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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 5 (october 2018) : 530-535,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-327

Effects of different levels of saline water on infection of tomato by Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold

B
Boumaaza Boualem
B
Boudalia Sofiane
G
Gacemi Abdelhamid
B
Benzohra.I. E
B
Benada M’hamed
B
Benkhelifa Mohamed
K
Khaladi Omar
1Biodiversity and Water and Soil Conservation Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, BP 300, 27000, Mostaganem, Algeria.
Cite article:- Boualem Boumaaza, Sofiane Boudalia, Abdelhamid Gacemi, E Benzohra.I., M’hamed Benada, Mohamed Benkhelifa, Omar Khaladi (2018). Effects of different levels of saline water on infection of tomato by Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52(5): 530-535. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-327.

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of NaCl salt on tomato upon B. cinerea infection the causal agent of gray mold disease. The disease assessment was recorded after inoculation by using the scale based on percentage leaf area affected, and the growth of the plants was recorded for each treatment. Three weeks after inoculation by conidial suspension, the estimated disease severity on plants of tomato was 35.18% compared to the control. The highest incidence disease increase of gray mold (39.21%) was obtained with using 300 mM of NaCl after inoculation with B. cinerea compared with the other concentrations and as well as distilled water. Under severe salt stress (150 and 300mM) increased susceptibility of gray mold disease severity were observed in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, while under mild salt stress (50mM of NaCl) this effect was reversed. The treatment of plant by B.cinerea has reduced the growth of the aerial part of tomato plants (39.06%) after three weeks inoculation compared to the control. Three levels of NaCl (50, 100 and 150mM) increased respectively the plant height from 12.73 to 29.84%, 0.28 to 27.16% for the fresh  eight and 5.75 to 33.35% for dry weight compared to the plants inoculated and irrigated by distilled water. NaCl addition at 300mM on plants inoculated with B. cinerea decreased the height, fresh weight and dry weight at 0.99, 4.45 and 11.01% respectively.

REFERENCES

  1. Amira M.S and Abdul Qados. (2011). Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of Vicia faba (L.). J. Saudi Soc. Agri. Sci.10: 7–15.
  2. Blaker, N. S. and MacDonald, J. D. (1986). The role of salinity in the development of Phytophthora root rot of citrus. Phytopathology 76: 970-975.
  3. Bouchibi, N., A.H.C. van Bruggen, and MacDonald, J.D. (1990). Effect of ion concentration and sodium: calcium ratio of a nutrient solution on Phytophthoraroot rot of tomato and zoospore motility and viability of Phytophthora parasitica. Phytopathology 80:1323-1329.
  4. Canaday, C. H., and Schmitthenner, A. F. (2010). Effects of chloride and ammonium salts on the incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean. Plant Dis. 94:758-765.
  5. Carisse, O., and Van derHeyden, H. (2014). Relationship of airborne Botrytis cinerea conidium concentration to tomato flower and stem infections: A threshold for de-leafing operations. Plant Dis. 99:137-142.
  6. Chao WS, Gu Y-Q, Pautot V, Bray EA, Walling LL. (1999). Leucine aminopeptidase RNAs, proteins and activities increase in response to water deficit, salinity and the wound signals: systemin, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 120: 979–992.
  7. Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine. 325: 606-612.
  8. Elad Y., Williamson B., Tudzynski P. and Delen N. (2004). Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems-an introduction. In: Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
  9. Elmer W H. (2002). Influence of inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. cyclaminis and sodium chloride on cyclamen and the development of Fusarium wilt. Plant Dis. 86: 389-393.
  10. Elmer, W. H. (1997). Influence of chloride and nitrogen form on Rhizoctonia root and crown rot of table beets. Plant Dis. 81:635-640.
  11. Endongali, E.A. and H. Ferris. (1982). Varietal response of tomato to the interaction of salinity and Meloidogyne incognita infection. J. Nematol. 14: 57-62
  12. FAOSTAT 2015. Statistical Database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  13. Firdous, H. and Shahzad S. (2001). Effect of some salts on in vitro growth of Fusarium solani. Pak. J. Bot., 33(2): 117-124.
  14. Freitas VS, Alencar NLM, Lacerda CF, Prisco JT, Gomes-Filho E. (2011). Changes in physiological and biochemical indicators associated with salt tolerance in cotton, sorghum and cowpea. Afri J Bioch Res; 5(8): 264-271.
  15. Hamada, A.M. (1995). Alleviation of the adverse effects of NaCl on germination, seedling, growth and metabolic activities of maize plants by calcium salts. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 24: 211–220.
  16. Hamed KB, Chibani F, Abdelly C, Magne C. (2014). Growth, sodium uptake and antioxidant responses of coastal plants differing in their ecological status under increasing salinity. Biologia. 69: 193–201.doi:10.2478/s11756-013-0304-1.
  17. Hashem, A., Abd_Allah, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A., Aldebasi, A., Egamberdieva, D. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance salinity tolerance of Panicum turgidum Forssk by altering photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways. J. Plant Inter. 10: 230–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2015.1052025.
  18. Jeffrey, C. Lord and D. W. Roberts. (1985). Effects of salinity, ph, organic solutes, anaerobic conditions, and the presence of other microbes on production and survival of Lagenidium giganteum. J. Inv. Path 45 (3): 331- 338.
  19. Juniper, S., Abbott, L.K. (2006). Soil salinity delays germination and limits growth of hyphae from propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 16: 5- 371-379, 1432-1890.Kumar A., Satyawati S., Saroj M. (2010). Inûuence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Am) fungi and salinity on seedling growth, solute accumulation, and mycorrhizal dependency of Jatropha curcas L. J Plant Growth Regul. 29:297–306
  20. Leusch, H.J. and Buchenauer H. (1989). Effect of soil treatments with silica-rich lime fertilizers and sodium trisilicate on the incidence of wheat by Elysiphe graminis and Septoria nodorum depending on the form of N-fertilizer. J. Plant Dis. and Protection. 96:154-172.
  21. Liang, J., Yu, L., Yin, J., and Savage-Dunn, C. (2007). Transcriptional repressor and activator activities of SMA-9 contribute differentially to BMP-related signaling outputs. Dev Biol. 305: 714-25. 
  22. Lyda, S.D. and Kissel, D.E. (1974). Sodium influence on disease development and sclerotial formation by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 1: 163 164.
  23. MacDonald, J.D. (1984). Salinity effects on the susceptibility of chrysanthemum roots to Phytophthora cryptogea. Phytopathology 74:621– 624.
  24. Maggenti, Armand R. and Hardan, Adnan. (1973). “The Effects of Soil Salinity and Meloidoflyne javanica on Tomato”. Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Labo of Parasit. Paper 101. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/101.
  25. Mala T, Rachana S, Manish S, Rajesh K. Tiwari (2016). GMO and Food Security. in Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Pages 703–726. 
  26. Memon, S.A., Hou, X., Wang, L.J., 2010. Morphological analysis of salt stress response of pak Choi. EJEAFChe. 9 (1): 248–254.
  27. Misra, A., Sahu, A.n., Misra, M., Singh, P., Meera, I., Das, N., Kar, M., Sahu, P. (1997). Sodium chloride induced changes in leaf growth, and pigment and protein contents in two rice cultivars. Biol. Plantarum. 39 (2): 257–262.
  28. Munns R, Gilliham M. (2015). Salinity tolerance of crops-what is the cost? New Phytol. 208:668–673.
  29. Munns R, Tester M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 651-681.
  30. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 239–250.
  31. Nachmias. A,Z.Kaufman, L.Livescu,L.Tsror,A.Meiri, and P. D. Caligari. (1993). Effects of salinity and its interactions with disease incidence on potatoes grown in hot climates. Phytoparasitica. 215 (3): 245-255.
  32. Ouazzani A C, Chliyeh M, Mouria B, Dahmani J, Ouazzani A T , Benkirane R, Achbani E and Douira A. (2014). In vitro and in vivo effect of salinity on the antagonist potential of T. harzianum and sensitivity of tomato to verticillium wilt. Int. J. Recent. Sci. Res. 5. 4: 780-791.
  33. Parvaiz A., Satyawati S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants. Plant, Soil and Environment. 54: 88-99.
  34. Pathan A.K. and R.F. Park. (2006). Evaluation of seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in European wheat cultivars. Euphytica. 149: 327–342.
  35. Regragui A., Rahouti M. and Lahlou H. (2003). Effects of saline stress on Verticillium albom-atrum: pathogenicity and in vitro production of cellulolytic enzymes. Cryptogamie, Mycology. 24:167-174.
  36. Roubtsova, T. V., and Bostock, R. M. (2009). Episodic abiotic stress as a potential contributing factor to onset and severity of disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron and Viburnum. Plant Dis. 93:912-918.
  37. Rui, L., Wei, S., Mu-xiang, C., Cheng-jun, J., Min, W., Bo-ping, Y. (2009). Leaf anatomical changes of Burguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings under salt stress. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 17 (2): 169–175.
  38. Russell, G.E. (1978). Some effects of applied sodium and potassium chloride on yellow rust in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 90: 163-168.
  39. Sanogo, S. (2004). Response of chile pepper to Phytophthora capsici in relation to soil salinity. Plant Dis. 88:205-209.
  40. Soliman MF, Kostandi SF. (1998). Effect of saline environment on yield and smut disease severity of different corn genotypes (Zeamays L.). Journal of Phytopathology Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 146: 185-189.
  41. Suárez, N. (2011). Comparative leaf anatomy and pressure-volume analysis in plants of pomoea pes-caprae experimenting saline and/or drought stress. Int J. Bot. 7: 53-62.
  42. Sulistyowati, L. (1993). Effect of salinity on development of root infection caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in citrus root stocks growing in hydroponics. Agrivita, 16: 13 19.
  43. Swiecki, T. J., and MacDonald, J. D. (1988). Histology of chrysanthemum roots exposed to salinity stress and Phytophthora cryptogea. Can. J. Bot. 66: 280-288.
  44. Taffouo V D., Wamba O.F., Yombi E., Nono G V., Akoe A. (2010). Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc.] landraces grown under saline conditions Int. J. Bot. 6 (1): pp. 53-58.
  45. Triky-Dotan, S., Yermiyahu, U., Katan, J., and Gamliel, A. (2005). Development of crown and root rot disease of tomato under irrigation with saline water. Phytopathology. 95:1438- 1444.
  46. Turco, E., Naldini, D., and Ragazzi, A. (2002). Disease incidence and vessel anatomy in cotton plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum under salinity stress. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz. 109:15-24.
  47. Zaid M, Muhammad A, Chaudhary M, Amar, Muhammad ZI and Madiha B. (2014). Morpho-physiological characterization of chilli genotypes under NaCl salinity. Soil Environ. 33: 133-141. 
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Indian Journal of Agricultural Research
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 5 (october 2018) : 530-535,   Doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-327

    Effects of different levels of saline water on infection of tomato by Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold

    B
    Boumaaza Boualem
    B
    Boudalia Sofiane
    G
    Gacemi Abdelhamid
    B
    Benzohra.I. E
    B
    Benada M’hamed
    B
    Benkhelifa Mohamed
    K
    Khaladi Omar
    1Biodiversity and Water and Soil Conservation Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, BP 300, 27000, Mostaganem, Algeria.
    Cite article:- Boualem Boumaaza, Sofiane Boudalia, Abdelhamid Gacemi, E Benzohra.I., M’hamed Benada, Mohamed Benkhelifa, Omar Khaladi (2018). Effects of different levels of saline water on infection of tomato by Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52(5): 530-535. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-327.

    ABSTRACT

    A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of NaCl salt on tomato upon B. cinerea infection the causal agent of gray mold disease. The disease assessment was recorded after inoculation by using the scale based on percentage leaf area affected, and the growth of the plants was recorded for each treatment. Three weeks after inoculation by conidial suspension, the estimated disease severity on plants of tomato was 35.18% compared to the control. The highest incidence disease increase of gray mold (39.21%) was obtained with using 300 mM of NaCl after inoculation with B. cinerea compared with the other concentrations and as well as distilled water. Under severe salt stress (150 and 300mM) increased susceptibility of gray mold disease severity were observed in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, while under mild salt stress (50mM of NaCl) this effect was reversed. The treatment of plant by B.cinerea has reduced the growth of the aerial part of tomato plants (39.06%) after three weeks inoculation compared to the control. Three levels of NaCl (50, 100 and 150mM) increased respectively the plant height from 12.73 to 29.84%, 0.28 to 27.16% for the fresh  eight and 5.75 to 33.35% for dry weight compared to the plants inoculated and irrigated by distilled water. NaCl addition at 300mM on plants inoculated with B. cinerea decreased the height, fresh weight and dry weight at 0.99, 4.45 and 11.01% respectively.

    REFERENCES

    1. Amira M.S and Abdul Qados. (2011). Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of Vicia faba (L.). J. Saudi Soc. Agri. Sci.10: 7–15.
    2. Blaker, N. S. and MacDonald, J. D. (1986). The role of salinity in the development of Phytophthora root rot of citrus. Phytopathology 76: 970-975.
    3. Bouchibi, N., A.H.C. van Bruggen, and MacDonald, J.D. (1990). Effect of ion concentration and sodium: calcium ratio of a nutrient solution on Phytophthoraroot rot of tomato and zoospore motility and viability of Phytophthora parasitica. Phytopathology 80:1323-1329.
    4. Canaday, C. H., and Schmitthenner, A. F. (2010). Effects of chloride and ammonium salts on the incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean. Plant Dis. 94:758-765.
    5. Carisse, O., and Van derHeyden, H. (2014). Relationship of airborne Botrytis cinerea conidium concentration to tomato flower and stem infections: A threshold for de-leafing operations. Plant Dis. 99:137-142.
    6. Chao WS, Gu Y-Q, Pautot V, Bray EA, Walling LL. (1999). Leucine aminopeptidase RNAs, proteins and activities increase in response to water deficit, salinity and the wound signals: systemin, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 120: 979–992.
    7. Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine. 325: 606-612.
    8. Elad Y., Williamson B., Tudzynski P. and Delen N. (2004). Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems-an introduction. In: Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
    9. Elmer W H. (2002). Influence of inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. cyclaminis and sodium chloride on cyclamen and the development of Fusarium wilt. Plant Dis. 86: 389-393.
    10. Elmer, W. H. (1997). Influence of chloride and nitrogen form on Rhizoctonia root and crown rot of table beets. Plant Dis. 81:635-640.
    11. Endongali, E.A. and H. Ferris. (1982). Varietal response of tomato to the interaction of salinity and Meloidogyne incognita infection. J. Nematol. 14: 57-62
    12. FAOSTAT 2015. Statistical Database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
    13. Firdous, H. and Shahzad S. (2001). Effect of some salts on in vitro growth of Fusarium solani. Pak. J. Bot., 33(2): 117-124.
    14. Freitas VS, Alencar NLM, Lacerda CF, Prisco JT, Gomes-Filho E. (2011). Changes in physiological and biochemical indicators associated with salt tolerance in cotton, sorghum and cowpea. Afri J Bioch Res; 5(8): 264-271.
    15. Hamada, A.M. (1995). Alleviation of the adverse effects of NaCl on germination, seedling, growth and metabolic activities of maize plants by calcium salts. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 24: 211–220.
    16. Hamed KB, Chibani F, Abdelly C, Magne C. (2014). Growth, sodium uptake and antioxidant responses of coastal plants differing in their ecological status under increasing salinity. Biologia. 69: 193–201.doi:10.2478/s11756-013-0304-1.
    17. Hashem, A., Abd_Allah, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A., Aldebasi, A., Egamberdieva, D. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance salinity tolerance of Panicum turgidum Forssk by altering photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways. J. Plant Inter. 10: 230–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2015.1052025.
    18. Jeffrey, C. Lord and D. W. Roberts. (1985). Effects of salinity, ph, organic solutes, anaerobic conditions, and the presence of other microbes on production and survival of Lagenidium giganteum. J. Inv. Path 45 (3): 331- 338.
    19. Juniper, S., Abbott, L.K. (2006). Soil salinity delays germination and limits growth of hyphae from propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 16: 5- 371-379, 1432-1890.Kumar A., Satyawati S., Saroj M. (2010). Inûuence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Am) fungi and salinity on seedling growth, solute accumulation, and mycorrhizal dependency of Jatropha curcas L. J Plant Growth Regul. 29:297–306
    20. Leusch, H.J. and Buchenauer H. (1989). Effect of soil treatments with silica-rich lime fertilizers and sodium trisilicate on the incidence of wheat by Elysiphe graminis and Septoria nodorum depending on the form of N-fertilizer. J. Plant Dis. and Protection. 96:154-172.
    21. Liang, J., Yu, L., Yin, J., and Savage-Dunn, C. (2007). Transcriptional repressor and activator activities of SMA-9 contribute differentially to BMP-related signaling outputs. Dev Biol. 305: 714-25. 
    22. Lyda, S.D. and Kissel, D.E. (1974). Sodium influence on disease development and sclerotial formation by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 1: 163 164.
    23. MacDonald, J.D. (1984). Salinity effects on the susceptibility of chrysanthemum roots to Phytophthora cryptogea. Phytopathology 74:621– 624.
    24. Maggenti, Armand R. and Hardan, Adnan. (1973). “The Effects of Soil Salinity and Meloidoflyne javanica on Tomato”. Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Labo of Parasit. Paper 101. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/101.
    25. Mala T, Rachana S, Manish S, Rajesh K. Tiwari (2016). GMO and Food Security. in Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Pages 703–726. 
    26. Memon, S.A., Hou, X., Wang, L.J., 2010. Morphological analysis of salt stress response of pak Choi. EJEAFChe. 9 (1): 248–254.
    27. Misra, A., Sahu, A.n., Misra, M., Singh, P., Meera, I., Das, N., Kar, M., Sahu, P. (1997). Sodium chloride induced changes in leaf growth, and pigment and protein contents in two rice cultivars. Biol. Plantarum. 39 (2): 257–262.
    28. Munns R, Gilliham M. (2015). Salinity tolerance of crops-what is the cost? New Phytol. 208:668–673.
    29. Munns R, Tester M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 651-681.
    30. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 239–250.
    31. Nachmias. A,Z.Kaufman, L.Livescu,L.Tsror,A.Meiri, and P. D. Caligari. (1993). Effects of salinity and its interactions with disease incidence on potatoes grown in hot climates. Phytoparasitica. 215 (3): 245-255.
    32. Ouazzani A C, Chliyeh M, Mouria B, Dahmani J, Ouazzani A T , Benkirane R, Achbani E and Douira A. (2014). In vitro and in vivo effect of salinity on the antagonist potential of T. harzianum and sensitivity of tomato to verticillium wilt. Int. J. Recent. Sci. Res. 5. 4: 780-791.
    33. Parvaiz A., Satyawati S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants. Plant, Soil and Environment. 54: 88-99.
    34. Pathan A.K. and R.F. Park. (2006). Evaluation of seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in European wheat cultivars. Euphytica. 149: 327–342.
    35. Regragui A., Rahouti M. and Lahlou H. (2003). Effects of saline stress on Verticillium albom-atrum: pathogenicity and in vitro production of cellulolytic enzymes. Cryptogamie, Mycology. 24:167-174.
    36. Roubtsova, T. V., and Bostock, R. M. (2009). Episodic abiotic stress as a potential contributing factor to onset and severity of disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron and Viburnum. Plant Dis. 93:912-918.
    37. Rui, L., Wei, S., Mu-xiang, C., Cheng-jun, J., Min, W., Bo-ping, Y. (2009). Leaf anatomical changes of Burguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings under salt stress. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 17 (2): 169–175.
    38. Russell, G.E. (1978). Some effects of applied sodium and potassium chloride on yellow rust in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 90: 163-168.
    39. Sanogo, S. (2004). Response of chile pepper to Phytophthora capsici in relation to soil salinity. Plant Dis. 88:205-209.
    40. Soliman MF, Kostandi SF. (1998). Effect of saline environment on yield and smut disease severity of different corn genotypes (Zeamays L.). Journal of Phytopathology Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 146: 185-189.
    41. Suárez, N. (2011). Comparative leaf anatomy and pressure-volume analysis in plants of pomoea pes-caprae experimenting saline and/or drought stress. Int J. Bot. 7: 53-62.
    42. Sulistyowati, L. (1993). Effect of salinity on development of root infection caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in citrus root stocks growing in hydroponics. Agrivita, 16: 13 19.
    43. Swiecki, T. J., and MacDonald, J. D. (1988). Histology of chrysanthemum roots exposed to salinity stress and Phytophthora cryptogea. Can. J. Bot. 66: 280-288.
    44. Taffouo V D., Wamba O.F., Yombi E., Nono G V., Akoe A. (2010). Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc.] landraces grown under saline conditions Int. J. Bot. 6 (1): pp. 53-58.
    45. Triky-Dotan, S., Yermiyahu, U., Katan, J., and Gamliel, A. (2005). Development of crown and root rot disease of tomato under irrigation with saline water. Phytopathology. 95:1438- 1444.
    46. Turco, E., Naldini, D., and Ragazzi, A. (2002). Disease incidence and vessel anatomy in cotton plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum under salinity stress. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz. 109:15-24.
    47. Zaid M, Muhammad A, Chaudhary M, Amar, Muhammad ZI and Madiha B. (2014). Morpho-physiological characterization of chilli genotypes under NaCl salinity. Soil Environ. 33: 133-141. 
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