Among the different soybean growing states Madhya Pradesh is forerunner in case of soybean production in India. Out of total area and production of soybean, contribution of Madhya Pradesh was 56.03 and 51.43 per cent respectfully in 2011-12. The study was conducted in Madhya Pradesh state of India in the year 2012-13. The overall objective of present study was to find out the cost and return structure and resource use efficiency of soybean cultivation in Narsinghpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The average cost of cultivation was observed highest on medium farm as compared to large and small farmers. Average per hectare gross return from soybean for overall farmers was found to be Rs 43179.59. Cost of production per quintal of soybean was Rs. 1354.92 on overall farms. The benefit-cost ratio was similar in case of medium and large farmers with 1.74 and slightly higher in case of small farmers 1.76. None of the soybean growers was applying potashic fertilizers to soybean crops, but it plays vital role in nodule formation and in enzyme activities. Therefore, it is required that farmers should apply potashic fertilizer to the soybean crop.