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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 52 issue 4 (august 2018) : 341-346,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5005

Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens

D
Debjani Choudhury
P
Prerna Dobhal
S
Seweta Srivastava
S
Soumen Saha
S
Susamoy Kundu
1School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Choudhury Debjani, Dobhal Prerna, Srivastava Seweta, Saha Soumen, Kundu Susamoy (2018). Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52(4): 341-346. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5005.

ABSTRACT

Agricultural and horticultural crops are spoiled by various fungi causing economic losses, and health risk to the consumers due to mycotoxins produced by fungi. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals led to development of resistance in plants which has necessitated utilization of higher concentrations, with the consequent rise in toxicity in food products. In ecosystem plants are surrounded by various enemies which defend themselves by producing secondary metabolites like terpenes, phenols and nitrogen and sulphur compounds. A new approach to control the pathogens which hampers quality food production has been implemented by the application of plant extract. Various studies have explained that plant extracts contain sundry of bioactive components that can control the fungal growth. The aim of this article is to summarize the results of in vitro experiments from the various literatures regarding the effects of plant-derived compounds for controlling growth of fungi.

REFERENCES

  1. Abo-El- Seoud, M.A., Sarhan, M.M., Omar, A.E. and Helal, M.M. 2005. Bioside formulation of essential oils having antimicrobial activity. Archiv. Phytopathol. Plant Protection 38: 175-184.
  2. Adwan G.M, Abu-Shanab B.A and Adwan K.M. (2008): In vitro activity of certain drugs in Combination with plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pak J Med Sci. 24(4): 541-4.
  3. Akila R, Rajendran L, Harish S, Saveetha K, Raguchander T and Samiyappan R. (2011): Combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents for the management of Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing Fusarium wilt in banana. Biological Control. 57: 175–183.
  4. Amiri, A., Dugas, R., Pichot, A.L., Bompeix, G., (2008). In vitro and in vitro activity of eugenol oil (Eugenia caryophylata) against four important postharvest apple pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 126, 13–19.
  5. Bajwa, R., Riaz, S. and Javaid, A. (2002). Antifungal activity of allelopathic plant extracts. II: In vitro control of Fusariummoniliforme and F.oxysporum by aqueous extracts of four allelopathic grasses. In: Proceedings of 3rd Nat. Conf. Pl. Path., October 1–3, 2001, Islamabad. 59-69.
  6. Bhardwaj S.K. (2012): Evaluation of Plant Extracts as Antifungal Agents against Fusariumsolani (Mart.) Sacc. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8(4): 385-388.
  7. Bhutia D.D, Zhimo. Y, Kole. R and Saha J (2015). Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Colletotrichummusae, the post-harvest anthracnose of banana cv. Martaman. Nutrition and Food Science 46(1):2-15.
  8. Boughalleb, N., Armengol, J. and El Mahjoub, M. (2005). Detection of races 1 and 2 of Fusariumsolanif.sp. Cucurbitae and their distribution in watermelon fields in Tunisia. J. Phytopat., 153: 162-168.
  9. Bowers J.H and Locke J.C. (2000): Effect of botanical extracts in combination with biocontrol organisms on control of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon. Phytopathology. 90: S8.
  10. Bowers J.H and Locke J.C. (2000): Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusariumoxysporumin soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Pl. Dis. 84: 300-305.
  11. Burtram C. F, Cindy L.K, Filicity A.V and Jeremy A.K (2015) Testing of Eight Medicinal Plant Extracts in Combination with Kresoxim-    Methyl for Integrated Control of Botrytis cinerea in Apples 5,400-411.
  12. Cheng S.S, Liu J.Y, Chang E.H and Chang S.T. (2008): Antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol congeners against wood-    rot fungi. Bioresource Technol. 99: 5145"5149.
  13. Choi, J.H, Brummer, E., Stevens, D.A. (2004) Combined action of micafungin, a new echinocandin, and human phagocytes for antifungal activity against Aspergillusfumigatus. Microbes Infect. 6:383–389.
  14. Cabral L. C., Pinto V. F., Patriarca A. Application of plant derived compounds to control fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology 166(2013), 1-14.
  15. Deba, F., Xuan, T.D., Yasuda, M., Tawata, S., 2008. Chemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oils from Bidenspilosa Linn. var. Radiata. Food Control 19: 346–352.
  16. Debjani C, Yumlembam R.A, Susamoy K, Ranjan N, Ramen K. K and Jayanta S.(2017) Effect of plant extracts against sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani; Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.6(4): 399-404.
  17. Debjani C, Soumen S, Ranjan N, Ramen. K.K and Jayanta S (2017), Management of chilli anthracnose by botanicals fungicides caused by Colletotrichum capsici Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(4): 997-1002.
  18. Doltsinis, S.K., Markellou, E., Kasselaki, A.M., Fanouraki, M.N., and Koumaki, C.M. (2006). Efficacy of milsana, a formulated plant extract from Reynoutriasachalinensis, against powdery mildew of tomato (Leveillulataurica). Biocontrol, 51:375-392.
  19. Dos Santos Oliveira, M., Badiale Furlong, E., 2008. Screening of antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of plant phenolic extracts. World Mycotoxin Journal 1: 139–146.
  20. Faria, T.J., Ferreira, R.S., Yassumoto, L., de Souza, J.R.P., Ishikawa, N.K., and Barbosa, A.M. (2006). Antifungal activity of essential oil isolated from Ocimumgratissimum L. (eugenolchemotype) against phytopathogenic fungi. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 49:867-871.
  21. Fawzi E.M, Khalil A.A and Afifi A.F (2009) Antifungal effect of some plant extracts on Alternaria alternate and Fusariumoxysporum. African Journal of Biotechnology 2(11):2590-2597.
  22. Feng W and Zheng X. (2006): Control of Alternariaalternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 101: 1317–1322.
  23. Hadizadeh, I., Pivastegan, B., and Hamzehzarghani, H. (2009). Antifungal activity of essential oils from some medicinal plants of Iran againstAlternariaalternata. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6:857-861.
  24. Harish, S., Saravanan, T., Radjacommare, R., Ebenezar, E.G. and Seetharaman, K. (2004). Mycotoxic effect of seed extracts against Helminthosporiumoryzae Breda de hann, the incitant of rice brown spot. J. Biol. Sci., 4:366-369.
  25. Hassan, I., Nasir M.A. and Haque, M.R. (1992). Effect of different plant extract on brown rust and yield of wheat. J. Agric. Res., 30:127-31.
  26. Hassane, N.M., AbouZeid, M.A., Youssef, I.F., and Mahmoud, D.A. (2008). Efficacy of leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachtaindica) and chinaberry (Meliaazedarach) against early blight and wilt diseases of tomato. Austr. J. Basic Applied Sci., 2:763-772.
  27. Jantasorn. A, Boontida. M and Tida. D, 2016. .In vitro antifungal activity evaluation of five plant extracts against five plant pathogenic fungi causing rice and economic crop diseases. Journal of Biopest 9(1):01-07.
  28. Khallil, A.R.M., (2001). Phytofungitoxic properties in the aqueous extracts of some plants. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4:392-394.
  29. Khan, T.Z., Nasir, M.A. and Bokhari, S.A. (1998). Antifungal properties of some plant extracts. Pakistan J. Phytopathol., 10:62–65.
  30. Kumar, R., Mishra, A.K., Dubey, N.K., Tripathi, Y.B., (2007). Evaluation of Chenopodiuambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Food Microbiology 115: 159–164.
  31. Lakhdar Belabid, LeilaSimoussa and BassamBayaa (2010). Effect of some plant extracts on the population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lentis, the causal organism of lentil wilt. Advances in Environmental Biology. 4(1): 95-100.
  32. Magan, N., Aldred, D., 2007. Post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 131–139.
  33. Magro, A., Carolino, M., Bastos, M., Mexia, A., 2006. Efficacy of plant extracts against stored products fungi. RevistaIberoamericana de Micología 23, 176–178.
  34. Matchima. NandAmpai.R 2009.Preliminary study on antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of pomelo albedo against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2009, S138-S142.
  35. Monika (2016). Chemistry and fungicidal activity of dill seed (Anethumgraveolens L.) essential oil. Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University.
  36. Naeini, A., Ziglari, T., Shokri, H., Khosravi, A.R., 2010. Assessment of growth-inhibiting effect of some plant essential oils on different Fusarium isolates. Journal de MycologieMédicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 20, 174–178.
  37. Nguefack J, Tamgue O, Dongmo JBL, Dakole CD, Leth V, Vismer HF, AmvamZollo PH and Nkengfack AE. (2012): Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogoncitratus, Ocimumgratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicilliumexpansum.Food Control. 23: 377–383.
  38. Paul O. Okemob, Harsh P. B, Jorge M. Vivancoa (2003), In vitro activities of Maesalanceolata extracts against fungal plant pathogens. Fitoterapia 74 312–316
  39. Rai, N.K., Leepikatuli, B., Sharma, K., and Singh, U.P. (2000). Effect of plant extracts on spore germination of some fungi. Indian. J. Pl. Pathol., 18: 44-47.
  40. Rakholiya K and Chanda S. (2012): In vitro interaction of certain antimicrobial agents in combination with plant extracts against some pathogenic bacterial strains. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.S1466-S1470.
  41. Patil Ravikumar, H.S., Makari, H.K., Gurumurthy, H., (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Thevetiaperuviana. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Algricultural and Food Chemistry 6 (9), 2318–2322.
  42. Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Shams-Ghahfarokhi , Yoshinari T, Rezaee , Jaimand K, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. (2008) Inhibitory effects of Saturejahortensis L. essential oil on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillusparasiticus. Int J Food Microbiol 123(3):228-33.
  43. Rodríguez, D. Jasso de, Hernández-Castillo D, Rodríguez-García R , Angulo-Sanchez J L. (2005). Antifungal activity in vitro of Aloe verapulp and liquid fraction against plant pathogenic fungi. Industrial Crops and Products. 21:81-87.
  44. Rosenthal GA, 1991. The biochemical basis for the deleterious effects of L-canavanine. Phytochemistry, 30: 1055-1058.
  45. Schafer H, Wink M, (2009). Medicinally important secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms or plants: progress in alkaloid biosynthesis. Biotechnology Journal, 4(12): 1684-1703.
  46. Shirzadian, S., Azad, H.A., and Khalghani, J. (2009). Introductional study of antifungal activities of bryophyte extracts. Iran. J. Pl. Pest Dis., 77:1-22.
  47. Singh.G, Maurya. S, Lampasona M.P. Catalanb C.A.N.(2007), A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45(9); 1650-1661.
  48. Souza, E.L.d, Lima, E.d.O., Freire, K.R.d.L., Sousa, C.P.d, (2005). Inhibitory action of some essential oils and phytochemicals on the growth of various moulds isolated from foods. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, 245–250.
  49. Suprapta, D.N. and Kalimi, K. (2009). Efficacy of plant extracts formulations to suppress stem rot disease on Vanilla seedlings. J. ISSAAS, 15:34-41.
  50. Surender K.B (2012). Evaluation of plant extracts as Antifungal Agents against Fusariumsolani (Mart.) Sacc. World journal of Agricultural Sciences 8: 385-388.
  51. Tahany MA, Hegazy AK, Sayed AM, Kabiel HF, El-Alfy T and El-Komy SM. (2010): Study on combined antimicrobial activity of some biologically active constituents from wild Moringaperegrina Forssk. J. Yeast Fungal Res. 1: 15–24.
  52. Tamuli P, Das J, Boruah P (2014). Antifungal Activity of Polygonum Hydropiper and SolanumMelongena against Plant Pathogenic Fungi.Plant Archives; 14:15-17.
  53. Velluti, A., Marín, S., Gonzalez, P., Ramos, A.J., Sanchis, V., (2004). Initial screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on growth of Fusariumverticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum on maize-based agar media. Food Microbiology 21, 649–656.
  54. Vilela, G.R., de Almeida, G.S., D’Arce, M.A.B.R., Moraes, M.H.D., Brito, J.O., da Silva, M.F.d.G.F., Silva, S.C., de Stefano Piedade, S.M., Calori-Domingues, M.A., da Gloria, E.M., (2009). Activity of essential oil and its major compound, 1,8-cineole, from Eucalyptus globulusLabill., against the storage fungi Aspergillusflavus Link and AspergillusparasiticusSpeare. Journal of Stored Products Research 45, 108–111.
  55. Viuda M M., Ruiz N. Y., Fernández L, J., Pérez-Á. J., (2008). Antifungal activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oils. Food Control 19:1130–1138.
  56. Wedge, D.E. and Smith, B.J. (2006). Discovery and evaluation of natural product-based fungicides for disease control of small fruits. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens and Diseases, 1-14.
  57. Yasmin. M., Hossain. K.S, And. Bashar M.A. (2008). Effects of some angiospermic plant extracts on in vitro vegetative growth of fusariumm    oniliforme. Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 85-88.
  58. Yusuf.Y, Izzet. K, Ayhan. G, brahim. D, Nezhun. G, Halit. Ç and Mark. W, 2011. In vitro antifungal activities of 26 plant extracts on mycelial growth of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(14), 2625-2629.
  59. Yumlembam R. A., Debjani C, Salma B, Saha J., and Nath P. S., (2016). Exploration of botanicals extracts against blackrot of cabbage caused by xanthomonascampestrispv.campestris. The Bioscan 11(2): 821-825.
  60. Zabka, M., Pavela, R., Slezakova, L., (2009). Antifungal effect of Pimentadioica essential oil against dangerous pathogenic and toxinogenic fungi. Industrial Crops and Products 30, 250–253.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 52 issue 4 (august 2018) : 341-346,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5005

    Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens

    D
    Debjani Choudhury
    P
    Prerna Dobhal
    S
    Seweta Srivastava
    S
    Soumen Saha
    S
    Susamoy Kundu
    1School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.
    Cite article:- Choudhury Debjani, Dobhal Prerna, Srivastava Seweta, Saha Soumen, Kundu Susamoy (2018). Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52(4): 341-346. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5005.

    ABSTRACT

    Agricultural and horticultural crops are spoiled by various fungi causing economic losses, and health risk to the consumers due to mycotoxins produced by fungi. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals led to development of resistance in plants which has necessitated utilization of higher concentrations, with the consequent rise in toxicity in food products. In ecosystem plants are surrounded by various enemies which defend themselves by producing secondary metabolites like terpenes, phenols and nitrogen and sulphur compounds. A new approach to control the pathogens which hampers quality food production has been implemented by the application of plant extract. Various studies have explained that plant extracts contain sundry of bioactive components that can control the fungal growth. The aim of this article is to summarize the results of in vitro experiments from the various literatures regarding the effects of plant-derived compounds for controlling growth of fungi.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abo-El- Seoud, M.A., Sarhan, M.M., Omar, A.E. and Helal, M.M. 2005. Bioside formulation of essential oils having antimicrobial activity. Archiv. Phytopathol. Plant Protection 38: 175-184.
    2. Adwan G.M, Abu-Shanab B.A and Adwan K.M. (2008): In vitro activity of certain drugs in Combination with plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pak J Med Sci. 24(4): 541-4.
    3. Akila R, Rajendran L, Harish S, Saveetha K, Raguchander T and Samiyappan R. (2011): Combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents for the management of Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing Fusarium wilt in banana. Biological Control. 57: 175–183.
    4. Amiri, A., Dugas, R., Pichot, A.L., Bompeix, G., (2008). In vitro and in vitro activity of eugenol oil (Eugenia caryophylata) against four important postharvest apple pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 126, 13–19.
    5. Bajwa, R., Riaz, S. and Javaid, A. (2002). Antifungal activity of allelopathic plant extracts. II: In vitro control of Fusariummoniliforme and F.oxysporum by aqueous extracts of four allelopathic grasses. In: Proceedings of 3rd Nat. Conf. Pl. Path., October 1–3, 2001, Islamabad. 59-69.
    6. Bhardwaj S.K. (2012): Evaluation of Plant Extracts as Antifungal Agents against Fusariumsolani (Mart.) Sacc. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8(4): 385-388.
    7. Bhutia D.D, Zhimo. Y, Kole. R and Saha J (2015). Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Colletotrichummusae, the post-harvest anthracnose of banana cv. Martaman. Nutrition and Food Science 46(1):2-15.
    8. Boughalleb, N., Armengol, J. and El Mahjoub, M. (2005). Detection of races 1 and 2 of Fusariumsolanif.sp. Cucurbitae and their distribution in watermelon fields in Tunisia. J. Phytopat., 153: 162-168.
    9. Bowers J.H and Locke J.C. (2000): Effect of botanical extracts in combination with biocontrol organisms on control of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon. Phytopathology. 90: S8.
    10. Bowers J.H and Locke J.C. (2000): Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusariumoxysporumin soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Pl. Dis. 84: 300-305.
    11. Burtram C. F, Cindy L.K, Filicity A.V and Jeremy A.K (2015) Testing of Eight Medicinal Plant Extracts in Combination with Kresoxim-    Methyl for Integrated Control of Botrytis cinerea in Apples 5,400-411.
    12. Cheng S.S, Liu J.Y, Chang E.H and Chang S.T. (2008): Antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol congeners against wood-    rot fungi. Bioresource Technol. 99: 5145"5149.
    13. Choi, J.H, Brummer, E., Stevens, D.A. (2004) Combined action of micafungin, a new echinocandin, and human phagocytes for antifungal activity against Aspergillusfumigatus. Microbes Infect. 6:383–389.
    14. Cabral L. C., Pinto V. F., Patriarca A. Application of plant derived compounds to control fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology 166(2013), 1-14.
    15. Deba, F., Xuan, T.D., Yasuda, M., Tawata, S., 2008. Chemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oils from Bidenspilosa Linn. var. Radiata. Food Control 19: 346–352.
    16. Debjani C, Yumlembam R.A, Susamoy K, Ranjan N, Ramen K. K and Jayanta S.(2017) Effect of plant extracts against sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani; Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.6(4): 399-404.
    17. Debjani C, Soumen S, Ranjan N, Ramen. K.K and Jayanta S (2017), Management of chilli anthracnose by botanicals fungicides caused by Colletotrichum capsici Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(4): 997-1002.
    18. Doltsinis, S.K., Markellou, E., Kasselaki, A.M., Fanouraki, M.N., and Koumaki, C.M. (2006). Efficacy of milsana, a formulated plant extract from Reynoutriasachalinensis, against powdery mildew of tomato (Leveillulataurica). Biocontrol, 51:375-392.
    19. Dos Santos Oliveira, M., Badiale Furlong, E., 2008. Screening of antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of plant phenolic extracts. World Mycotoxin Journal 1: 139–146.
    20. Faria, T.J., Ferreira, R.S., Yassumoto, L., de Souza, J.R.P., Ishikawa, N.K., and Barbosa, A.M. (2006). Antifungal activity of essential oil isolated from Ocimumgratissimum L. (eugenolchemotype) against phytopathogenic fungi. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 49:867-871.
    21. Fawzi E.M, Khalil A.A and Afifi A.F (2009) Antifungal effect of some plant extracts on Alternaria alternate and Fusariumoxysporum. African Journal of Biotechnology 2(11):2590-2597.
    22. Feng W and Zheng X. (2006): Control of Alternariaalternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 101: 1317–1322.
    23. Hadizadeh, I., Pivastegan, B., and Hamzehzarghani, H. (2009). Antifungal activity of essential oils from some medicinal plants of Iran againstAlternariaalternata. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6:857-861.
    24. Harish, S., Saravanan, T., Radjacommare, R., Ebenezar, E.G. and Seetharaman, K. (2004). Mycotoxic effect of seed extracts against Helminthosporiumoryzae Breda de hann, the incitant of rice brown spot. J. Biol. Sci., 4:366-369.
    25. Hassan, I., Nasir M.A. and Haque, M.R. (1992). Effect of different plant extract on brown rust and yield of wheat. J. Agric. Res., 30:127-31.
    26. Hassane, N.M., AbouZeid, M.A., Youssef, I.F., and Mahmoud, D.A. (2008). Efficacy of leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachtaindica) and chinaberry (Meliaazedarach) against early blight and wilt diseases of tomato. Austr. J. Basic Applied Sci., 2:763-772.
    27. Jantasorn. A, Boontida. M and Tida. D, 2016. .In vitro antifungal activity evaluation of five plant extracts against five plant pathogenic fungi causing rice and economic crop diseases. Journal of Biopest 9(1):01-07.
    28. Khallil, A.R.M., (2001). Phytofungitoxic properties in the aqueous extracts of some plants. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4:392-394.
    29. Khan, T.Z., Nasir, M.A. and Bokhari, S.A. (1998). Antifungal properties of some plant extracts. Pakistan J. Phytopathol., 10:62–65.
    30. Kumar, R., Mishra, A.K., Dubey, N.K., Tripathi, Y.B., (2007). Evaluation of Chenopodiuambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Food Microbiology 115: 159–164.
    31. Lakhdar Belabid, LeilaSimoussa and BassamBayaa (2010). Effect of some plant extracts on the population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lentis, the causal organism of lentil wilt. Advances in Environmental Biology. 4(1): 95-100.
    32. Magan, N., Aldred, D., 2007. Post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 131–139.
    33. Magro, A., Carolino, M., Bastos, M., Mexia, A., 2006. Efficacy of plant extracts against stored products fungi. RevistaIberoamericana de Micología 23, 176–178.
    34. Matchima. NandAmpai.R 2009.Preliminary study on antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of pomelo albedo against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2009, S138-S142.
    35. Monika (2016). Chemistry and fungicidal activity of dill seed (Anethumgraveolens L.) essential oil. Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University.
    36. Naeini, A., Ziglari, T., Shokri, H., Khosravi, A.R., 2010. Assessment of growth-inhibiting effect of some plant essential oils on different Fusarium isolates. Journal de MycologieMédicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 20, 174–178.
    37. Nguefack J, Tamgue O, Dongmo JBL, Dakole CD, Leth V, Vismer HF, AmvamZollo PH and Nkengfack AE. (2012): Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogoncitratus, Ocimumgratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicilliumexpansum.Food Control. 23: 377–383.
    38. Paul O. Okemob, Harsh P. B, Jorge M. Vivancoa (2003), In vitro activities of Maesalanceolata extracts against fungal plant pathogens. Fitoterapia 74 312–316
    39. Rai, N.K., Leepikatuli, B., Sharma, K., and Singh, U.P. (2000). Effect of plant extracts on spore germination of some fungi. Indian. J. Pl. Pathol., 18: 44-47.
    40. Rakholiya K and Chanda S. (2012): In vitro interaction of certain antimicrobial agents in combination with plant extracts against some pathogenic bacterial strains. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.S1466-S1470.
    41. Patil Ravikumar, H.S., Makari, H.K., Gurumurthy, H., (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Thevetiaperuviana. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Algricultural and Food Chemistry 6 (9), 2318–2322.
    42. Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Shams-Ghahfarokhi , Yoshinari T, Rezaee , Jaimand K, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. (2008) Inhibitory effects of Saturejahortensis L. essential oil on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillusparasiticus. Int J Food Microbiol 123(3):228-33.
    43. Rodríguez, D. Jasso de, Hernández-Castillo D, Rodríguez-García R , Angulo-Sanchez J L. (2005). Antifungal activity in vitro of Aloe verapulp and liquid fraction against plant pathogenic fungi. Industrial Crops and Products. 21:81-87.
    44. Rosenthal GA, 1991. The biochemical basis for the deleterious effects of L-canavanine. Phytochemistry, 30: 1055-1058.
    45. Schafer H, Wink M, (2009). Medicinally important secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms or plants: progress in alkaloid biosynthesis. Biotechnology Journal, 4(12): 1684-1703.
    46. Shirzadian, S., Azad, H.A., and Khalghani, J. (2009). Introductional study of antifungal activities of bryophyte extracts. Iran. J. Pl. Pest Dis., 77:1-22.
    47. Singh.G, Maurya. S, Lampasona M.P. Catalanb C.A.N.(2007), A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45(9); 1650-1661.
    48. Souza, E.L.d, Lima, E.d.O., Freire, K.R.d.L., Sousa, C.P.d, (2005). Inhibitory action of some essential oils and phytochemicals on the growth of various moulds isolated from foods. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, 245–250.
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