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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 48 issue 4 (august 2014) : 258-268,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-058X.2014.00659.3

PATHOGENICITY AND YIELD LOSS ASSESSMENT CAUSED BY MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE ISOLATES IN CULTIVATED AND WILD RELATIVES OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA)

*
*Dagnachew Lule1
S
Santie de Villiers2
M
Masresha Fetene3
T
Teshome Bogale4
T
Tesfaye Alemu1
G
Geleta Geremew4
G
Getachew Gashaw1
K
Kassahun Tesfaye1
1Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Cite article:- Lule1 *Dagnachew, Villiers2 de Santie, Fetene3 Masresha, Bogale4 Teshome, Alemu1 Tesfaye, Geremew4 Geleta, Gashaw1 Getachew, Tesfaye1 Kassahun (2025). PATHOGENICITY AND YIELD LOSS ASSESSMENT CAUSED BY MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE ISOLATES IN CULTIVATED AND WILD RELATIVES OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 48(4): 258-268. doi: 10.5958/0976-058X.2014.00659.3.

ABSTRACT

Magnaporthe oryzae, a fungal pathogen that attacks more than 50 gramineous species, causes severe yield losses particularly on rice and finger millet. A study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center in Ethiopia during the 2012 cropping season to evaluate the pathogenicity of four different finger millet blast isolates on 12 cultivated finger millet accessions and 4 of its wild relatives (Eleusine coracana subsp. africana). A split plot design, replicated three times, was used. Test accessions showed significant difference (Pd”0.01) but the isolates and genotype by isolate interaction showed no significant differences for grain yield. Pathogenicity tests revealed that isolates Pg. 11 and Pg. 22, isolated from neck and head of finger millet, respectively, were most virulent in infecting all plant tissues. The isolate from neck of the wild type (Pg. 41), infected both the cultivated and its wild types, confirming that wild types or weeds can act as hosts or reservoirs of the pathogen and source of inoculum. The mean grain yield per plant was lower for isolate Pg.22 (2.8g) and Pg.11 (2.9g) but relatively better for Pg.41 (3.6g) and Pg.26 (3.1g), indicating the inverse correlation between infection severity and grain yield. Finger millet accessions such as Acc. 214995 and PW-001-022 recorded lower blast infection consistently during 2011 and 2012 and are thus potential candidates for further evaluation in variety development activities. Among the wild accessions, AAU-ELU-15 showed the least blast infection. Mean yield loss assessment results from 2011 and 2012 field experiments calculated using Relative Area Under Progress Curve (RAUDPC) and multiple point models, respectively, revealed an average of 42% grain yield lost due to blast disease.

REFERENCES

  1. Anon, B. (1959). Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Uganda, for the year ended 31 December 1958.
  2. Barbeau, W.E. and Hilu, K.W. (1993). Protein, calcium, iron and amino acid content of selected wild and domesticated cultivars of Wnger millet. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition. 43:97–104.
  3. Bheema, I.N., Lingeswara Reddy, Srinivas Reddy, Lakshmi Narasu and Sivaramakrishnan, S. (2010). Characterization of disease resistance gene homologues isolated from finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn). Molecular Breeding. 27: 315-328.
  4. Bonman, J., Estrada, B., Kim, C.K., Ra, D. and Lee, J. (1991). Assessment of blast disease and yield loss in susceptible and partially resistant rice cultivars in two irrigated lowland environments. Plant Disease. 75: 462-466.
  5. Central Statistical Authority (2012). Agricultural sample survey. Report on the preliminary results of area, production and yield of temporary crops, (Meher season, private peasant holding), Addis Ababa.
  6. Chauhan, R.S., Farman, M.L., Zhang, H.B. and Leong, S.A. (2002). Genetic and physical mapping of a rice blast resistance locus, Pi-CO39(t), that corresponds to the virulence gene AVR1-CO39 of Magnaporthe grisea. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 267: 603–612.
  7. Chen, Y.u., Jian Yao, Wen-Xiang Wang, Tong-Chun Gao, Xue Yang and Ai-Fang Zhang (2013). Effect of epoxiconazole on rice blast and rice grain yield in China European Journal of Plant Pathology. 135:675–682
  8. Couch, B.C. and Kohn, L.M. (2002). A multilocus gene genealogy concordant with host preference indicates segregation of a new species, M. oryzae, from M. grisea. Mycologia. 94(4): 683–693.
  9. Ekwamu, A. (1991). Influence of head blast infection on seed germination and yield components of finger millet (E. coracana L. Gaertn). Tropical Pest Management. 37: 122-123.
  10. Fry, W.E. (1968). Quantification of general resistance of potato cultivars and fungicide effect for integrated control of potato late blight. Phytopathology. 68:1650-1655.
  11. Gashaw, G., Alemu, T. and Tesfaye, K. (2014). Evaluation of disease incidence and severity and yield loss of finger millet varieties and mycelial growth inhibition of Pyricularia grisea isolates using biological antagonists and fungicides in vitro condition. Journal of Applied Bioscience. 73:5883– 5901
  12. Han, Y., Bonos, S., Clarke, B.B. and Meyer, W.A. (2003). Inoculation techniques for selection of gray leaf spot resistance in perennial ryegrass. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 2:1-9.
  13. IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) (1985). Descriptors for Finger Millet. IBPGR Secretariat, Rome. 20pp
  14. James, W.C. (1974). Assessment of plant diseases and losses. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 12: 27-48
  15. James, W.C., Shih, C.S., Hodgson, W.A. and Callbeck, L.C. (1972). The quantitative relationship between late blight of potato and loss in tuber yield. Phytopathology. 62:92-96.
  16. James, W.C., Jenkins, J.E. and Jemmett, J.L. (1968). The relationship between leaf blotch caused by Rhynchosporium secalis and losses in grain yield of spring barley. Annals of Applied Biology. 62:273-88
  17. Kang, S., James, A., Sweigard, S., and Barbara Valent (1995). The PWL Host Specificity Gene Family in the Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. American Phytopathological Society. 8: 939-948
  18. Kato, H., Yamaguchi, T. and Nishihara, N. (1977). Seed transmission, pathogenicity and control of ragi blast fungus and susceptibility of ragi to Pyricularia spp. from grasses, cereals and mioga. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 43:392-401
  19. Kearsey, M.J. and Pooni, H.S. (1996). The genetical analysis of quantitative traits. Chapman and Hall, London, Weinhein, New York, pp. 381.
  20. Large, E.C. (1952). The interpretation of progress curves for potato blight and other plant diseases. Plant Pathology. 1:109-117.
  21. Lule, D., Tesfaye, K., Fetene, M., De Villiers, S. (2013). Evaluation of Ethiopian finger millet (Eleusine coracana) germplasm against Magnaporthe grisea, the cause of finger millet blast disease. Paper presented on the first Bio-innovate Regional Scientific Conference, United Nation Conference Center (UNCC-ECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 Feb. 2013.
  22. Lule, D., Tesfaye, K., Fetene, M. and De Villiers, S. (2012). Inheritance & Association of Quantitative Traits in Finger Millet (E. Coracana Subsp. coracana) Landraces Collected from Eastern & South Eastern Africa. International Journal of Genetics 2(2): 12-21.
  23. Mgonja, M.A., Lenné, J.M., Manyasa, E. and Sreenivasaprasad, S. (2007). Finger Millet Blast Management in East Africa. Creating opportunities for improving production and utilization of finger millet. Proceedings of the First International Finger Millet Stakeholder Workshop, Projects R8030 and R8445 UK Department for International Development – Crop Protection Programme held 13-14 September 2005 at Nairobi. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
  24. Mousanejad, S., Alizadeh, A. and Safaie, N. (2010). Assessment of Yield Loss Due to Rice Blast Disease in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 12: 357-364
  25. Muyonga, C.K., Nzabi, A.W., Kidula, N.L., Okoko, N. and Mwasi, G. (2000). Screening of finger millet varieties for tolerance to Blast disease in Nyatieko location of South West Kenya. Research progress report of Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Center, Kissi, Kenya.
  26. Notteghem, J.L. (1990). Results and orientation of EC projects on rice resistance to blast. Summa Phytopathology. 16:57-72
  27. Ou, S.H. (1985). Rice disease. 2nd ed. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Surrey, England.
  28. Pande, S., Mukuru, S.Z., King, S.B. and Karunakar, R.I. (1995). Biology of and resistance to finger millet blast in Kenya and Uganda. In: Mukuru SZ. & King SB (Eds.), Proceedings of the eighth EARSAM regional workshop on sorghum and millets, 30 Oct–5 Nov 1992, Sudan (pp. 83–92). Andhra Pradesh: ICRISAT.
  29. SAS Institute Inc (2008). SAS/STATA Guide for personal computers version 9.2 edition. SAS Institute Carry NC, USA.
  30. Shaner, G. and Finney, R. (1977). The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing in knox wheat. Phytopathology. 36:1307-1311.
  31. Shtienberg, S.N., Bergeron, A.G., Nicholson, S., Fry, W.E. and Ewing, E.E. (1990). Development and Evaluation of a general model for yield loss assessment in potatoes. Phytopathology 80(5):466-472
  32. Stetina, K.C., Stetina, S. and Russin, J. (2006). Comparison of Severity Assessment Methods for Predicting Yield Loss to Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight in Soybean. Plant Disease. 90: 39-43
  33. Tadesse, M., Debelo, A., Gutema, Z. and Degu, E. (1995). Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn]: A potential crop in Ethiopia, pp.124- 132. In: Proceeding of Workshop Organized to Re-establish Sorghum and Millet in Eastern and Central Africa. 6-9 November 1995. Kampala, Uganda.
  34. Takan, J.P., Chipili, J., Muthumeenakshi, S., Talbot, N.J., Manyasa, E.O., Bandyopadhyay, R., Sere, Y., Nutsugah, S.K., Talhinhas, P., Hossain, M., Brown, A.E. and Sreenivasaprasad, S. (2012). Magnaporthe oryzae Populations Adapted to Finger Millet and Rice Exhibit Distinctive Patterns of Genetic Diversity, Sexuality and Host Interaction. Molecular Biotechnology. 50(2):145-58.
  35. Takan, J.P., Muthumeenaski, S., Sreenivasaprasad, S., Akello, B., Obilana, A., Bandyopadhyay, R., Coll, R., Brown, A.E. and Talbot, N.J. (2003). Genetic and pathogenic diversity of the finger millet pathogen in East Africa. International Congress of Plant Pathology, February 2003, New Zealand.
  36. Thakur, R.P., Sharma, R., Rai, K.N., Gupta, S.K. and Rao, V.P. (2009). Screening techniques & resistance sources for foliar blast in pearl millet. An open access journal published by ICRISAT. No.7.
  37. Teng, P.S. and Gaunt, R.E. (1980). Modeling systems of disease and yield loss in cereals. Agricultural Systems. 6: 131-154
  38. Tredway, L.P., Stevenson, K.L. and Burpee, L.L. (2003). Components of resistance to Magnaporthe grisea in ‘Coyote’ and ‘Coronado’ tall fescue. Plant Disease. 87:906-912.
  39. Tsehaye, Y. and Kebebew, F. (2002). Morphological diversity and geaographical distribution of adaptive traits in finger millet (Eleusine corracana (L.) Gaertn. Subsp. Coracana (poaceae) population from Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science. 1:37-62.
  40. Urashima, A., Igarashi, S. and Kato, H. (1993). Host range, mating type and fertility of Pyricularia grisea from wheat in Brazil. Plant Disease. 77:1211-1216
  41. Van der Plank, J.E. (1963). Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control. Academic press, New York. 349 pp.
  42. Venkatarayan, S.V. (1947). Diseases of ragi. Mysore Agricultural Journal. 24:50-57.
  43. Wolie, A. and Dessalegn, T. (2011). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of some yield related traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasms in northwest Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:5099-5105.
  44. Yaegashi, H. and Nishihara, N. (1976). Production of the perfect stage in Pyricularia from cereals and grasses. Annals of the Phytopatho Society of Japan. 42:511–515.
  45. Zadoks, C. (1985). On the Conceptual Basis of Crop Loss Assessment: The Threshold Theory. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 23:455-73
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    volume 48 issue 4 (august 2014) : 258-268,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-058X.2014.00659.3

    PATHOGENICITY AND YIELD LOSS ASSESSMENT CAUSED BY MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE ISOLATES IN CULTIVATED AND WILD RELATIVES OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA)

    *
    *Dagnachew Lule1
    S
    Santie de Villiers2
    M
    Masresha Fetene3
    T
    Teshome Bogale4
    T
    Tesfaye Alemu1
    G
    Geleta Geremew4
    G
    Getachew Gashaw1
    K
    Kassahun Tesfaye1
    1Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
    Cite article:- Lule1 *Dagnachew, Villiers2 de Santie, Fetene3 Masresha, Bogale4 Teshome, Alemu1 Tesfaye, Geremew4 Geleta, Gashaw1 Getachew, Tesfaye1 Kassahun (2025). PATHOGENICITY AND YIELD LOSS ASSESSMENT CAUSED BY MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE ISOLATES IN CULTIVATED AND WILD RELATIVES OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 48(4): 258-268. doi: 10.5958/0976-058X.2014.00659.3.

    ABSTRACT

    Magnaporthe oryzae, a fungal pathogen that attacks more than 50 gramineous species, causes severe yield losses particularly on rice and finger millet. A study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center in Ethiopia during the 2012 cropping season to evaluate the pathogenicity of four different finger millet blast isolates on 12 cultivated finger millet accessions and 4 of its wild relatives (Eleusine coracana subsp. africana). A split plot design, replicated three times, was used. Test accessions showed significant difference (Pd”0.01) but the isolates and genotype by isolate interaction showed no significant differences for grain yield. Pathogenicity tests revealed that isolates Pg. 11 and Pg. 22, isolated from neck and head of finger millet, respectively, were most virulent in infecting all plant tissues. The isolate from neck of the wild type (Pg. 41), infected both the cultivated and its wild types, confirming that wild types or weeds can act as hosts or reservoirs of the pathogen and source of inoculum. The mean grain yield per plant was lower for isolate Pg.22 (2.8g) and Pg.11 (2.9g) but relatively better for Pg.41 (3.6g) and Pg.26 (3.1g), indicating the inverse correlation between infection severity and grain yield. Finger millet accessions such as Acc. 214995 and PW-001-022 recorded lower blast infection consistently during 2011 and 2012 and are thus potential candidates for further evaluation in variety development activities. Among the wild accessions, AAU-ELU-15 showed the least blast infection. Mean yield loss assessment results from 2011 and 2012 field experiments calculated using Relative Area Under Progress Curve (RAUDPC) and multiple point models, respectively, revealed an average of 42% grain yield lost due to blast disease.

    REFERENCES

    1. Anon, B. (1959). Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Uganda, for the year ended 31 December 1958.
    2. Barbeau, W.E. and Hilu, K.W. (1993). Protein, calcium, iron and amino acid content of selected wild and domesticated cultivars of Wnger millet. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition. 43:97–104.
    3. Bheema, I.N., Lingeswara Reddy, Srinivas Reddy, Lakshmi Narasu and Sivaramakrishnan, S. (2010). Characterization of disease resistance gene homologues isolated from finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn). Molecular Breeding. 27: 315-328.
    4. Bonman, J., Estrada, B., Kim, C.K., Ra, D. and Lee, J. (1991). Assessment of blast disease and yield loss in susceptible and partially resistant rice cultivars in two irrigated lowland environments. Plant Disease. 75: 462-466.
    5. Central Statistical Authority (2012). Agricultural sample survey. Report on the preliminary results of area, production and yield of temporary crops, (Meher season, private peasant holding), Addis Ababa.
    6. Chauhan, R.S., Farman, M.L., Zhang, H.B. and Leong, S.A. (2002). Genetic and physical mapping of a rice blast resistance locus, Pi-CO39(t), that corresponds to the virulence gene AVR1-CO39 of Magnaporthe grisea. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 267: 603–612.
    7. Chen, Y.u., Jian Yao, Wen-Xiang Wang, Tong-Chun Gao, Xue Yang and Ai-Fang Zhang (2013). Effect of epoxiconazole on rice blast and rice grain yield in China European Journal of Plant Pathology. 135:675–682
    8. Couch, B.C. and Kohn, L.M. (2002). A multilocus gene genealogy concordant with host preference indicates segregation of a new species, M. oryzae, from M. grisea. Mycologia. 94(4): 683–693.
    9. Ekwamu, A. (1991). Influence of head blast infection on seed germination and yield components of finger millet (E. coracana L. Gaertn). Tropical Pest Management. 37: 122-123.
    10. Fry, W.E. (1968). Quantification of general resistance of potato cultivars and fungicide effect for integrated control of potato late blight. Phytopathology. 68:1650-1655.
    11. Gashaw, G., Alemu, T. and Tesfaye, K. (2014). Evaluation of disease incidence and severity and yield loss of finger millet varieties and mycelial growth inhibition of Pyricularia grisea isolates using biological antagonists and fungicides in vitro condition. Journal of Applied Bioscience. 73:5883– 5901
    12. Han, Y., Bonos, S., Clarke, B.B. and Meyer, W.A. (2003). Inoculation techniques for selection of gray leaf spot resistance in perennial ryegrass. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 2:1-9.
    13. IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) (1985). Descriptors for Finger Millet. IBPGR Secretariat, Rome. 20pp
    14. James, W.C. (1974). Assessment of plant diseases and losses. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 12: 27-48
    15. James, W.C., Shih, C.S., Hodgson, W.A. and Callbeck, L.C. (1972). The quantitative relationship between late blight of potato and loss in tuber yield. Phytopathology. 62:92-96.
    16. James, W.C., Jenkins, J.E. and Jemmett, J.L. (1968). The relationship between leaf blotch caused by Rhynchosporium secalis and losses in grain yield of spring barley. Annals of Applied Biology. 62:273-88
    17. Kang, S., James, A., Sweigard, S., and Barbara Valent (1995). The PWL Host Specificity Gene Family in the Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. American Phytopathological Society. 8: 939-948
    18. Kato, H., Yamaguchi, T. and Nishihara, N. (1977). Seed transmission, pathogenicity and control of ragi blast fungus and susceptibility of ragi to Pyricularia spp. from grasses, cereals and mioga. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 43:392-401
    19. Kearsey, M.J. and Pooni, H.S. (1996). The genetical analysis of quantitative traits. Chapman and Hall, London, Weinhein, New York, pp. 381.
    20. Large, E.C. (1952). The interpretation of progress curves for potato blight and other plant diseases. Plant Pathology. 1:109-117.
    21. Lule, D., Tesfaye, K., Fetene, M., De Villiers, S. (2013). Evaluation of Ethiopian finger millet (Eleusine coracana) germplasm against Magnaporthe grisea, the cause of finger millet blast disease. Paper presented on the first Bio-innovate Regional Scientific Conference, United Nation Conference Center (UNCC-ECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 Feb. 2013.
    22. Lule, D., Tesfaye, K., Fetene, M. and De Villiers, S. (2012). Inheritance & Association of Quantitative Traits in Finger Millet (E. Coracana Subsp. coracana) Landraces Collected from Eastern & South Eastern Africa. International Journal of Genetics 2(2): 12-21.
    23. Mgonja, M.A., Lenné, J.M., Manyasa, E. and Sreenivasaprasad, S. (2007). Finger Millet Blast Management in East Africa. Creating opportunities for improving production and utilization of finger millet. Proceedings of the First International Finger Millet Stakeholder Workshop, Projects R8030 and R8445 UK Department for International Development – Crop Protection Programme held 13-14 September 2005 at Nairobi. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
    24. Mousanejad, S., Alizadeh, A. and Safaie, N. (2010). Assessment of Yield Loss Due to Rice Blast Disease in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 12: 357-364
    25. Muyonga, C.K., Nzabi, A.W., Kidula, N.L., Okoko, N. and Mwasi, G. (2000). Screening of finger millet varieties for tolerance to Blast disease in Nyatieko location of South West Kenya. Research progress report of Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Center, Kissi, Kenya.
    26. Notteghem, J.L. (1990). Results and orientation of EC projects on rice resistance to blast. Summa Phytopathology. 16:57-72
    27. Ou, S.H. (1985). Rice disease. 2nd ed. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Surrey, England.
    28. Pande, S., Mukuru, S.Z., King, S.B. and Karunakar, R.I. (1995). Biology of and resistance to finger millet blast in Kenya and Uganda. In: Mukuru SZ. & King SB (Eds.), Proceedings of the eighth EARSAM regional workshop on sorghum and millets, 30 Oct–5 Nov 1992, Sudan (pp. 83–92). Andhra Pradesh: ICRISAT.
    29. SAS Institute Inc (2008). SAS/STATA Guide for personal computers version 9.2 edition. SAS Institute Carry NC, USA.
    30. Shaner, G. and Finney, R. (1977). The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing in knox wheat. Phytopathology. 36:1307-1311.
    31. Shtienberg, S.N., Bergeron, A.G., Nicholson, S., Fry, W.E. and Ewing, E.E. (1990). Development and Evaluation of a general model for yield loss assessment in potatoes. Phytopathology 80(5):466-472
    32. Stetina, K.C., Stetina, S. and Russin, J. (2006). Comparison of Severity Assessment Methods for Predicting Yield Loss to Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight in Soybean. Plant Disease. 90: 39-43
    33. Tadesse, M., Debelo, A., Gutema, Z. and Degu, E. (1995). Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn]: A potential crop in Ethiopia, pp.124- 132. In: Proceeding of Workshop Organized to Re-establish Sorghum and Millet in Eastern and Central Africa. 6-9 November 1995. Kampala, Uganda.
    34. Takan, J.P., Chipili, J., Muthumeenakshi, S., Talbot, N.J., Manyasa, E.O., Bandyopadhyay, R., Sere, Y., Nutsugah, S.K., Talhinhas, P., Hossain, M., Brown, A.E. and Sreenivasaprasad, S. (2012). Magnaporthe oryzae Populations Adapted to Finger Millet and Rice Exhibit Distinctive Patterns of Genetic Diversity, Sexuality and Host Interaction. Molecular Biotechnology. 50(2):145-58.
    35. Takan, J.P., Muthumeenaski, S., Sreenivasaprasad, S., Akello, B., Obilana, A., Bandyopadhyay, R., Coll, R., Brown, A.E. and Talbot, N.J. (2003). Genetic and pathogenic diversity of the finger millet pathogen in East Africa. International Congress of Plant Pathology, February 2003, New Zealand.
    36. Thakur, R.P., Sharma, R., Rai, K.N., Gupta, S.K. and Rao, V.P. (2009). Screening techniques & resistance sources for foliar blast in pearl millet. An open access journal published by ICRISAT. No.7.
    37. Teng, P.S. and Gaunt, R.E. (1980). Modeling systems of disease and yield loss in cereals. Agricultural Systems. 6: 131-154
    38. Tredway, L.P., Stevenson, K.L. and Burpee, L.L. (2003). Components of resistance to Magnaporthe grisea in ‘Coyote’ and ‘Coronado’ tall fescue. Plant Disease. 87:906-912.
    39. Tsehaye, Y. and Kebebew, F. (2002). Morphological diversity and geaographical distribution of adaptive traits in finger millet (Eleusine corracana (L.) Gaertn. Subsp. Coracana (poaceae) population from Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science. 1:37-62.
    40. Urashima, A., Igarashi, S. and Kato, H. (1993). Host range, mating type and fertility of Pyricularia grisea from wheat in Brazil. Plant Disease. 77:1211-1216
    41. Van der Plank, J.E. (1963). Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control. Academic press, New York. 349 pp.
    42. Venkatarayan, S.V. (1947). Diseases of ragi. Mysore Agricultural Journal. 24:50-57.
    43. Wolie, A. and Dessalegn, T. (2011). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of some yield related traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasms in northwest Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:5099-5105.
    44. Yaegashi, H. and Nishihara, N. (1976). Production of the perfect stage in Pyricularia from cereals and grasses. Annals of the Phytopatho Society of Japan. 42:511–515.
    45. Zadoks, C. (1985). On the Conceptual Basis of Crop Loss Assessment: The Threshold Theory. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 23:455-73
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