Demographic characteristics of the respondents in the study area
The demographic characteristics of the respondents as shown in Chart 1 below revealed that 71% of the respondents were males and 29% were females, indicating male dominance in the population. Majority of the respondents were between the ages of 30-39 (35%) and 40-49 (25.8%), with smaller proportions in the 20-29 (16.6%) and older age groups (≥60 at 4.2%). Educationally, 26.7% of the respondents have OND/HND qualifications, followed by 23.3% with SSCE and 15.8% with FSLC, while 13.4% have no formal education. A smaller groups, 15%, have BSc/HNDand only 5.8% hold MSc/PhD degrees, highlighting moderate educational attainments within the population. Cocoa farming experience showed that 39.2% have 11-15 years experience, followed by 29.2% with 3-10 years and 20% with over 15 years experience, indicating a seasoned farming population. Farm size and income distribution reflected smallholder farming practices and moderate earnings. The majority of the farmers operated on small plots, with 31.7% managing 3.01-6 hectares and 30% cultivating 1-3 hectares, while 17.5% cultivated less than 1 hectare. None of the respondents own farms larger than 9 hectares. Annual income levels showed that 26.7% earn between N600,001-800,000, with a similar proportion earning N800,001-1,000,000, while 23.3% earn N200,001-400,000. A smaller group, 15.8%, earned between N400,001- 600,000and 7.5% reported incomes below N200,000, with no respondents earning over N1,000,000. This highlighted the concentration of farmers in mid-income brackets and underscores the challenges of scaling production for higher economic returns and productivity (
Effiong and Enenyi, 2023).
Moreso, Chart 2 below showed the distribution of cocoa farmers based on the agrochemicals they used, highlighting the frequency and percentage adoption for each category. Among herbicides, Premaiz was the most widely used, with 77.5% of farmers applying it, followed by Paraq (60%) and Diutop (56.7%). For insecticides, Delthrin leads at 65%, while Zap was the least adopted at 25.8%. Capsida and Termicid were used by 61.7% and 45% of farmers respectively. In the fungicide category, Mycothrin Super was applied by 59.2% of farmers, which was the same percentage for its use in seed treatment. Cocoa Boost, a foliar fertilizer, had the highest adoption overall at 95%. Regarding storage chemicals, Protex was used by 78.3% of farmers, outperforming Devalp at 55%. Additionally, Seedrex was employed by 52.5% of farmers for seed treatment. This distribution reflected the diverse agrochemical usage patterns tailored to specific farming needs in cocoa production.
Perceived effects of agro-chemicals on health of cocoa farmers in the study area
The results in Table 2 highlighted the perceived health effects of agro-chemicals on cocoa farmers in the study area, as indicated by mean scores and rankings. Cough emerged the most prevalent health effect with the highest mean score of 3.99, followed closely by respiratory diseases at 3.95, which ranked 2
nd. This suggested that prolonged exposure to agro-chemicals significantly affected the respiratory systems, possibly due to inhalation of chemical fumes or particles during applications. Skin itching ranked 3
rd with a mean score of 3.86, indicating frequent dermatological reactions likely caused by skin contact with agro-chemicals. Dizziness and sneezing both shared the 4
th rank with a mean score of 3.70 and 3.68, respectively, reflecting neurological and allergic responses that many farmers experience when handling these chemicals. Other notable effects included throat irritation (3.20), ranked 8
th and eye reddening (3.15) ranked 9
th, alongside lacrimation (teary eyes) and headache, both scoring around 3.17-3.14 and sharing the 9
th rank. These symptoms likely stem from chemical exposure through vapour or physical contact with sensitive organs like the eyes and nose. While cancer (mean score 3.29) ranked 7
th, indicating concerns about long-term exposure risks, death of farmers ranked 6
th at 3.63, highlighting the perceived severity of agro-chemical hazards over time. Meanwhile, lower-ranked effects like vomiting (3.05, 12
th), excessive sweating (3.03, 12
th) and renal diseases (2.65, 15
th) suggest that these symptoms, although present, are less frequently experienced or perceived compared to others. The overall grand mean of 3.36 indicated a generally high level of awareness among farmers regarding the health risks posed by agro-chemicals. The wide range of perceived effects, from respiratory and neurological symptoms to life-threatening conditions like cancer and death, reflected the significant health challenges farmers faced due to improper handling, insufficient protective measuresand prolonged exposure to agro-chemicals.
The results of this study are similar to those of a study conducted by (
Effiong 2012) who reported that exposure of the body to pesticides could lead to damages on the nose, throat and lungs resulting in respiratory problems, renal diseases and death.
Perceived measures to reduce effects of agro-chemical on cocoa farmer’s health in the study area
The results in Table 3 outlined the perceived measures to reduce the health effects of agro-chemicals on cocoa farmers in the study area. Chemical-resistant overalls ranked highest with a mean score of 4.03, reflecting its perceived effectiveness in minimizing direct skin contact with harmful chemicals. This was followed closely by washing hands after handling chemicals (3.96) and the use of masks (3.95), which were ranked 2
nd and 3
rd, respectively. These measures highlighted the importance of personal protective equipments (PPE) and proper hygiene practices in mitigating chemical exposures. Additionally, asking dealers about chemical safety scored 3.93 (ranked 4
th) and checking expiry dates of agro-chemicals had a mean score of 3.86 (ranked 5
th), indicating that farmers recognized the role of chemical quality and safety information in reducing health risks. The use of gloves (3.84, 6
th) and long sleeve shirts (3.74, 7
th) were also highly ranked, emphasizing their importance in providing protection against skin contact. Measures such as not using empty chemical containers to store food items (3.69, 8
th) and burning empty containers (3.68, 9
th) highlighted the need for proper chemical waste management to avoid secondary exposure. However, practices like burying empty chemical containers and acquiring technical know-how of chemical handling both scored 3.51, placing them in the 11
th rank, while the use of boots ranked 10
th with a mean score of 3.58. Lower-ranked measures included wearing goggles (3.49, 13
th), coats (3.28, 14
th) and hats (2.98, 15
th), suggesting that farmers perceived these as less critical for protection. The grand mean of 3.67 indicated a high level of awareness among cocoa farmers regarding the need for protective measures and proper handling practices to mitigate agro-chemical-related health risks. The results highlighted the prioritization of PPE, safety practicesand chemical management as essential strategies for mitigation system in Agro chemicals.
This result is in line with that of
Singh et al. (2020) who reported that whenever agro-chemicals are used, operative and well maintained spraying equipment and necessary precautions at all stages of chemical handling were essential for reducing farmer’s exposure to agro-chemical effects and related risks.
Summary
This study assessed the effects of agro-chemicals on health of cocoa farmers in Ikom Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to assess the effect of these chemicals on health of cocoa farmers in the study area and identify the protective measures cocoa farmers can adopt to reduce effects of these chemicals on their health respectively. The study employed primary data which was collected with well-structured questionnaires from the respondents. The study made use of 120 respondents who were selected through a multi stage random sampling procedure. The method of data analysis used for the study was descriptive method with statistical tools such as means frequencies, percentages and ranks were employed to analyze the results. The findings from the two tables revealed the significant health effects of agro-chemicals on cocoa farmers and the measures perceived to reduce these impacts. Farmers reported prevalent health issues such as cough (3.99), respiratory diseases (3.95) and skin itching (3.86), indicating that exposure to agro-chemicals primarily affected respiratory systems, skinand overall well-being. While severe concerns such as skin cancer (3.29) and subsequent death (3.63) of farmers caused by the inhalation of chemicals were observed, other symptoms such as vomiting and renal diseases were less frequently perceived. To address these challenges, farmers identified effective measures, with chemical-resistant overalls (4.03), washing hands after handling chemicals (3.96)and masks (3.95) ranked the most critical. Proper safety practices like checking expiry dates and asking dealers for guidance also emerged as vital points. The overall results emphasized that while farmers weu aware of the health risks associated with agro-chemicals, they also recognized the importance of personal protective equipment, hygieneand chemical management practices as essential strategies to safeguard their health systems.