantarum. 50: 31-41.

  38. Szechynska-Hebda, M., Skrzypek, E., D¹browska, G., Biesaga-    Koscielniak, J., Filek, M., Wêdzony, M. (2007). The role of oxidative stress induced by growth regulators in the regeneration process of wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 29: 327-337.
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Indian Journal of Agricultural Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 6 (december 2020) : 699-707,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-509

    Influence of Foliar Applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

    A
    Arifa Nazeer
    K
    Khalid Hussain
    A
    Ahmad Hassain
    K
    Khalid Nawaz
    Z
    Zobia Bashir
    S
    Syed Saqib Ali
    N
    Nida Zainab
    M
    Muhammad Qurban
    G
    Ghulam Yasin
    1Department of Botany, University of Gujrat (UOG), Pakistan. 
    Cite article:- Nazeer Arifa, Hussain Khalid, Hassain Ahmad, Nawaz Khalid, Bashir Zobia, Ali Saqib Syed, Zainab Nida, Qurban Muhammad, Yasin Ghulam (2020). Influence of Foliar Applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(6): 699-707. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-509.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Pea is the most important crop and vegetable in the world but it has low yield. There is a need to find the ways for the improvement of crop productivity. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are extensively used in many crops for enhancement of yield and quality. This study was designed to find the influence of PGRs on growth, yield and quality of pea cultivars grown in Pakistan. 

    Methods: Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of various plant growth regulators (IAA, NAA and GA3) on pea during 2018-19. Four cultivars of pea i.e. Meteor, Green cross, Sultan and Dollar were used in these experiments. There were 0, 100 and 200 mmol’×L-1 levels for each hormone that were applied as foliar spray after 14 days of germination. Experiment was laid down in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. 
    Results: Morphological, biochemical and yield attributes significantly increased in four cultivars of pea except variety Sultan for few parameters. Cultivar Meteor showed highly positive increasing effects on growth and yield attributes as compared to other treatments. Catalases (CAT) activities were increased and peroxidase dismutase (POD) activities were reduced. It can be concluded that reduction in POD activities helped to increase the defense mechanism of plants and high CAT activities caused better balance in plant metabolism as a result growth, yield and quality of pea were increased. All the variables including shoot length, shoot biomass, number of fruits, total seed yield, carbohydrates and protein had positive correlation with phytohormones. These outcomes might be good indicators to predict the best pea cultivars that can have positive promising response for growth, yield and quality traits under plant growth regulators (PGR).

    REFERENCES


    1. Akter, R. (2010). Effect of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on growth, physiological and biochemical responses and yield attributes of maize (Zea mays L. var. Pacific 283) (Doctoral dissertation, MS Thesis. Department of Botany, University of Dhaka).

    2. Arif, M., Shah, P., Ahmad, R. (2001). Effect of auxin on different wheat varieties. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture (Pakistan). 17: 33-40.

    3. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1.

    4. Beheshti, A.R. (2010). Dry matter accumulation and remobilization in grain sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under drought stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 185-189.

    5. Bhandari, S., Sajwan, M., Bisht, N. S. (2009). Physiological effect of auxins on growth characteristics and productive potential of Verbascum Thapsus- A Medicinal Plant. Universitas Garhwal. Indian Journal of Botany Researcher Center. 1: 47-51.

    6. Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254. 

    7. Chance, B. and C.A. Maehley. (1955). Assay of catalase and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology. 2: 764-755.

    8. Deotale, R.D., Maske, V.G., Sorte, N.V., Chimurkar, B.S., Yerne, A.Z. (1998). Effect of GA3 and IAA on morphophysiological parameters of soybean. Journal of Soils Crops. 8: 91-94.

    9. Devi, M.T. and Singh, V.K. (2016). Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system. Legume Research. 40: 105-116

    10. Dimkpa, C., Weinand, T., Asch, F. (2009). Plant–rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions. Plant, Cell and Environment. 32: 1682-1694.

    11. El-Shraiy, A.M. and Hegazi, A.M. (2009). Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3-bytric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.). Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences. 3: 3514-3523.

    12. Hussain, K.H., Hussain, M., Nawaz, K.H., Majeed, A., Hayat-Bhatti, K.H. (2011). Morphochemical response of Chaksu (Cassia absus L.) to different concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 43: 1491-1493.

    13. Kalita, P., Dey, S.C., Chandra, K. (1995). Influence of foliar application of phosphorus and naphthalene acetic acid on nitrogen, drymatter accumulation and Yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek CV AAU-34). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 38: 197-202.

    14. Kaya, C., Tuna A.L., Okant, A.M. (2010). Effect of foliar applied kinetin and indole acetic acid on maize plants grown under saline conditions. Turkish Journal Agriculture and Forestry. 34: 529-538.

    15. Kelaiya, V.V., Jethwa, M.G., Patel, J.C., Sadaria, S. G. (1991). Effect of growth-regulators and their spraying schedules on groundnut. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 36: 111-113.

    16. Khalid, N., Hussain, K., Nawaz, K., Siddiqi, E.H., Khan, S.J., Shafiq, M., Lin, F. (2017). Assessment of growth, yield and nutritional values of pea (Pisum sativum L.) By foliage applications of IAA. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 49: 509-517.

    17. Khalil, S. and Mandarah, H.M. (1989). Growth and metabolic changes of cowpea plants as affected by water deficiency and indoe-3-acetic acid. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 163: 160-166.

    18. Khandaker, M.M., Azam, H.M., Rosnah, J., Tahir, D., Nashriyah, M. (2018). The Effects of Application of Exogenous IAA and GA3 on the Physiological Activities and Quality of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) var. Singa 979. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 41: 209-224.

    19. Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Najafi, F., Ranjbari, M. (2013). The effects of GA3 application on growth, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and sugars levels of cadmium stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. CH) plants. Romanian Journal of Biology Plant Biology. 58: 51-60.

    20. Krishnaveni, S., Theymoli, B., Sadasivam, S. (1984). Phenol Sulphuric acid method. Food Chemistry. 15: 229.

    21. Lee, H. S. (1990). Effects of pre-sowing seed treatments with GA3 and IAA on flowering and yield components in ground nuts. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 35: 1-9. 

    22. Macas, J., Neumann, P., Navratilova (2007). Repetitive DNA in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) genome: comprehensive characterization using 454 sequencing and comparison to soybean and Medicago truncatula. BMC Genomics. 8: 427.

    23. Malik, K.A. and Saxena, P.K. (1992). Thidiazuran induces high frequency shoot regeneration in chick pea and lentil. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19: 6731-740.

    24. Ouafi, L., Alane, F., Rahal-Bouziane, H., Abdelguerfi, A. (2016). Agro-morphological diversity within field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 11: 4039-4047.

    25. Pal, S.L. (2019). Role of plant growth regulators in floriculture: An overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8: 789-796.

    26. Patel, I. and Saxena, O.P. (1994). Screening of PGRs for seed treatment in green gram and black gram. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 37: 206-206.

    27. Pawar, Y., Varma, L.R., Verma, P., Joshi, H.N., More, S.G., Dabhi, J.S. (2016). Influences of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, flowering and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Bonneville. Legume Research. 40:117-124.

    28. Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, A. and Bajguz, A. (2014). The effect of natural and synthetic auxins on the growth, metabolite content and antioxidant response of green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae). Plant Growth Regulation. 73: 57-66.

    29. Rahman, M.H., Wajid, S.A., Ahmad, A., Khaliq, T., Malik, A.U., Awais, M., Abbas, G. (2013). Performance of Promising Lentil Cultivars at Different Nitrogen Rates under Irrigated Conditions. Science International. 25: 905-909.

    30. Rosenvasser, S., Mayak, S., Friedman, H. (2006). Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in senescence-associated gene transcript (SAG) levels during dark-induced senescence of Pelargonium cuttings and the effect of gibberellic acid. Plant Science. 170: 873-879.

    31. Seghatoleslami, M.J., Kafi, M., Majidi, E. (2008). Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on yield and water use efficiency of five proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40: 1427-1432.

    32. Sentelhas, P.C., Caetano, J.R.G., Teixeira, N.T. (1987). Effect of indole acetic acid (IAA) and foliar nitrogen on the wheat culture (Triticum aestivum L.) IAC-17 cultivar. Ecossistema (Brazil). 12: 123-128.

    33. Sharma, S., Gambhir, G., Srivastava, D.K. (2017). In vitro differentiation and plant regeneration from root and other explants of juvenile origin in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research. 40: 1020-1027.

    34. Shomeili, M., Nabipour, M., Meskarbashee, M., Memari, H.R. (2011). Effects of gibberellic acid on sugarcane plants exposed to salinity under a hydroponic system. African Journal of Plant Science. 5: 609-616.

    35. Singh, M., John, S.A., Rout, S., Patra, S.S. (2015). Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth and quality of garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel. Bioscan. 10: 381-383.

    36. Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J.H. (1986). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biological Approach. McGraw-Hill, 315-321.

    37. Synkova, H., Semoradova, S., Schnablová, R., Witters, E., Husak, M., Valcke, R. (2006). Cytokinin-induced activity of antioxidant enzymes in transgenic Pssu-ipt tobacco during plant ontogeny. Biologia Plantarum. 50: 31-41.

    38. Szechynska-Hebda, M., Skrzypek, E., D¹browska, G., Biesaga-    Koscielniak, J., Filek, M., Wêdzony, M. (2007). The role of oxidative stress induced by growth regulators in the regeneration process of wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 29: 327-337.
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